“Can, Could & Be Able To, Must & Have To, May/Might, Should, Needn’t | i We use can + bare infinitive ae = to talk about ability in che present or future. = to talk about or ask for permission. = to make requests | He can play the piano. Can | go to the cinema tonight, Murn? Gan you buy some mik on your way home, please? B We use could + bare infinitive - to talk about a general ability in the past. = to ask for permission in the present or future. = to make a polite request in the present. | could play chess when I was young. Could | use your telephone, please? Could | have another cup of tea, please? We use be able to in a variety of simple tenses = to talk about ability. - to talk about one specific occasion when we | J won't be able to come to your party L. managed (or didn't manage) to do something. He was able to save the boy from drowning. They weren't able to find tickets for the concert. We could hear the sea from our hotel room. Note: With verbs of senses, we use could and not be able to. | She could see that Laura had had her hair cut. Complete the following sentences by using can(’t), could(a’t) or the correct form of be able to. Some sentences can be completed in more than one way. 1 Fortunately, wo .........MEFe able 00. reach the airport in time for our flight. | 2 They rveeeeevee find a solution to the problem yet. 3 Ihave some more chocolate, please? 4° Although | tried hard, 1. sccssseeussseees Beat the club champion, 5 She type as well as anyone | know. | 6 Md lke . . choose my own working hours. otter _.. you hear the teacher clearly from the back of the room? | 8 Both his sisters. play a reasonably good game of chess at the age of five. 9 .. see most of the city from the top of the hil. | 10 .. borrow my dress at the weekend. | ul _ persuade his parents to let him go on holiday with his friends. | R come to lunch tomorrow; she's working.Must & Have To © Must + bare infinitive and have to + bare All visitors must provide proof of identi. infinitive express obligation. You have to read chapter six tonight becouse we're discussing it in class tomorrow. Must not (mustn't) expresses prohibition, Students must not eat in the classroom, © Do not (don't) have to talks about something You don’t have to go to the party if you don't want to that is not a necessity. Note: Must is not often used in the interrogative form. L to Study the examples and reverice the sentences. “Ibis necessary for her to study more ce Itisn't necessary for her to work. She doesn't have £0 work. | Its necessary for Mary to ask her parents first. Mary 2 It isn't necessary for my mother to cook for my party. My ROCHE sssscsecsssessssessensree 3. It is unnecessary for my father to pay for my bike. My father . 4 Itisn’t necessary for Mrs Brown to water the flowers every day.. Mrs Brown 5 It isn't necessary for him to wal He in the queue. 6 Itis unnecessary for you to worry about the exams. You Complete the sentences with must or have to in the appropriate form, Some sentences can be completed in more than one way. TEE Ou esse atte aU ++ (not) lie to your parents. 2 This year, t ++ (not) get up early every day, but last year I . get up early each morning. Bo SHeMa eeseesseescseeeesetese +. (RO) bring so much food to the party yesterday. tt wasn't necessary. 4 You sss (Not) come to tomorrow's meeting if you don't want to. 5. Since his wife's death, he ..... take care of his two children all by himself. 6 Ji cassette sscesttessetseseessseee finish the report by next. month. 7 My teacher told me that | study more if | wanted to pass. 8 You.. . + (not) play music very loudly at night. 9. She will be rich when she reaches the age of thirty. She ... Baer s+ (not) work. 10 1. 1. stop playing tennis when I broke my leg as year. (ait i i Ey cee the sentences with mustn’t or elon’t/doesn’e have to. 1 You... JOM Rave £0......... come with me if you don't want to. 2 Children disobey their parents. 3 He rush, He's got plenty of time. 4 Peter write to his friend, John, as he is seeing him next weekend. 5 Children ... 6 YOU seeccsenes play your music loud at night when people are sleeping. 7 oi ssssnsse G0 to bed early tonight. B Drivers .sseeesee throw litter out of car windows. Can’t & Must We use can’t for negative deductions He can’t be at work. He’s il about the present. He can’t be working. | can hear music. ® We use must for positive deductions He must be at work. Its Monday moming. He must be working. The light in his office is on. L about the present, u Scudy the examples and then rewrite the sentences. | Tam sure he isn’t at home now. ‘ham sure he isn't working iow. 11am sure Susan isn’t at work now. She left the office an hour ago. SusaM .asessseeesseeeceee 3 Lam sure my mother isn’t cooking again. | saw her cooking at noon. My mother 4 Lam sure Mary doesn't study for three hours a day. She isn’t a good student. Mary 5. | am sure that your son isn’t doing his homework in his room. | saw him in the garden. Your son .. 6 Lam sure she doesn’t spend much money. She is poor. She . aya Seudy the examples and revrrite the sentences, \ Jam sure she is at home now. She cores MBE De. Bt home ROW, | [am sure she works very hard. / She | think she is. doing her homework now. “must work, very, han 1 Lam sure she is at the office now. | just spoke to her on the phone. She .. . Bate i 2. I think my mother is on her way home, She isn't answering the phone at work. My mother fe i 3 Lam sure Wendy is in Rome now. She got on the plane hours ago. Wendy «. 4 I chink my teacher exercises everyday. He's very fit. My teacher ... 5 Lam sure my sister is talking on the phone now The line is busy My Sister oseesssssessessseeeeeeeeseeesstttie peeereeiee Complete the sentences with must or can’t. a 1 The line is busy. That .... ae FUSE. scseesee be Jane. She's always talking on the phone. \ That... i: : be Mary over there. She went to Paris on Monday. e She looks very young. she Be . be over thirty. He has three expensive cars. He . be a rich man, That «. be Sue; if iis, she has changed a lot. 2 3 4 5 Can’t Have & Must Have a Se ® We use can’t have + past participle for She can’t have been avay last week. negative deductions about the past. She can’t have left yesterday. She can’t have been travelling lost night. 5 We use must have + past participle for He must have been angry last night positive deductions about the past. He must have argued with his wife. They must have been fighting about money.1 Lam suré she didnt know the answer. She ..£a7t have known the, we) 2 Lam sure we didn’t leave the car keys at home. 3 Lam sure she didn’t come home early fast night. She ... 4 Lam sure this man didn’t steal my wallet. | This man paerste easter asteaaetaittted 51am sure he wasn't lying to you about last night. He cearicE : 6 Lam sure they weren't happy in that house. They ... 7 Lam sure she hasn't been sleeping well lately i she eee i eee l 8 Lam sure you didn't see Helen at the cinema yesterday. | You .. a Rewrite the sentences using must have. 1 Tam sure she arrived late for the interview. She _.must have arrived late for the interview. | : Rewrite the sentences using can’t have. Se oe) ger 2 Lam sure she has told him everything, She esceee 3. Lam sure she was |) 4 Lamsure she had inva him before tod her co She .. oe en 5 Lam sure she got up late this morning. SHE evensnee Gerretc rerreeseeoeteceoresorttat & Lam certain my sister was talking on the phone all morning, My Si00F crest ; mente 7 Lam sure she was feeling tired; that’s why she went home Sha Gaetan ieee i 8 Lam sure james forgot to invite Alice to the party. James . : ae | 9 Tam sure he had studied a fot before the exam. 10 1am sure they were on holiday because the house looked empty. i PTney tH eee ae 11 fam sure our neighbour called the police. Our neighbour .... 12 Lam sure you left your bag on the bus.££ Use must have or can't have with the past participle of the verbs in brackets to complete the sentences. I ‘Did they go to the cinema yesterday?" “They ......SI Rave gone’... (go) because there was no one at home when I called. 2 Kate is exhausted, She .. (work) hard in the garden today. 3 Susan's telephone was out of order yesterday. She ...ccscesessssssssssssssseeee (phone) you. 4 She hadn't seen him before, 50 she sss. (recognise) him. 5 I called her twice but she didn’t answer the phone. She .... 6 John translated the letter for me.” “He doesn’t speak French, so he .... sos (translate) it” 7 Emma has been at home all day. You ...... srsssssse (S88) her at the restaurant. 8 She asked me for money again. She - (spend) all the money | gave her. edt He reece (work) for more than ten hours yesterday. That's why he is so tired today. 10 Itonly takes two hours to fly from London to Rome. She «ses... +» (ly) for four hours. Ope May/Might & May Have/Might Have ® We use may/might (not) + bare infinitive for possibility about the present. We may be at home this aftemoon, We might not go to the park. We may be watching TV. © We use may/might (not) have + past He might have been at home yesterday. Participle for possibility about the past. He may not have gone to school. He may have been feeling il g~ the examples and rewrite the sentences. Perhaps she is at home now. She «.,.....maymight be at home now. Perhaps she works « lot. ShE oo sassonnnn AE Might Work a Lot It is possible that she is working now, She may/might be working now | leis possible that she is coming home, but I am not sure. Sheba 2. Perhaps she is much older than she says. She vooeoee reece 3. Perhaps he is studying in his room. He... 4° Ic is possible that he will pass his exams, He 5 Itis possible that the Browns are moving house, but ! am not sure. The Browns .......-a Rewrite che sentences using may/might have or may/ | Perhaps she hasn't arrived yet. might not have arrived 2 Perhaps my sister took my pen without asking. My sister ssscsesssoe 3. Perhaps my parents have gone out. My parents ss... 4 I think they were steeping when I came in, but | am not sure. They i 5 Perhaps John was listening to music. John 7 sciessasenennnsese 6 Perhaps there were a lot of people at the theatre. There .... Seer 7 Perhaps the robbers left fingerprints all over the house. The robbers ..... 8 Perhaps she wasn't listening and that’s why she didn’t answer, She ... 9. Perhaps our son didn’t know anything about it, (Our son . 10 Perhaps you haven't heard about the bank robbery. You vvesesnee You shouldn't spend so: much time ploying computer garnes. We ought to be on tine for the wedding We should be sunbathing tomorrow afternoon, 5 We use should (not)/ought (not) to + bare infinitive for advice or obligation. ® We use should (not) have/ought. You ought to have told the truth, (not) to have + past participle for He should have been at the meeting. criticism or regret. | shouldn't have stayed up to watch the film last night. ‘Complete the sentences by using should or ought to and the verbs in brackets in the correct form. = joasnse I'm ready to burst. |. Shouldm/ougiie not ro have eaten. (eae) so much. You .. (use) your car so often. More exercise will do you good. Henry . -- (wash) his car. He nearly always does it on Sunday afternoon, (follow) the instructions on the box. Now you've ruined everything sass (have) the party at the weekend. Then more people would have come. . (revise) for my exams right now but | just don’t feel lke itGE Complete the sentences using should have or shouldn't have. 1 Tom was supposed to be sleeping. Tom should have been sleeping: 2__Jim was supposed to bring all the documents. Ji ee 5 3. My brother didn’t buy any food for the party. My brother a 4 He didn’t arrive on time for the rehearsal. He tiitacisatad 5. She waited for me. She aeenaa 6 Molly went out yesterday. Molly 7 Ben lied to his parents. Bem vesssossssscsesecseccectectes 8 My brother didn’t mention the accident. My brother 9 Our neighbour was playing music loudly last night. (Our neighbour 10 She was watching TV until ate last night. She .. ees : My sister didn’t phone to say that she would be late. My sister . 12. My father wasn’t driving carefully. My father .. 13 Our teacher didn’t tell us about the test. 14 Emma was shouting at the children. i 15 He didn't finish his homework, i electNeedn’t Have & Didn’t Have To We use needn’t have + past participle ‘when somebody has done something that anyway. was not necessary. ; 5 We use didn’t have to + bare infinitive { didn’t have to go to school today because it when somebody hasn't done something was o holiday. because it wasn’t necessary. 5 Write sentences using needa’t have or didn’t have to, | [twas unnecessary for you to bring all this food. You're very kind. int. have, broueht all this food. You 2 Itwasn’t necessary for me to get up early this morning, that’s why | slept till late. | 3 | didn’e go shopping today. fe wasn’t necessary. 4 She watered the flowers this morning but it rained later. She ..... 5 My mother didn't cook today, It wasn’t necessary. My mother «ese 6 I studied for the test, but it was unnecessary. i 1Circle the correct word or phrase, We shali /Gan)stay in and watch a film if you like. Lite children mustn't / needn't lie to their parents. IF you feel il, you may / should see a doctor. | must not / may not be able to come to the meeting on time. 1am not sure, You musti’t / don't have to drive if you have been drinking alcohol Susan needn't / mustn't cook for us. We have already eaten a lot. ‘Must / Will| tidy my room now, Mum? She can’t / mustn't be listening to music. The CD player doesn't work. ‘Must / Moy | sit here, please? 10 Tom can’t / must be on his way to Rome. The plane took off an hour ago. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 1 Lam sure he is working overtime again. He .. must be working overtime a | i 2. Im sure he doesnt get good marks. He never does any work | He i 3 Itisn’t necessary for you to come with me. I can manage on my own. Deed eeseteccoeist ina sestecaoesatita 4 Perhaps he will be travelling to Paris this time tomorrow. I He vvesssseeneeenen seven . sess : 5 am sure she is writing a letter to her cousin. She .. H I 6 Perhaps he doesn’t know how to swim. t 7 Itisn'e necessary to o drive to the concert. You can take the bus. 8 am sure he doesn't know how to drive a car. He's only fifteen. He ves YOu sssoseceee } | iven. Do not change the word. g Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word ! | Pam knows how to play the piano. 6 You are not allowed to go out tonight. CAN NoT Pam .. the piano. You Aeaaaiaa eevee Out tonight, 2 Ieisn't necessary for her to finish the report today. 7 It is possible that we will win the game. HAVE May She .. .. the report today, We... .. the game. 3 Lamm sure Molly is at the dentist's 8 Lam sure she Is e/ping the letter now. BE BE Molly sssosecsssesssseseeceensssnee the dentist! She ... i 4 Its forbidden to smoke here. 9 Lam sure he is trying his best. i 1 | k NOT MusT You sececssesseesee ROPE, He cs cesccsssoee His best S| am sure this isnt the place we are looking for. 10 Your doctor advises you to stop smoking, BE OUGHT now. This .... : we are looking for. You sececsssneecenssnnsesee SMOKINGComplete the second sentence so that it has @ similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word. | Sheila managed to finish her report in one day. Sheila ...........[Link] [0 fiTnish........... her report in one day. WAS 2. fe was not necessary for you to buy a present for me. You .. a present for me. HAVE 3. Perhaps your son took your car. Your son your ear. HAVE 4 I'm sure that you didn’t see Mary in the city centre. You .. .. Mary in the city centre, SEEN 5 lam sure my mother cooked this delicious meal. My mother... . . this delicious meal. COOKED 6 Thank you very much for the sweets, Ie wasn’t necessary. YOu ssssesseerees 7 ++ Sweets with you. BROUGHT 7 You didn’t ask your parents first. YOu ween first. HAVE 8 You didn’t pass because you didn't study enough. You : more in order to pass. SHOULD 9 Lam sure that isn’t Ben because he is in Atlanta. That. st seceeseceeeness Ben, He is in Atlanta, BE 10 You ought to see @ doctor about that cold. You td seseneesees 2 doctor about that cold, SHOULD 11 fe wasn't necessary for Jim to work late last night, so he came home. Jim .. sossss late fast night, so he came home. HAVE 12. It's forbidden to park your car on the pavement. YOU seas car on the pavement, NoT 13am sure that man didn’t participate in the robbery. That man sesesenees the robbery. HAVE [4 Perhaps he left his car keys at home, He escccsssseseee sesseeusses €ar keys at home. HAVE 15. Perhaps Jane is at the supermarket. Jane . at the supermarket. BE 16 Itis forbidden to smoke in here. You. an eevee im here, NoT 17 Lam sure he was eating when | called. He ceesesosee when I called BEEN 18 Perhaps Mary didn't see you. Mary you.ee Permission } a Request oo Cant | & Inability | & Impossibility © Asking for permission B Polite request possible here) ® Obligation © Certainty © Obligationinecessity 5 Possibility | Permission 5 Possibility Should/Ought To | 5 Advice ® Obligation Lack of necessity General ability (present or future) (past form of can) General ability (in place of can) Specific past ability (could is not He can drive a lorry. You can go out offer you have studied, Can you help with this suitcase, please? I can't understand this exercise. That can't be his mother. She's too young. He could play chess when he was six. Could I borrow your pen, please? Could you post this letter for me, please? She will be able to come to dinner next week. Jan was able to collect her from school You must wear a seat belt when driving. He must be out. There aren't any lights on. He has to visit his grandfather. We don't have to water the plants. It may rain tonight. You may go out now if you want. Gall him» now because he might be out loter. You should see a dentist. T ought to stay in tonight and do some revision. You needn't worry about the test. t's easy.