Homework:
Write 8-9 sentences about yourself.
Turn the 8-9 sentences into 3-4 sentences using conjunctions.
Be mindful of the proper use of tenses and prepositions.
Sentence Structures
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Basic components:
Subject: Who/What does something?
Predicate: What does the Subject do?
Direct Object: What does the Subject Predicate?
Indirect Object: Where, Why, Who...with, etc.?
Statements:
S-P-DO-IO.
Negation:
S-P-DO-IO.
P: auxiliary verb - not - nucleus verb
Questions:
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General rule:
(Wh-)-Auxiliary Verb-S-P-DO-IO?
Closed Questions:
Aux.V-S-P-DO-IO?
Subject Q:
Who/What P-DO-IO? (no additional AuxV for Simple Present)(also, because we don't
know who the Subject is, the P will be conjugated in the third person singular)
Predicate Q:
What AuxV-S-P-IO? (the P is a conjugated form of "to do")
DO Q:
What AuxV-S-P-IO?
IO Q:
Who... with, Where, When, Why, etc.?
Tenses
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X X X X X X X X X X X X X
§ O %
|-----------------|----------------->
Past Present Future
to play
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Present Simple X X X Present Continuous O
-------------- ------------------
I play I am playing
you play you are playing
he/she/it plays he/she/it is playing
we play we are playing
you play you are playing
they play they are playing
Simple Past § Simple Future %
----------- -------------
I played I will play
you played you will play
he/she/it played he/she/it will play
we played we will play
you played you will play
they played they will play
REMEMBER: Present covers the time it takes to speak the sentence!
to be
-----
Present Simple X X X Present Continuous O
-------------- ------------------
I am I am being
you are you are being
he/she/it is he/she/it is being
we are we are being
you are you are being
they are they are being
Simple Past § Simple Future %
----------- -------------
I was I will be
you were you will be
he/she/it was he/she/it will be
we were we will be
you were you will be
they were they will be
Prepositions:
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in: The beginning, middle and end of the action take place within a confined
space.
Peter plays in a stadium.
Mary walks in a room.
into: The action ends with the entering of a confined space.
Mary walks into a room.
Peter kicks a ball into the goal.
on: the action takes place while touching the object's surface.
The picture hangs on the wall.
The computer is on the table.
over: the action takes place vertically above the object (without touching)
The drone is hovering over the field.
The lamp hangs over the desk.
under: the action takes place vertically below the object (without touching)
The pen is under the table.
The dog is sleeping under the bed.
behind: the action takes place near the backside of the object.
Sarah hangs her clothes behind her house.
The playground is behind the school.
in front of: the action takes place near the frontside of the object.
He stopped in front of his car.
The ambulance stopped in front of the hospital.
with: the action takes place with an equal also performing the action
Peter plays soccer with Tom.
WARNING: I drive with my car.
This means that the car is a passenger in another vehicle!!!
against: the action is directed in opposition to the object
Peter plays against Steve.
The broom leans against the wall.
from: the action starts here.
I drive from home.
Mary received a gift from Peter.
to: the action ends here.
I drive to work.
Peter gives a gift to Mary.
for: the object receives a benefit from the action.
Peter plays for his team.
Steve buys a present for Tom.
next to: the subject performs the action while in close proximity of the object.
Peter lives next to his friend's house.
The school is next to a restaurant.
Pronouns:
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Subject: Object: Possessive:
I me my
you you your
he him his
she her her
it it its
we us our
you you your
they them their
We can also show possession through the possessive form, which adds an apostrophe
and an 's' after a noun.
e.g. Peter's ball is round.
Conjunctions
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They connect two sentences.
and: two unconnected sentences. No causal relationship.
Peter plays soccer and Mary reads a book.
but: two sentences describing different actions. No causal relationship.
Peter plays soccer but Mary reads a book.
therefore: the first sentence is the reason the second sentence happens. A causes
B.
Peter plays soccer therefore Mary reads a book.
because: the first sentence is the reaction to the second sentence. B causes A.
Peter plays soccer because Mary reads a book.