AP Human Geography
STUDY GUIDE
UNIT 1: GEOGRAPHY, ITS NATURE AND PERSPECTIVES
Human Geography
● Focuses on how people make places, how we organize space and society ,
how we interact with each other, and how we make sense of ourselves at all
scales.
1. Subfields of human geography include:
a. _____________, which is a subfield similar to Psychology.
b. _____________, which is a subfield that studies voting behaviors.
c. _____________, which is a subfield that studies disease spread.
2. Name the five themes of Human Geography
Location
3. __________ __________ is the exact location on the longitude and latitude
grid system.
4. __________ __________ is the location of something compared to other
locations. This is a perpetual measure of proximity.
5. ______________ __________ refers to the amount of connectivity between
places regardless of the absolute distance separating them.
6. __________ __________ analyzes why economic activities occur in certain
locations.
7. __________ __________ Least Cost Theory says corporations will always
place _________ in places that cost the least in order to maximize
________.
8. __________________ calculated the circumference of the earth based on
angles of the sun, and coined the term geography.
Place
9. The way in which people infuse a place with meaning and emotion by
attaching a place with important events is called _________ __ _______.
10.In a study conducted on Californians asked what they thought the least
desirable place in the United States was. Most of them answered “the
South,” without ever having been there. This is an example of __________
__ ______.
Regions
11.Metropolitan areas or trade areas are examples of __________ _______.
12._________ __________ are linked together by measurable, shared traits that
distinguish them from surrounding areas (common language, religion,
natural landforms).
13.Regions established by people’s feelings/attitudes about a place are called
_________/_________ ________.
14.Give the type of region for each of the following areas.
a. Basque Country:
b. Rust Belt:
c. The EU:
d. Middle East:
15.The ________________ __________ is outer edge of a city’s sphere of
influence, used in the law of ________ gravitation to describe the area of a
city’s hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail supplies.
Movement
16.The three types of movement are the transportation of _________,
__________, and ______.
Human Environment Interaction
17.The material character of a place is known as its _____________.
18._________ _________ is the imprint of human activity on a landscape. Seen
in buildings, roads, places of worship, etc.
19.La plaza de las tres culturas is an example of ___________ _________.
20. Human induced environmental change is often referred to as
____________________.
Major Perspectives of Human Geography
21.History is the perspective of ______ while Geography is the perspective of
________. The ________ perspective is an attempt to use multiple
Geographic phenomena to explain changes over space.
22. Assign the following beliefs to the perspective of human geography that it
would most likely correspond to.
a. Natural disasters mainly affect people of lower income:
b. Places that have access to coasts are more likely to be international
superpowers.
c. Europe was able to modernize first partly due to their abundance of
coal, but mostly because they created organized governments.
d. People of African descent are more likely to be genetically
predisposed to sickle cell anemia, because it provides resistance to
malaria.
e. Places of worship are often indicative of the predominant religion
practiced in a particular area.
Globalization
23.Describe the benefits of globalization:
24.Describe the negative impacts of globalization:
25.Describe the relation of the IMF, World Bank and WTO to globalization:
Maps
26. ___________ ________ are the places where we perform our daily
activities or travel to routinely. These are places with more accurate
__________ _____.
27.The art and science of making maps is called ________________.
28.The oldest maps of earth are from the _______________, the __________
_________ and the ____________ ______________.
29._______________ _____ include political and topographical maps to show
locations of places and geographic features and are useful for navigation.
30.______________ _____ show a phenomenon or trend in a particular
place/places.
31.______________ _____ use shading while ______________ use size to
illustrate trends.
32._______ ______ maps are very generalized while _______ _____ maps are
less generalized and show more detail.
33._______ ______ maps are more distorted than large scale maps.
34.Name four types of distortions:
Map Projections
35.The Mercator map is a _____________ projection.
36.The ____________________projection, created by _______ _______ and
_______ _______ is thought to be more geopolitically inclusive than the
Mercator. While ______________ _____ is more accurate, shapes are not.
37.The ______________ projection, developed with computer simulations is
known as the Compromise Projection. It is a _____-cylindrical projection,
and minimizes all ____________.
38.The azimuthal projection is a ______ projection, and its central point is
usually one of the ______.
39.The ________ ___________ is shaped like an Icosahedron, and sacrifices
readability in favor of less distorted shapes and sizes.
40.The _______ ___________, known as the “_______ peel map” is an
interrupted projection, and hence distorts _________ between points.
41.Remote sensing from aircraft, drones, or satellites measure reflected and
emitted __________ at a distance to capture images of _________
characteristics, and show changes in _____ ____ such as drought, fire
damage, melting glaciers, urbanization etc.
42.GIS, or ______________ ____________ _________, is a computerized
system used by urban planners that allows the user to change what they are
looking at by adding or taking away layers of spatial data from computerized
maps.
43.The __________________ revolution stressed the use of empirical
measurements, the testing of hypotheses, and the development of
mathematical models, and the use of computer programs to explain
geographic patterns.
Culture
44._________________ is a term used to refer to the processes of diffusion,
adoption, and assimilation.
45.The development of agriculture is an example of _____________
___________.
46.A _________ _______ is a group of interrelated cultural traits that make up
a larger value.
47.______________ ____________ is when an innovation develops in its
hearth, remains strong there, but simultaneously spreads outward.
48._____________ _____________ is when an idea or innovation spreads first
among the most connected places or people, and trickles down to the
average person.
49._____________ _____________ is when an idea spreads through contact
between the average person.
50._____________ _____________ is when a cultural adaptation is created
when a cultural trait is introduced from somewhere else and it is modified by
the local culture.
51.The Jewish diaspora is an example of _____________ diffusion.
52.The largest voluntary migration in history was out of ________.
53.Christianity, despite its ability to spread to almost all parts of the world, was
not able to reach China or Japan due to ____________ _________ such as a
fundamental difference in values and the drastically different policies
between the US and China.
54.The term _______________ refers to facts or features that are unique to a
particular place or region, such as its history or genetic composition. The
term ______________, on the other hand, refers to concepts that are more
widely applicable.
UNIT 2: POPULATION AND MIGRATION
Population Density
55.The proportion of the earth inhabited by humans is called the _______.
56.Population geography is also sometimes referred to as ______________.
57.When civilizations were all agrarian, there was almost a direct correlation
between ________ land and population density. However, ____________
caused human settlements to progress towards more industrial, urban
societies.
58._____________ _____________ _________ is the figure yielded after
calculating the number of people divided by total land area.
59.98% of Egypt's population lives in 3% of its land, so arithmetic population
density would be skewed. It would be more accurate to use
_______________ population density.
60._________ infrastructure are facilities like sewage, gas utilities, etc.
61._______________ infrastructure are facilities that allow you to connect with
the modern world, like transportation and communication technology.
Population Distribution
62.One third of the world's population lives in either _______ or _____.
63.The biggest concentration of people in East Asia are in the major
______/_____, but there are also population clusters along the ________ and
_________ River Valleys.
64.Cities in India, primarily Mumbai, Delhi, Kalkata, and Dhaka, contain the
biggest concentrations of people. However, there are also clusters along the
________ and _______ River Basins.
65.The densest population cluster in North America is the ____________
_______________, a long stretch of urban cities from Boston to DC.
Population and Health
66.While Thomas Malthus was correct in predicting the diffusion of
development as well as rapid population growth, he failed to account for
_______________ and ________________.
67.Provide three examples of developments in agriculture that Malthus failed to
account for:
68.Neo-Malthusians, who believe that overpopulation is a threat due to
pollution, climate change, and destabilization, gained some prominence in
the _____ due to exponential population growth.
69._____ _________ held the opposite view of Malthus, and believed that an
increase in population would lead to more intelligent people who are able to
create solutions.
70.Birth rate measures the number of births per _____ people.
71.Rate of natural increase is calculated by subtracting ______ _____ from
______ ______, but does not account for _____________ or ____________.
72.____ serves as the average fertility rate that is the threshold for population
replacement. High TFR is anything above ___.
73.Dependency ratios are an indication of __________ _____________.
74.If a place has an old age dependency ratio that is high, and places a strain on
the economy, a place could implement ______________ ______________
________.
75.China’s growth rate has slowed due to an imbalance in the amount of ____
and _______.
76.Highest growth rates continue in the __________ region, due to the number
of devout Muslims who are very committed to traditional gender roles.
77.If there are more men in a population, it is likely due to a _________
population policy or ________ __________ contracts. More women would
likely indicate conflicts or _____ in the region.
78.Infant mortality is generally due to __________ issues, while child mortality
is more often caused by ___________ infection or __________________.
79._______ _____________ is the number of years, on average, a person is
expected to remain alive in a particular area.
80.All across the world, women have longer life expectancies than men. List
two reasons why.
81.The gap in life expectancy is larger between men and women in ____
_____________ ___________.
82.If a population is ________________, there will be varying life expectancies
between ethnic or racial groups.
83.Life expectancy in __________ is the highest in the world.
84.The highest gap in life expectancy between men and women is in
__________.
Demographic Transition Model
85.In Stage ____ of the DTM, the introduction of ______________
______________ lowered death rates while birth rates remained high,
resulting in rapid population growth.
86.Most developing countries are in Stage ____ of the DTM.
87.Most of the world was in Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model
before the _______________ ________________.
88.The ________ population would be significantly larger than the
___________ population in Stage 5 of the DTM.
89.The ______ _______ was a period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when
fertility rates in the United States dropped as large numbers of women from
the baby boom generation sought higher education and more competitive
jobs.
90.Countries that have a higher population of working women, higher levels of
education, and more social progress tend to be in Stage ____ of the
Demographic Transition Model.
91.Write the correct stage of the DTM
that corresponds to each of the
following population pyramids.
_______________
_________________ _________________
Disease and Population
92.Medical Geographers use _____________ _____________ to predict the
spread of disease (contagious diffusion) and provide prevention strategies.
93.Disease spread over a small area (locally) is called an _______________.
94.Disease spread over an entire region is called an _________________.
95.Disease spread throughout the entire world (globally) is called a
_________________.
96.Disease that is transmitted through direct contact between host and victim is
called ___________________ infectious disease.
97.Malaria is one example of a ____________ infectious disease.
98.Vectored diseases affect ___________ ____________ severely because the
warm, humid conditions allow for vectors to thrive.
99.Chronic/degenerative disease is the leading cause of death in most _______
__________________ _________________.
Population Policies
100. _______________ population policies aim to increase the RNI in order to
alleviate old age dependency and increase economic output.
101. _____________ population policies are those that favor one group over
another (power vs. vulnerability).
102. ______________ population policies aim to halt the RNI of a country by
setting limits on the size of families in that country.
103. Displacement of the Rohinya people from Myanmar would be an
example of a _____________ population policy.
104. ______________ population policies have led to an imbalance between
men and women in China and India. List three reasons why:
105. Describe two impacts of the imbalance between men and women in
China.
Migration - Forms of Movement
106. ___________ movement is repeated or regular movement through
activity spaces. It includes ______________, _____________
_____________, and ______________.
107. _______________ movement is temporary but recurrent movement at
irregular intervals.
108. ______________ is more permanent movement. In most cases, the mover
never returns home.
109. The significant number of “snowbirds” that leave the Northern US States
in the winter to spend the season in the Sun Belt is an example of
__________ movement.
110. Military service is an example of _____________ movement.
Trends in Migration
111. ______________ ___________ are factors that limit human migration.
112. Poorer states, and the people in them, often rely on money sent home
from foreign countries. These sums of money are called _____________.
113. The Atlantic slave trade is an example of _______ migration.
114. Permanent relocation within a country’s borders is called __________
migration.
115. List seven types of push and pull factors.
116. The laws of migration were created by _______ ______________.
117. List the 5 laws of migration:
a. 1:
b. 2:
c. 3:
d. 4:
e. 5:
118. Migrants have more complete perceptions of nearby places due to
____________ _________.
119. Most migrants will move to closer destinations. This is called
_____________ ___ _____________.
120. ___________ ___________ 1st Law of Geography says all things are
related, but _______ things are more related than _________ things.
121. The Theory of _____________ ______________ argues that the
opportunities to settle in a new destination outweigh the importance of
distance and gravity.
122. The process in which migrants move from a rural area, first to a village,
then to a town, and then to a city is called _______ ______________.
123. The ___________ __________ of migration takes into account the
population size of two places and their distance from one another by using
the equation ______________ to predict migration, trade, and interaction.
UNIT 3: CULTURAL PATTERNS AND PROCESSES
Distinguishing Types of Culture
124. _______ cultures are small, homogeneous, typically rural, groups of
people that are cohesive in their cultural traits.
125. __________ cultures are large, heterogeneous, typically urban groups of
people that experience rapidly changing cultural traits.
126. ________ cultures are groups of people in a place surrounded by the
dominant culture, who see themselves as a collective or as a community who
share common experiences, customs and traits that are separate from that of
the dominant culture.
127. Rural local cultures retain culture through ________ _________
_____________.
128. ______________ groups live in rural, self-preserving communities. For
example, The Amish in Pennsylvania.
129. Urban local cultures hold onto culture with ________ ______________.
130. Geographer _________ ___________ challenged distance decay and
introduced a concept called ________ ___________ ________________,
which credited enhanced transportation technologies with interlinked places.
131. ______________ is when a place adopts a pop culture product and
changes it slightly to fit the local culture.
132. A place gets _______________ when new groups take over.
133. __________________ is the loss of uniqueness of a place in the cultural
landscape to the point where it looks just like that of the popular culture.
134. The ____________ __________ ______________ means that what
happens at a global scale affects what happens at a local scale.
Power Relationships and Identity
135. Power relationships are seen especially in three major spheres. They are
the ______________ sphere, the ______________ sphere, and the
______________ sphere.
136. ________ ________________ _______________ have smaller gaps
between the powerful and vulnerable.
137. ________ __________views how those in the LGBTQ+ community
interact with heteronormativity.
138. Racism is the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics
or abilities specific to that race. This is also called ___________ correlation.
139. The __________ ______________ __________measures inequality in
achievements between men and women.
140. __________ describes a situation in which one country exerts cultural or
economic dominance over another without the aid of official government
institutions.
141. _________ Theory, developed by Friedrich Ratzel and later Rudolf
Kjéllen, said that nations must expand their land use in order to maintain
vibrancy. This theory was disregarded after Adolf Hitler based his
expansionist theory of ________________.
142. The ________________ Theory says that the great geographical “pivot”
point in all human history is in northern and central Asia. However, most
geographers believed that the world’s _________ provided the avenue to
colonial conquest, not land.
143. The _____________ is the area surrounding the heartland.
144. During WWII, ______________ theory said that, if communism caught
on in a few countries, many others would follow in quick succession.
Language and Culture
145. Language is believed to be an _____________ ______________ that
gave early humans a reproductive advantage (natural selection).
146. _____________ are the smallest unit of language.
147. ______________ are the smallest unit of language that establishes
meaning in a word.
148. ___________ _______________ is the relationship between languages or
dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily
understand each other without intentional study or special effort.
149. It is impossible to determine how many languages there are in the world
because, in many cases, it is too difficult to distinguish __________ from
languages.
150. Standardized language is the version of a language which is
_____________, ____________ across space, and ___________. It may
occur as a natural development of a language in a speech community, or as
an effort by members of a community to impose one dialect as standard
(power relationships).
151. Hindi and Urdu are standardized versions of __________________.
152. _______________was a language created by L.L Zamenhof, and
combines features of different linguistic groups into a single synthetic
language.
Language Families
153. The Basque language is an example of a _____________ _________,
meaning it has no relation to any other languages.
154. In language trees, a _______-____________ is a theoretical mother
tongue. It had to have existed for other languages to exist.
155. The confounding variable in using cognates to construct language trees is
_____________.
156. __________ _________ suggested that ___________ could also be used
to trace languages back to their origin, because they get softer over time.
157. The idea that new languages form when spatial interaction among
speakers breaks down is called_____________ ____________, and was
invented by ___________ _____________.
158. Two languages spoken by people with constant spatial interaction, over
time, can cause language ________________.
159. Instances in which all people who speak a language die, or when people
abandon ancestral language in favor of another is called ______________
_______________.
160. __________________ _________________ is a method used to trace
languages back to an older/common language using consonants and
cognates. We can map this by using language _________.
161. Hebrew, Latin, Native Hawaiian, and Cornish are all examples of
______________ languages.
Diffusion of Indo-European language
162. _______________ Theory explains the prominence of Indo-European
languages by saying that agriculture was born in the fertile crescent, and
languages were spread with the spread of agriculture.
163. ________________ Theory says that Indo-European people were the first
to domesticate horses, which allowed diffusion of their language.
164. Name the three most dominant sub-families in the Indo-European
language family:
Major languages not in the Indo-European language family
165. Both Arabic and Hebrew belong to the __________________ language
family, and _____________ sub-family.
166. Japanese is a language ______________.
167. Malaysian, also known as _____________ _____________ belongs to
the __________________ language family.
168. Swahili is part of the _________________ language family.
169. Vietnamese and __________, the language spoken in Cambodia, are part
of the ______________ language family.
Indo-European Subfamilies That Dominate Europe
170. Name seven Romance languages:
171. Name six Germanic languages:
172. Name eight slavic languages:
173. The ______________ _____________ _________ revolutionized
printing of texts with movable type. People started printing texts in street
vernacular in Germany.
Religion and Culture
174. __________________ religions believe that objects, places, and creatures
all possess a distinct spiritual essence.
175. Hinduism was subject to relocation diffusion, and thus its hearth is
actually in present day _________________.
176. The hearth of Zoroastrianism was ________________.
177. Jainism is very similar to _______________.
178. Buddhism is a(n) ____________________ (universalizing/ethnic)
religion.
179. Religions that are spiritually bound to particular regions are called
_________ ____________.
180. Shintoism is a _______________ religion, which means that it is a
combination of many other religions.
181. ______________ is a religion that blends Hinduism and Islam.
182. An ___________ (occult/cult) is generally a religion associated with
mystical things such as witchcraft, while a ___________ (occult/cult) does
not have to be masquerading as a religion.
183. Buddhism is most dominant in __________________, however it also
has a presence in ___________ ___________ Asia, as well as ________ and
___________.
184. Christianity diffused to America via the ___________ and _________.
185. The hearth of Islam is the _____________ ______________.
186. When Muhammad died, there was the issue of who would assume his
role of caliphate. This was the cause of the _______ ________ split.
187. _______________ is the branch of christianity which is less ritualistic
and values education more.
188. Calvinism was diffused through __________ colonization.
189. The __________ ___ _________________ allowed people to distance
themselves from the Catholic Church at the end of the 30 years war.
190. List three reasons why the Eastern Orthodox Church split from the
Catholic Church:
191. Eastern Orthodoxy is dominant among ______________ countries.
192. Lutheranism is often in places where ______________ languages are
spoken. In the United States, there is a large population of Lutheran people
west of the ________ __________ ___________.
193. Methodists mostly reside in the ___________ ____________. It was
formed by _________ ______________, who took issue with the Anglican
Church.
194. The ________________ Church is a Scottish denomination of
Christianity that was formed in opposition to the church of England.
195. The ________________ Church is an American denomination of
Christianity.
196. _________ is an anomoly in eastern Europe, because it is predominantly
Muslim.
Religion
197. _____________ boundaries are separations within a religion, while
_______________ boundaries are between the world’s major faiths.
198. Kashmir is a region of contention between ______________ and India.
199. _____________ is an Eastern Orthodox nation state in the middle of the
Islamic world. Many people that live there were part of the Armenian
_________________.
200. The Nagorno-Karabakh territory is disputed by _____________ and
__________________.
201. The most interfaith boundary examples exist in _________________
______________. Nigeria, in particular, is divided between ___________
and ______________.
202. The boundary between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
would be classified as an _______________ boundary. While Northern
Ireland is predominantly protistant, Ireland is predominantly Catholic.
203. The dominant sect of Islam in Iran is ________ Islam.
UNIT 4, 6, and 7: POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF SPACE
The State Idea
204. The idea of a nation state diffused globally due to ________________.
205. _______________ Theory says a state is a state if it has the 4 elements of
a state AND that statehood is not determined solely by recognition by other
states.
206. _______________ Theory says that a state is not a state until it is
recognized by the international community.
207. Name the four elements that make up a country:
208. _______________ is the process by which individuals or groups assert
control over people in a given geographical area.
209. The Treaty of Westphalia at the end of the 30 years war allowed German
princes to pick what religion would be practiced in their state. This was the
beginning of the __________ idea.
Nations vs. Nation States
210. The Kurds, Rohingya, Basques, Hmong, and Uigers are all
__________________ _____________.
211. __________________ is the only country that does not recognize
Armenia’s sovereignty because they are allies with __________________.
212. ____________ claims Kosovo as part of its sovereign territory.
213. A(n) _____________ state is one that is long and stretched out, like Chile
and Norway.
214. A(n) ____________ state is one that is small, rounded or squared. These
states are often highly centralized.
215. Islands are _______________ states.
216. ________________ countries are ones that completely surround other
countries.
217. ________________ countries have long extensions that make territorial
devolution likely.
218. Liechtenstein, San Marino, Monaco, Nive, and Andorra are all examples
of _________________.
219. The difference between Microstates and Micronations, is that
Micronations are not recognized as ________________.
220. The largest stateless nation is the __________.
221. The Kurds span across what four states:
Authority Types
222. The World Systems Theory was proposed by _____________
________________.
223. In a _________________, power is concentrated in the hands of one
person.
224. _______________________ is when one government party controls all
parts of society.
225. A _______________ is a leader who inherits their rule by birth.
226. An _________________ or ______________ is when the government is
controlled by the wealthy or corporations (they fund campaigns for certain
candidates).
227. In a presidential system, the president holds ________________ powers.
In a parliamentary system, however, ________________ and
_______________ powers are fused.
228. Parliamentary systems are fragile because they act on ____________.
229. The three types of devolution are _______________,
_________________, and __________________.
Electoral Geography
230. _________________ is the allocation of seats in a legislature based on
population.
231. ____________________ or ___________________is the redrawing of
territorial districts within a sub-state based on population shifts (rural to
urban migration.
Urban Geography
232. ________________ ___________ is a secondary hearth of agriculture
and urbanization diffused from Mesopotamia. At its apex, there was a
connected unit of 500 cities and towns on mainland Greece and Greek
Islands. Due to them being trade centers, urbanization diffused around the
Mediterranean.
233. ___________ __________ Theory seeks to explain the number of, sizes,
and locations of human settlements in an urban system. The theory was
created by the German geographer ____________ _______________.
234. The First Urban Revolution came as a result of the First
__________________ ____________________, with the introduction of
________.
235. In the Second Urban Revolution, cities began to be built around
______________ rather than agriculture.
236. The large movement of African Americans from the South to the North
was called the __________ ________________.
237. In developed places of today's world, cities are based on ____________
and __________________.
238. ____________ ________, because of their geographic location, act as
ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.
239. _________ cities are characterized by narrow buildings, winding streets,
and churches at the city centers.
240. The focal point of the South Asian City Model, created by ____
_________, is the ________.
241. The ________ ______ school stressed the combination of classical with
newer industrial architecture. This had much influence on the _______
_____________ Movement.
242. In the mid 1900s, _____________ architecture reigned supreme. The best
example of this style would be _____________.
243. A __________ capital is one that is placed in a remote area of a state for
strategic or symbolic reasons.
244. _____________ exacerbated white flight by encouraging white property
owners to sell their homes and businesses.
245. _____________ are the market areas surrounding an urban center.
246. __________ _________ are centers of economic, cultural, or political
activity, and thus have an influence felt across the globe.
247. _______________ is a political movement that intends to reunite a nation
or reclaim a lost territory.
248. According to the rank-size rule, towns will have _____ the population of
the city it surrounds. Villages will have _____ the population, and hamlets
will have ____ or less.
249. ____________ ________ are cities that are twice as large as the next
biggest city. They are most likely to be in _______ developed countries.
250. _____________ cities are fully gentrified business districts in once
industrial areas.
251. ______________ are cities with 10 million or more people.
252. __________________ ________________ is the division of a city into
zones for certain purposes or functions.
253. European cities have two “separate cities,” the ____________ section of
the city, and the section with the economy and suburbs.
254. The ________________ _________ Model, created by Earnest Burgess.
It is related to the Von Thunen Model of Agriculture and Land Use. The
model was based on _____________, and said that higher classes live
further away from the city.
255. The _____________ model was created by Homer Hoyd in the 1930s due
to the restrictions of the Concentric Zone Model. Pie pieces are drawn along
avenues of transportation.
256. The _____________ ____________ model suggests that the CBD is
losing its dominant position as the only focus of urbanization in the city. It
can have numerous urban centers and does not fit into one model because
every city is different.
257. In the __________ _____________ _________ Model, there is a spine
that jets out from the CBD to a “mall” (retail). On the outskirts, there are
_______________ where the most recent migrants reside.
258. _______________ sectors are the poorest parts of cities not connected to
regular city services, and are often controlled by gangs and drug lords.
259. The African City or _____ ________ model has three CBDs
-colonial/traditional, and market. They were heavily influenced by European
presence during the ____________ period.
260. ______________ is the perfection of standardized mass production that
resulted in a loss of specialty goods and cottage industries.
261. A _____________ ia a large corporation consisting of many smaller
corporations.
262. ______-gaining industries are often closer to markets.
263. Bulk-reducing industries often involve the processing of ___________
_____________.
264. A _______-_______ _______ is a place where large shipments of goods
are broken up into smaller containers to chip to local markets.
265. _____________ ____________ ___________ allow individuals to
conduct local business without taxes.
266. Economists have developed a new measure called ______________
_________ ___________, which accounts for what money actually buys
within different countries.
267. _____ ____________ ____________is a measure of all goods and
services produced by a country in a year, including production from its
investments abroad.
268. ____________ _________ don’t abide by the Least Cost Theory because
the products are so lightweight and valuable that they have spatially fixed
costs of production.
269. An _______________ effect occurs when many companies from the
same industry cluster together in a relatively small area to draw from the
same set of collective resources.
270. _____________ activities are economic activities that surround and
support large-scale industries.
271. ________________ is the process by which specific geographical areas
acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same
country.
272. _____________ is a type of tourism based on enjoyment of the scenic
environment in a sustainable manner.
273. Name the three dimensions of the Human Development Index:
Borders
274. ADIZ stands for ______ _____________ ____________________
__________. Non-commercial aircraft must alert authorities to avoid air
defense forces.
275. To ____________ boundaries is to draw them on a map.
276. To ________________ boundaries is to note a boundary using physical
markets such as posts, pillars or fences.
277. ________________ boundaries are straight boundary lines or arcs that do
not account for the physical landforms it passes through.
278. _____________________/___________________/______________
boundaries are naturally occurring barriers that separate politically organized
entities but existed before current settlement.
279. The Berlin Wall is an example of a ________ boundary.
280. _________________ boundaries are imposed on an area by a conquering
power. Many of these boundaries exist in ________________
_______________.
281. _________________ boundaries change due to events such as war or
developing cultural landscape (e.g Former Yugoslavia).
282. The India-Pakistan border is an example of a ______________ boundary.
283. Name the five steps of Rostow’s Modernization Ladder:
284. Crimea is a territory contested by ____________ and _____________.
285. Kashmir is a territory contested by _________ and _____________.
286. The East China Sea is contested by ________ and _____________.
287. The Sahrawi people from __________ ______________ seceded from
_____________.
288. To get loans, LDCs had to agree to economic and government reforms.
These loans were called ______________ _________________ _________.
289. To attract new industries, governments in the periphery have established
___________ _________________ _________ where there are favorable
tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements for foreign businesses.
290. Mexican _______________ account for about 40-50% of Mexico’s
exports. US manufacturing moved here to exploit cheap labor, not pay
workers benefits, and to avoid environmental regulations.
291. Small, outlying holdings that are separated from the bulk of a country’s
landmass are called ___________.
292. Weak shifting boundaries where peoples of different nationalities meet
and lay claim to the land are called ___________.
293. Countries that separate oppositional states are called _________
_________.
UNIT 5: AGRICULTURE, FOOD PRODUCTION, RURAL LAND USE
Historical Geography of Agriculture
294. _____________ _______________involves dispersed, widespread
ranching and farming.
295. ____________ ______________forces smaller plots of land to produce
greater yields.
296. Name the six hearths of agriculture:
297. __________ ___________refers to the raising of domesticated animals.
298. Capital-intensive agriculture uses ______________ labor, while labor
intensive agriculture uses __________ labor.
299. ______________ is a type of subsistence farming agriculture based on
nomadic animal husbandry. This is most common in _______ and
____________ areas.
300. _________________ is an ancient form of food production in which fish
or other aquatic organisms are cultivated for human consumption. It has
exploded over the past few decades to meet the global demand for seafood.
301. ____________ concentrate the raising of livestock in a small geographic
space where they are fed hormones and other fattening grains
302. _____________ involves any techniques used to modify living organisms
in such a way that they improve plant and animal species.
303. ____________ loss is a tremendous problem because it is a resource that
accumulates very slowly. After it is lost, it can take thousands of years to
replace.
304. ____________ occurs when soils in arid areas are brought under
cultivation through irrigation.
305. Topsoil loss and salinization can cause _______________.
306. The First Agricultural Revolution is also known as the __________
revolution.
307. ________ crops are those that reproduce by cultivating either the roots of
cuttings from plants.
308. _______ crops are reproduced by cultivating seeds.
309. Name two innovations that came with the Second Agricultural
Revolution:
310. A ____________ crop is one that is grown to serve some purpose other
than sustaining human life.
311. The introduction of hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and biotechnology occurred
during the ___________ _________________.
312. ________________is the practice of growing only one crop on the same
land can make crops vulnerable to environmental changes or could be more
vulnerable to pests.