POLICE INTELLIGENCE

INTELLIGENCE

In Military Parlance, it is the end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration, and interpretation of all available information which may have immediate or potential
significance to the development and execution of plan, policies and programs of the user.

In Police Parlance, it is end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation of all available information regarding the activities of criminals and other
law violators for the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to commit
crimes.

In general, intelligence is a product created through the process of planning, directing, collecting,
collating and analyzing data to be disseminated to usable information that typically assesses events and
locations of adversaries to allow the appropriate deployment of resources to reach a desired outcome.

IMPORTANCE OF INTELLIGENCE
 It is vital to enable a nation to formulate its polices, strategic plans and conduct its diplomacy
 Intelligence is needed in order to enable a nation to forestall the activities of its internal and
external enemies.
 It necessary to detect and prosecute the activities of criminal and subversive elements
 It is vital in providing ample security for the people and the state
 Intelligence plays an important role in the life and survival of the country by providing advance
and exact knowledge of the intentions and design of its enemies

Functional Classifications of Police Intelligence

1. Criminal Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the prevention of crimes and the
investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal offenders.

2. Internal Security Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the maintenance of peace
and order.

3. Public Safety Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to ensure the protection of lives
and properties.

TASKS INVOLVED IN POLICE INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS

1. Discovery and Identification – this involves an identification and surveillance of individuals or

organizations involved in organized crimes and subversive activities.
2. Surveillance – this is the observation of person, places or activities of intelligence significance.

3. Liaison's Program – this is an assignment of trained intelligence personnel to other agencies in

order to obtain information of police intelligence value.

4. Identification Filing – these are files in the intelligence division of personalities in crimes; location
of illegal or suspected illegal activities; records of vehicles used by hoodlums, criminals, subversives, and
union racketeers; list of and data on dubious organizations; and telephone numbers of suspect, criminals
and other suspicious characters.

5. Informants Management/ Information Net – informants have many meanings and connotations.
To the public, informants are obnoxious money-motivated persons who sell another person. To the
underworld informant is a stool pigeon who exposes their illegal activities and identities. To police
intelligence, informant is a savior, for without his valuable reports and revelations many of the criminal
cases would end up unresolved.

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6. Clipping Services – this is the collection of news items of intelligence value in both local and foreign.

7. De-briefing – this is a systematic interview of person who were captured by the enemy; victims of
crimes; crew from bombing missions; repatriates; prisoners-of-war; boundary crossers; displaces people
from occupied territories; or police officers on patrol, traffic checkpoints, or other special work.

General Categories of Intelligence

(Major Types of Intelligence)

1. Strategic Intelligence – is a processed information which is long range in nature. It is

usually used to define, describe the criminals and their activities as well as provide an insight of their
Modus Operandi. Although, their value is not considered immediate in nature. Such information may be
utilized to develop specific methods to deter and interrupt criminal tends.

Example of Intelligence at Strategic Level:

a. Intelligence as to the extent of terrorist organization’s operation in a certain province
b. Intelligence as to the province private, political, police and military figures who are extending
support and establishing association with the terrorist group.
c. Intelligence as to the number and objectives of terrorist operating in the area
d. Intelligence as to the possibility of any home grown terrorist’s in urbanized cities and
municipalities

Components of Strategic Intelligence

a. Political Intelligence – deals with Domestic and Foreign affairs and relation of government
operations;
1. Basic Principles of the Government
2. Government Structures
3. Public Order and Safety
4. Subversion
5. Intelligence and Security Organization

b. Economic Intelligence – deals with the extent and utilization of Natural and Human
resources to the industrial potential of the Nations.

c. Transportation and Telecommunication Intelligence – concerned with the operations

and facilities not only the Military but also the Civilians.

d. Sociological Intelligence – deals with the demographic and psychological aspects of groups
of people.
1. Population and Manpower
2. Characteristics of the People
3. Public Opinion – attitudes of the majority of the people towards matters of public
policy.
4. Education – based on literacy rate

e. Biographical Intelligence – deals with individual personalities who have actual possession
of power.
f. Armed Forces Intelligence – deals with the armed forces of the Nation.
1. Position of the Armed Forces – constitutional and legal basis of its creation and actual
role.
2. Organization and structure and territorial disposition
3. Military Manpower Recruitment

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 4. Order of Battle

g. Geographical Intelligence – deals with the natural as well as man-made features of the
physical environment of man considered from the point in view of military operations.
1. Location – military and economic importance
2. Size – measurement of which a nation can exchange space or time during war.
3. Shape
4. Weather and Climate

h. Scientific Intelligence – deals with the progress of the research and development as it
affects the economic and military potential of a nation.

2. Line Intelligence (Tactical and Combat) – an intelligence data that is immediate in

nature. Such information must be updated, factual and concise so as to provide effective aids in police
operations.
- Knowledge of the People, Weather, Enemy, and Terrain (PWET) – used in planning and
conducting tactical and administrative operation in a counter insurgency.

Examples of Line/ Tactical Intelligence:

a. Intelligence as to the lay-out of the area, house, building or installation where an arrest or
raid will be conducted
b. Intelligence as to the type of firearms and number and location of hostages and hostage
takers
c. Intelligence as to the whereabouts of the wanted persons
d. People
living condition of the people
sources of income
education of people
government livelihood of the people
extent of the enemy influence to the people
e. Weather
visibility
cloudy
temperature
precipitation(rain)
wind
f. Enemy
location of the enemy
strength of the enemy
disposition
tactical capability
enemy vulnerability
g. Terrain
relief and drainage system
vegetation
surface material
man-made features

3. Counter-Intelligence (CI) – this is the aspect of intelligence which comprises civil and
police/military measures that frustrates, threatens or finds to be inimical the harmony and best interest
of an organization or agency.
- it encompasses a range of method used to thwart aggressive and secret operations perpetuated
by hostile, criminal or terrorist organization though espionage, sabotage, subversive acts, assassinations
and enemy intelligence collection effort.
- this is a significant element of intelligence that coincides with its defensive and security
principle.

Objectives of Counter-Intelligence

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 1. Prevent enemy from espionage, sabotage, subversion
2. Security of office or services
3. Deny the enemy of any knowledge
4. Aid the activity to achieve surprises
5. Detect possible disaffection, treason, or sedition with own forces

Sabotage – is the destruction of property or obstruction of public service to undermine a

government, police or military effort

Treason – is the disloyalty to one’s own country by giving away or selling its secret to the enemy
or by trying to overthrow it.

Subversion – is an act that seeks to overthrow a constituted government.

Sedition- is any action promoting or inciting discontent or rebellion against a government.

General Types of Counter-Intelligence

1. Passive Measure (Defensive) – involves the protection of classified and sensitive
information from those who do not need to know.

2. Active Measure (Offensive) – is used to actively block the enemy's attempts to gain
information or engage in espionage, subversion or sabotage.

Three Categories of Counter-Intelligence

1. Denial Measures – secrecy discipline, document security, camouflage and concealment,
communication security, military censorship counter reconnaissance effort.

2. Detection Measures – security tag or pass card, challenge or password, reconnaissance.

3. Deception Measures – use of escape and evasion, dummy position, fabricated information.

*Censorship – it is the control and examination of communication.

Purpose of Censorship:
1. To prevent the transmitted information from falling into the hands of the enemy
2. To collect and disseminate information of intelligence value

Purposes of Police Intelligence

 Effect the arrest of the criminal offenders and provide evidence to assist the prosecution in their
conviction
 Identify the criminal and subversive elements as well as their associates
 Check the conditions of the community relating to crimes vices and juvenile delinquency to help
in crime prevention
 Check on security condition of the PNP Personnel, funds, equipment and materials.
 Check on the effectiveness of the operation of PNP Forces
 Serves as an indispensable tool for policy making and management planning of the organization

Basic Principles of Intelligence Operation

1. Intelligence is continuous
- the basic principle of intelligence operation is that intelligence activities follow a simple
continuous cycle. At the time that the new information is being collected, another information is being
processed and intelligence is being used.

2. Intelligence and operations are Interdependent

- operational plans depend greatly on the intelligence of particular activity. This principle
coincides with the basic intelligence concept that there should be unity between knowledge and action.

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3. Intelligence must be Useful either for present or future needs
- this means that the useful logical decisions can be made if relevant intelligence is available.
Developed intelligence must be functional and should likewise be clear of any blurred aspect of the
mission.

4. Intelligence must be TIMELY

- intelligence is all about advance information. Timeliness plays a crucial role for the most
effective us of intelligence. It is so essential that even completeness and accuracy may be sacrificed to a
certain extent.

5. Intelligence Operation must be flexible

- intelligence operation is based on sound reason and judgment. How the intelligence operation is
will be conducted; what method to be adopted; or whether to pursue or not should always be based on
the rationalization and logical assessment of a given situation.

6. Intelligence operation require imagination and foresight

- the agent is given the leeway to use his resourcefulness to obtain more than what is normally
required . As described by Walshingham, “Knowledge is never to dear.” Whatever the goal of an
intelligence effort is the means for its accomplishment are left to the initiative and innovations of its
operators.

7. Intelligence requires constant security measures

- intelligence procured must be secured to protect the information, source, agent and the
organization

HISTORY OF INTELLIGENCE

Number 13:17-32 , Old Testament (Holy Bible) = Moses sent twelve (12) scouts to the land of
Canaan where he detected directed them to spy the land, the people and their location and the nature of
their cities.

Rahab – known as the “Harlot of Jericho” who sheltered and concealed the agents of Israel. Made a
covenant with the agents and duped their pursuers.

Delilah – an impromptu philistine agent. Used her sex to gain information that lead to the location of
the largest effective forces of the enemy.

Sun Tzu – a Chinese philosopher takes a more practical view in intelligence history. According to him,
what is called foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits, nor from gods. It must be obtained from
men who knew the enemy situation. Sun–tzu wrote a book entitled “the Art of War” which is the favorite
book of the late Communist leader Mao Tse Tung.

“If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear
the result of hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy,
for every victory gained you will also suffer defeat. If you know neither
the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.”
- Sun Tzu -

Alexander the Great – He was the king of Macedonia and conqueror of Persian Empire and considered
as the GREATEST MILITARY GENUISES of ALL TIME. He devised the first letter sorting and opening to
obtain information. (modern day mail censorship. He is said to be the first to use post censorship or
opening soldier’s mail.

Hannibal – considered one of the brilliant military strategies in history. He had developed an
effective intelligence system for 15 years in Rome, and he usually roam around the city often disguised
as a beggar to gather first-hand information.

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General Romano Sertorius – (Quintus Sertorius of Rome) The Roman commander in Spain who
possessed a white fawn and allowed it to become widely known that he derived both secrets and
guidance from its fawn. His allies also believed that he can communicate with animals.

Arthasastra: A guide to Kingship – this is an ancient Indian Text covering almost all eventualities in
the employment of and usage of spies both as method of internal policing and as a potent weapon of
war.

Akbar – known as the “Great Mogul” master of Hindustan who employed more than 4,000 agents for
the sole purpose of bringing him the truth that his throne might rest upon it. Third Mughal emperor of
India (1556-1605), generally considered the true founder of the Mughal.

Julius Caesar – during his time, his staff of each legion includes ten “speculators” who served as an
information collecting agency. The speculators were the first intelligence personnel to appear definitely in
a military organization.

Genghis Khan (Temujin) – (Universal Ruler) known as the “Great Mongol”. A leader of the so-called
“Mongol Conquererors” who used effective propaganda machine by spreading rumors of mongol terror.
The Leaders usually disguise as Merchants. He created an efficient pony express system.

Shinobi – during the 14th century Fuedal Japan, espionage was carried out by especially trained
individuals called shinobi who are better known as ninja who are guided by the a code of ethics called
Ninpo.
Frederick the Great – known as the father of organized military espionage.

He divided his agents into four classes:

[Link] spies – recruited among poor folk, glad to earn small sum or to accommodate a
military officer.

2. Double spies – the law enforcers and unreliable renegades of value. Chiefly in spreading false
information to the enemy.

[Link] of consequences – couriers and noblemen, invariable requiring a substantial bribes or

bait.

[Link] who are forced to undertake espionage against his will

Armand Jean du Plessis (Richelieu) – became a Cardinal and Chief or prime minister of King Louis
XIII. Cardinal Richelieu became the most powerful in France. He found a footing in political life and soon
won the favor of the queen mother of France, Marie de Médicis .

Louis XIV – systematized political policy, continuous surveillance, postal censorship and military
intelligence organization. king of France (1643-1715), known as the Sun King. Louis, third monarch of
the Bourbon family, ruled for 72 years, the longest reign in European history

King Edward I – King of England in 1725 organized a systematic police system so called Watch and
Ward. By Royal proclamation, the profession “State Informer” was created in 1734 enjoining all
informers to expose criminal activities and be compensated.

The Renaissance Period

Sir Francis Walsingham – (Father of British Secret Service) protector of Queen Elizabeth I. he
utilizes students as his agents. He gave the England its first National Secret Service. Regarded as the
First Great Spymaster.

- He employed spies on the staff of the Spanish army and able to obtain information regarding
Spanish army as to their strength and weaknesses. Walsingham created an effective
intelligence system by employing agents in foreign courts .

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George Washington – served as the Grand Master in intelligence who mobilized the free masons
of the colonies at the outbreak of the American war of independence.

Karl Schulmeister – Renowned as "Napoleon's Eye". He was credited for establishing counter
intelligence conducted against spies. He is a master of deceit who used black mail to obtain vital
information pertaining to the personality and identify of the enemies of Napoleon during the 18th
Century.

Allan Pinkerton - he was one of the most colorful secret service figures in the American civil war.
Famous for providing railroad protection. He even discovered a plot to assassinate President-elect
Abraham Lincoln before his March Inauguration as he travel to Washington

Sir Arthur Wellesly – Duke of Wellington, who defeated Napoleon's at Waterloo in 1815. Regarded as
the "Greatest Military Spymaster of All Time". He live by the motto; "All the business of war is to
find out what you don’t know by what you do." He always studied the enemy in depth, finding out not
only where the opposing army was and how strong it was, but the character of it's commander, the spirit
and training of its troops, their battle experience, and how they were supplied with arms and rations. He
also studied and mapped the roads, rivers and topography of the war theatre.

Wilhelm Johann Karl Eduard Steiber – (God father of Secret Service) Known as the Prussia's
"King of Sleuthhounds" as minister of police he studied the use of propaganda and censorship as well
as utilizing statistical intelligence accounting. Steiber's thorough organization and ruthless, his sinister
innovations and cold, calculating manipulation of human weakness made him the spymaster who most
shape the course of the 20th century espionage.

Alfred Redl – brilliant intelligence agent although a homosexual. Become chief of the Austro
Hungarian Secret Service, but in fact a double agent of Russia. In 1913, his treason was discovered and
he was forced to commit suicide.
His treason lead to the death of 500,000 agents and soldiers combine in 13 years of
espionage service.

William “Intrepid” Stephenson – A film mogul in England who founded the British Security
Coordination in New York to cooperate with American spy agencies on secret orders from Winston
Churchill in coordination with Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Stephenson commented that "Battles were won because of advance knowledge of enemy
plans could influence those plans, and could anticipate enemy actions by methods
heretofore concealed.”

William "Wild Bill" Donovan –Headed the Office of Strategic Service (OSS), the immediate
forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency, a lawyer and millionaire Republican, Donovan enjoyed
Roosevelt's trust, friendship, and most crucial of all direct access to the inner sanctums of the White
House. His jovial outgoing personality and his upper class social background played a considerable part
in setting overall tone and style of "THE COMPANY"

The Brahma Kautlya – in ancient india, he overthrew the NANDA dynasty and established the first
MAYURYAN king in the Indian throne.

Mayuryan Spy System – rivaled the modern Soviets and had the following tasks:

a. Shadow the king’s ministers and officials and attempt to determine their very thoughts
b. Report wrong doings of the people
c. Operate secretly in foreign countries
d. Spread unrest
e. Commit act of sabotage
f. Assassinate political and military leaders
g. Official envoys were instructed to make friends with officials of the enemy to compare their
military strengths with their own

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Herbert Yardley – Head of MI-8, The forerunner of the Top Secret National Security
Administration a.k.a Black Chamber, a Cryptanalytic Organization.

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto – April 1943, the Cryptoanalyst of the U.S. Navy Communications
Intelligence intercepted a top secret signal relaying the travel of the Admiral.
En route ha was intercepted and crashed in the Jungles of Bougainville.

JOSEPH PETROSINO – member of the New York Police Department in early 1900, he was the head of
the Italian Squad. Through extensive intelligence network, he is credited to smash the Black
Society.

Frey Tomas de Toquemada – Master Planner. Conducted espionage during the 15th century under
the inquisition wherein purging and ecclesiastical cleansing was undertaken to fortify and solidify the
church

Notable Intelligence Organization

I. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)UNITED
STATES

a. Central Intelligence Agency – established by President Harry Truman to coordinate US

Intelligence, the National Security Act of 1947 created the CIA as a global agency for collecting and
evaluating intelligence and for extending US influence through covert action.
This was created to prevent another surprise attack just like what happened to Pearl Harbor.

b. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) – unlike with CIA, it has a primarily domestic focus with
responsibilities for tracking the activities of suspected subversive terrorists, and hostile foreign
intelligence officers inside the US. It acts the country’s principal counterespionage agency which
investigates possible violations of US espionage law

Two Major Difference between FBI and CIA

1. FBI agents are law enforcement officers who can make arrest; CIA intelligence officers cannot
make an arrest, and

2. FBI agents can operate only in the US, while the CIA cannot operate within the US. The
Geographical ban is strictly enforced.

II. Security Service (MI5) and Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) UNITED KINGDOM

The two intelligence service have their origins in the Secret Service Bureau which was created on
Oct. 1, 1909.

The Two Bureaus of Secret Service:

1. Home Section (MI5) – has a spy catching responsibilities and assessed all threats to National
Security
2. Foreign Section (MI6) – responsible for espionage and intelligence collection abroad.
Previously, under the command of the military, both services later became divorced from the
armed services. The foreign service became known as Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), while Home
Section evolved into Security Service.

Functions of MI5
1. Counter-terrorism
2. Counter-espionage
3. Counter-Subversion
4. Protective Security
5. Security Intelligence
6. Record Keeping

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 MI5 although responsible for national security, they has no power to make arrest. The task of
making arrest falls on Scotland Yard Special Branch.

III. Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB) (Committee for National Security) Soviet
Union (Russia)

It has a function including counter espionage, foreign intelligence analysis, counter intelligence
for the armed forces, protection of the state lands and maritime borders and a certain special security
functions.
it was the world’s largest intelligence and police agency, probably larger than all western agencies
combined

 SMERSH – is an abbreviation of Russian word “Smert Shpionam” which means “death to spies”.
SMERSH was an organization created by Soviet dictator that has a broad activities of
counterespionage and was in-charge of tracking down traitors and deserters
 Raven – males agents
 Swallow – female agents

IV. MOSSAD – The Institute for Intelligence and Special Task (ISRAEL)

The Mossad – (Ha-mosad le modiin u-letafquidim meyuhadim) – The agency’s motto is found in
“Proverbs XI, 14” Where no counsel is, the people fall, but in the multitude of counselors there is safety.

Mossad has two branches namely:

1. Aman – Military Intelligence (Israels Defense Forces)
2. Shabak – General Security Service (Internal Security)

Shabak is from the word “shin bet” that means a defender who shall not be seen. Reuven
Shiloah was the First Director of MOSSAD.

V. Other Intelligence Agencies

 India – Research and Analysis Wing
 Canada – Canadian Security Intel. Service
 Australia – Australian Secret Intel. Service
 Germany – BND
 Spain – Centro National de Inteligencia
 Pakistan – Inter-Service Intelligence
 China – Ministry of State Security
VI. National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA)Philippines

It is the primary intelligence collection and analysis arm of the Philippine government in-charged
in carrying its intelligence programs. It is formerly known as National Intelligence and Security Authority
(NISA) that was primary used to track down and eliminate anti-Marcos opponents.

Intelligence Organization Set-up

I. Information Procurement Division – it is further divided into three operating sections namely:
1. Intelligence proper
2. Secret Intelligence
3. Intelligence Operations

a. Intelligence Proper
- research analysis
- monitoring of foreign broadcast
- study of both local and foreign printed materials
- liaison with other agencies collecting information
- interrogation and debriefing
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b. Secret Intelligence
- acquisition of confidential matters
- undercover work and surveillance
- espionage

c. Intelligence Operation
- sabotage
- counter-intelligence operation
- dissemination of propaganda

II. Evaluation and Distribution Division – this division takes care of the publication of intelligence
reports, determination of reliability and accuracy of procured information and transcript of investigation
and its evaluation.

III. Administration Division – it is composed of the management service, training and indoctrination
units and communications maintenance.

III. Police Intelligence Organization

In a police organization, the intelligence division is structured just like any other organization with
its line and staff functions; however the usual terms used with reference to these are Administrative for
the Staff Function and Operation for Line Function.

Functions of Line or Operation

1. Collection of Information
2. Handling of informants
3. Establishing of contacts
4. Recruitment of informers and informants
5. Execution of certain intelligence plans
Functions of Staff or Administrative
1. Processing of collected information
2. Guidance in the collection effort
3. Filing
4. Dissemination of processed information

Not all police department or station has a formally organized police intelligence section. However,
if one exists, it shall neither be placed directly in the regular staff or line division in the table of
organization. Due to its sensitivity, intelligence is placed directly under the chief, or in case of a large
suburban police organization, under the deputy chief with close monitoring and coordination with its
chief.

Police Station

CHIEF

Intelligence Section

Operation Administrative

INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
I. Intelligence Cycle
It is the process through which intelligence is obtained, produced and made available to users. It
follows cyclical steps from intelligence planning to the dissemination of processed information. It is a
repetitive process to produce intelligence from information.

Difference between Intelligence and Information

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 Information – is a pieces of raw unanalyzed data gathered from diverse sources with limited
inherent meaning. It may be true or untrue, accurate or inaccurate, confirmed or not confirmed,
as will be seen, information is collected as the currency that produce intelligence.

Intelligence – as compared with information, is when wide array of raw information is assessed
for validity and reliability, reviewed for materiality to the issue at question and given meaning
through the application of inductive and deductive logic. Intelligence therefore are information
run through analytic process to come with a conclusion, hypothesis, an estimate or a prediction
that are significant to the development of plans, policies and operations.

II. Phases of Intelligence Cycle

A. Planning and Directing the Collection Effort

- the act of determining intelligence requirements, preparing a collection plan, issuing orders and
request for information collection and checking on the productivity of collection entity.

1. Determination and Classification of Intelligence Requirement

Intelligence Requirements (IR) – are the information needed regarding matters of intelligence
interest that needs to be collected and processed in order to meet the Priority Intelligence Requirements.

Samples IR’s:
- Enemy capabilities
- Enemy vulnerabilities, including nature, extent, performance and other details
- Enemy order of battle
- terrain, natural/artificial obstacles, weather

Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR) – or Essential Elements of Information is the highest

intelligence requirement and is the basis for intelligence operations and personally approved by the
commander.

2. Parts of Intelligence Plan

Title – it is how the mission shall be known
Situation – background and assumption
Mission – purpose/objective and intelligence requirement
Execution – concept of project, tasks, operational support, coordinating instructions,
security classification
Administrative and Logistics – equipment, supply, transportation and finance
Command and signal –channels of communication

B. Collection of Information
A systematic exploitation of sources by the collection agency and the delivery of the information
obtained to the proper intelligence unit or agency.

*Agency – refers to any individual or organization which collects and processes information.
*Sources – are persons, things, or action or events from which information about the enemy,
weather or terrain is derived. it may or may not be under friendly control.

Police Routine Activities which are good sources of Information;

 Patrol
 Use of Informants
 Criminal Investigations
 Community Relations Program
 Checkpoints
 Search and Seizure
 Surveillance Operations

Types of Sources of Information

1. Covert (closed) Sources – this is a clandestine or secret means of obtaining information.
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 *Infiltration – gradual penetration into enemy domain or territory
*Surveillance by utilizing satellite photo, audio, electronic device and advance
communication system.
*Elicitation made through interview and instrumentation

Covert Equipment:
1. Body Wire/ Voice Transmitter
2. Tracking Device
3. Surveillance Vehicles
4. Low light photography equipment
5. Covert Packages

2. Overt (open) Sources – those that are obtained without resorting to special effort or
clandestine operation
*sources of information – refers to persons, things, or actions from which information
about the enemy, weather or terrain are derived.

3. Human Intelligence (HUMINT) - intelligence derived from information collected by people,

usually in a foreign country. i.e. agents, spies

4. Signal Intelligence (SIGINT) – intelligence derived from information collected through

eavesdropping on all sorts of communication; often provides insights through listening into
unencrypted conversation. Also include tracking of individual through cellular phone/ satellite
phones.

Sub-categories of SIGINT
 Communication Intelligence (COMINT) – intelligence obtained through the interception,
processing and analysis of the electronic communications.
 Electronics Intelligence (ELINT) – encompasses electronic non-communication signals,
including the electronic emanations of radar systems.

5. Imagery Intelligence (IMINT) – a collection system that relies on satellite photography.

6. Other common sources of Information

- Enemy Activities
- POW
- Local Residents
- Refugees, evacuees and displaced persons
- Civilian agencies (Hospitals, NBI/ Police, NSO)
- Captured enemy documents and materials
- Imagery Maps and Charts
- Newspaper reports
- Books, Publications
- Convicted criminals
- Drug dependents undergoing rehabilitation
- Deserters from other adversary units

Classification of Captured Enemy Documents

 Category A – documents containing information of immediate tactical importance, psychological
or strategic value such as enemy order of battle, new weapon system, logistics and moral
situations.

 Category B – documents containing cryptographic items and information concerned radio system
such as messages, codebook, signal operating instruction, radio manual, etc.
 Category C – documents containing information of apparent lesser intelligence valuesuch as
personal letters, pin-up pictures, commercial or business literature, comics, magazines.

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  Category D – documents containing no intelligence value to staff but require proper handling,
included are documents the value of which cannot be determined such as paintings, money and
like

C. Processing of Collected Information

The part of intelligence cycle in which the information is converted into intelligence.

Activities Involved in the Processing

1. Recording
2. Evaluation
3. Analysis/ Interpretation

Recording
It is the reduction of information to writing or some other form of graphical representation and
the arranging of information into groups of related items.

Means of recording Information

1. Intelligence Journal
- is a log of activities of an intelligence officer during a particular period or specific
mission.
- includes all incoming and outgoing messages and significant incidents concerning the
operations of intelligence agencies covering a specific period.
- contains chronological log of significant intelligence activities

2. Intelligence Workbook
- it provides a means of systematic arrangement of information by type or subject to
serve as a ready reference.
- it aids in sorting, evaluation and interpretation of information in the preparation of
intelligence reports.

3. Intelligence Worksheet
- is an indexed memorandum pad for recording of information regarding the enemy, its
movement, location and anticipated actions.

4. Intelligence Files – consists of the ff:

 Order of battle (ORBAT)
 Journal File – it contains a record copy of each messages or document noted in the
journal. It supports the journal and serves as the permanent and official record.
 Enemy Document Map
 Map and Photo File (Rouge’s Gallery)
 Information File (MO)
5. Identification Files
These are files in the intelligence unit of personalities of crimes which contains:
 Location of illegal or suspected illegal activities
 Vehicle registry used by hoodlums
 Telephone number of suspects

Evaluation
Refers to the examination of raw materials in order to determine its reliability, credibility and
relevance to police operations

The following are considerations in evaluation:

 Is the gathered information needed for immediate purpose or in the future time?
 Is the source reliable?
 Under the given circumstances, is it possible to obtain such information?
 Is it confirmed and collaborated with other sources?
 If a variance should be observed, which piece of information is more likely to be correct?

*Pertinence – refers to the significance of the information relative to the operation.

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 *Reliability – pertains to the determination of the source of information.
*Accuracy – is ascertaining the probable truth of the information.

EVALUATION RATING
RELIABITY ACCURACY
A – Completely Reliable 1 – Confirmed by other sources
B – Usually Reliable 2 – Probably True
C – Fairly Reliable 3 – Possibly True
D – Not Usually Reliable 4 – Doubtfully True
E – Unreliable 5 – Improbable
F – Reliability cannot be judged 6 – Truth cannot be judged

Description of Sources
S Signal intercepts
T Direct observation of Unit commander
U Penetration/ Resident Agent
V Troops involved in encounter/ operation
W Interrogation of captured enemy
X Observation of any government civilian employee
Y Observation of the members of the populace
Z Documentary

Analysis/ Interpretation
It is considered as the heart of intelligence processing. It is the determination of the significance
of the information relative to the information and the intelligence already known and drawing deductions
about the probable meaning of the evaluated information.

Activities Involved in the Interpretation of Information

a. Assessment – shifting and sorting of all available intelligence materials
b. Integration – combination of elements isolated in analyzed with other known information to
form a logical picture on hypothesis of enemy activities or influence of operational area
characteristics on the mission of the units.
c. Deduction – the formulations of conclusions from theories as a result of integration.

Dissemination
Basic Consideration
a. Timeliness – it must reach the user on time to be of value
b. Propriety – it must be disseminated to the to the correct user

Method of Dissemination
a. Personal Contact – such as conference, briefing, and person to person exchanges
b. Messages – such as couriers and other secured electrical means
c. Intelligence documents – such as intelligence reports, summaries, imagery interpretation
reports, document analysis reports, periodic intelligence report, tactical interrogation
reports, technical intelligence report, ORBAT, handbook, intel annexes, etc.

Methods and Techniques of Collecting Information

I. OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION (ODEX)
An individual’s complete awareness of his surrounding is achieved through maximum employment
of his/her senses. ODEX focuses on factual reporting one’s own observations or the sensory experience
recounted by others.
85% gathered through sight
13% gathered through hearing
2% gathered though remaining senses (taste, smell, and touch)

Psychological Process for accurate Observation

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 1. Attention – process involved in becoming aware of an existence of fact.
Involuntary – a person has no control and requires no effort
Voluntary – more reliable in the sense that the mind is conditioned to focus or observe a
particular thing or subject, exerting more effort and less control.

2. Perception – involves in the understanding this fact of awareness.

II. ELICITATION
A process of extracting information during an apparently normal and innocent communication,
where one or more of the involved parties is not aware of the specific purpose of conversation.

Elicitation Tricks:
 by soliciting subjects opinion
 by inserting bits of factual information on a particular topic
 by sincere and valid assistance, you might be able to determine the subject’s specific area of
interest
 by quoting something as fact
 by use of analogies and or comparative situation
 by being incredulous and ask for proof

Human weakness to be considered in Elicitation:

 Gossip
 Need for recognition
 The habit of advising, teaching correcting, substantiating, challenging and contradicting
 Challenging their expertise

Why elicitation works?

 Most of the people want to be polite and helpful even from strangers
 People might be tempted to say more than they should on matters appealing their
professional specialty
 Self-importance; people want their usefulness to be appreciated

III. CASING
It is considered as one of the basic tools of operative in the conduct of covert operation. It is
continuous, being an indispensable preparatory step to the conduct of virtually every type of clandestine
activity and highly sensitive, in that its early detection comprises in advance its intended operational
purpose.
Casing is an American terminology, the British calls it RECONNAISANCE, RECCE for short.

Casing is defined as the discreet inspection or observation of place.

Purpose of casing:
1. To determine the place suitability and vulnerability for a particular operational use.
2. To gather information necessary to develop a plan for its operational use
3. To verify and validate an information about the area

Preparation for Casing

1. Determine the specific need for the casing and the information required
2. Exhaust other sources of information
3. Develop a logical and systematic plan
4. Prepare needed supplies and equipment
5. Consider the risk involved and how to avoid them
6. Plan the cover before, during and after casing

Conducts during Casing

1. Act naturally
2. Make measurement and take note discreetly or make recording in a disguised manner
3. Get all information required on the first visit. Avoid repeated visit and use different case if
repetition is necessary.
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 4. Use concealment devices for photography in public areas. Develop proficient skills in
clandestine photography.

Types of Casing
a. External – it is the close observation and clear description of area, building or installation; particularly
its location, approaches, physical barriers, immediate vicinity.

b. Internal – is the close observation and clear description of the lay out of the building, an office or a
room.

Purpose of Casing
a. Area Familiarization
b. Actual Inspection

Considerations in Re-casing
1. Re-casing should be done prior to operational use if several months have passed since the
original casing.

2. re-casing should also be done at the specific time of day and day of the week, the site is
designated to be used.

3. Re-casing should be spaced out and conducted at various times of the day and days of the
week to increase the knowledge base on the site.

4. Outdoor site should be cased at different season or whether condition.

5. Ideally, a re-casing should be done one day before the site is used.

Casing Report – is composed of textual representation coupled with accurate illustration

IV. SURVEILLANCE
It is the systematic observation of an specific area or an specific persons by various means of
intelligence collection.

Surveillant – a person who maintains the clandestine information gathering.

Subject/Target – the person, place or things under surveillance
Convoy – subject associate who follow the subject for the purpose of surveillance detection
Decoy – person or vehicle used to mislead surveillants as a form of surveillance evasion
Shadowing/ Tailing – the act of following a target or subject person either covertly or overtly

Objectives of surveillance operations:

 To detect criminal activities
 To identify associates of known criminal offenders
 To prevent the commission of the crime
 To gather evidences that lead to the conviction of criminals
 To secure basis for obtaining search warrant
 To find, obtain or develop lead of wanted persons
 To protect witness

Surveillant’s Qualification
a. Average physical appearance (height, weight, no outstanding physical features,
mannerism)

b. Ability to remain unnoticed (not wearing jewelries, and other distinctive articles, area
knowledge familiarization)

c. Patience and Physical Stamina (agent must be must be adaptable as many targets
can act erratically)

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 d. Good power of observation and relative retentive memory (must have a good
memory, hearing and eyesight)

e. Team Man (confidence with his ability and those of his members)

f. Common Sense/ Street Knowledge (possess sixth sense)

g. Quick witted (resourceful, has presence of mind and ability to think quickly)

h. Desirable attitudes (Integrity, honest, loyalty, moral, character, reputation)

i. Suitable Skills
- Hard practical training on the street
- Good actor
- Map reading skills
- Advance driving skills
- Can operate technical equipment (camera, audio and video devices)
- Lock picking

Types of Surveillance
1. Stationary – observation from a fixed position. It is on a concealed vantage point with direct
view of the target.
2. Informer – employment of other person to conduct surveillance
3. Mobile – a moving surveillance. The surveilant follows the target from place to place in order
to maintain continuous observation.
4. Technical – also known as electronic surveillance and is accomplished with the aid of devices.

Principles and consideration in conducting surveillance

1. For stationary surveillance

Determine the surveillance coverage as to the activities of the target, premises movements of
persons and materials, identification of occupants and visitors, monitoring of dead drops, dispatcher of
vehicular surveillants.

Suitability of observation site – unrestricted view of target and has maximum security for
detection.
Dead Drops – also known as dead letter box, is a location used to secretly pass items between
two people without requiring them to meet.

*Spies have been known to use dead drops, using various techniques to hide the items and to
signal that the drop has been made.

2. For foot surveillance

Types of Foot Surveillance

a. One Man Surveillance
- a single agent performs the surveillance and observation

b. Two Man (AB Surveillance)

- observation is performed by a two man team.

c. Three Man (ABC Surveillance)

- considered to be the most effective type of foot surveillance that has an objective to
“keep at least two sets of eyeballs on the target all the times”

3. For vehicular surveillance

Surveillance vehicles are essential equipment for any surveillance operation. It represents the
most prominent and highly visible aspects of a surveillance team. Even in foot surveillance, vehicle may
still be used for support.
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 Basic Considerations:
a. Target – obtain information to the driving habits of the subject and the description of the
target vehicle (make, model, color, plate no.)
b. Vehicle of surveillants
- make and model
- tag and stickers
- size
- Maintenance
- Speed
- special modifications

V. COVER AND UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS

Undercover is an intelligence technique which allows an officer to conceal his true identity to
adopt an assumed role to accomplish an intelligence mission to obtain access to information which would
not be available through other means.

Cover is the means by which an individual, group or organization conceals the true nature of his
activities and its existence from the observer.

Method of Undercover Operations

a. Direct – the officer personally penetrates the target.
b. Indirect – the officer use another person or an informant to penetrate the target.

When to use Undercover Operation?

General Application
a. When the information is not accessible through overt investigation or through a reliable
informant.
b. When overt actions endanger the investigation
c. When it is desirable to conceal agency’s interest in a particular case of a certain field of
investigation.
d. d. When overt actions arouses suspicion or alarm, thus compromising the investigation and
otherwise alerting the subject.
e. When all feasible means of overt investigation have been tried and proven unsuccessful
f. To gain confidence of the targets
g. To verify information given by informants and witnesses

Types of Undercover Assignments

a. Dwelling Assignment – involves residing in or near the dwelling of the target to maintain
constant contact with the home of the subject.
b. Work Assignments – getting employed where the investigator can observe the activities of
subject
c. Social Assignment – places of entertainment and amusement habitually visited by the target
d. Personal Contact Assignment – the investigator is required to develop the friendship and trust
of the target
e. Multiple Assignment – the investigator is tasked to cover two or more assignments
simultaneously. Can produce extensive information with minimum expense but more prone to
compromise.

Types of Cover
Natural cover – using the true background of the investigator or officer

Artificial Cover – portraying of something that he is not.

Non-official Cover – cover without any sponsor of an overt agency (businessman, tourist, etc.)

Official Cover – cover is sponsored by an overt agency. An undercover cooperates with a

legitimate company and is allowed to disguise himself as one of its personnel or employee

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 with authorization to use the company’s identity such as its uniform, trademark, official
vehicle, etc.

Criteria for cover

 It should be simple. One that easily to remember for the operator
 It is adequate. One that provides enough security for status and action.
 It is economical. Expenditures commensurate to the desired information.

Hazards to Cover
Passive Opposition – refers to the people who are not directly involved in security and counter
intelligence.

Friendly or Unhostile Opposition – refers to friendly organizations that may hinder operation

Unfriendly or Hostile Active Opposition – refers to the enemy intelligence and security activities
that may compromise the undercover work.

Preparation for the Mission

STEP 1 – Study of the Target or Subject

 A complete background check pertaining to the subject must be under taken. (Identity,
address, education, occupation, family and relatives)
 His character and temperament must be observed
 Vices
 Hobbies
 Social Affiliations

STEP 2 – Familiarization with location, terrain and area.

 Study of maps
 Study of structures and public utilities
 Study of neighborhood or community

STEP 3 - Preparation of Cover Story and Supporting Documents

Cover story is the true or fictional, or combination biographical details which portray the
operative’s past history and current status supported by appropriate documents and aging cover.

*Aging Cover – is the cover of an agent practiced for a considerable period of time in
order to acquire a seemingly true identity for the purpose

 Choose a suitable cover/ background to fit the role. Obtain possession appropriate to your
character.
 Memorize by heart of all pertinent details of assumed role and fictitious portions of the
biography.
 Familiarization of the location and residents
 Appearance and aptitude must fit the part selected, all minute details should be taken into
considerations
 Have fictitious credentials at your possession

DO’s for Undercover Agents

 Divorce yourself from your real identity
 Leave all credentials which may identify you or trace your home, nature of work or headquarters
 Have mails and telegrams sent to you under your assumed name
 Have cash on delivery purchase delivered to your assumed name
 Billings should be names with your assumed personality
 Clandestine methods of contacts with persons from headquarters should be undertaken to avoid
being burn-out

DONT’s for Undercover Agent

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  Don’t drink while working undercover
 Do not court women. The less contact with women spells more probability for success
 Do not take women on an undercover assignment
 Do not take to be a big shot and attract attention to yourself
 Do not fail to provide persons who can vouch for your assumed personality

FUNDAMENTALS OF CRYPTOGRAPHY:
“Encoding and Decoding”
Cryptography – the art and science of ciphers. This is done through the use of “telephone scramblers”
also known as “speech inverter” whereby essential speech frequencies are divided to produce a
scrambled speech when intercepted.

Cryptographer – a person who is highly skilled in converting messages from clear to unintelligible
forms by use of codes and ciphers. Also known as Coder, Encrypter, or Code Clerk.

Crypto Analyst – those who break intercepted codes

Coding – the changing of message from plain clear text to unintelligible form. Also known as
“Encrypting”.

Decoding – transforming of coded message into plain text. Otherwise known as “Decrypting”.

Secret Codes Commonly Used by Intelligence Officer

1. One-Time Pads (OTP) used for secret communications by all of the world’s major intelligence
agencies.

2. Invisible Writing – invisible messages is also a good way of passing information between people. A
message can be written using a special ink or a paper and passed quite naturally to another person.

3. Code Word – the handler can make a list of code word that can be passed into an agents.

4. Morse Code – it is a simple substitution code based on dashes and dots.

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