Human values

19 September 2020 20:12

Human Values- Lessons from leaders, reformers, administrator, role of family, society, educational institutions
Value are preferences and personal beliefs to which we attach great importance. A belief will develop into a value when the person's
commitment to it grows and they see it as being important.
eG: Belief that public interst greater than private. Over time, we generate it as a value.
Patriotism as value through partiotic beliefs

All values are beliefs but all beliefs are not values.

We assign values to different aspects of world around us. They arise out of our subjective dispositions and experiences which are in turn shaped by
social institutions and interactions and guide human behavior.
 They don’t justify right or wrong (Examples)
o Veg food is my value but it doesn’t mean I find non-veg eating is unethical or wrong
o Rural Indian family v/s South Bombay families views on a girl wearing shorts.
o In Indian societies arranged marriages are generally preferred while in western societies marriages are generally not arranged.
o India value democracy while China value soft totalitarianism
 Existence of values at multiple levels
o Human values at personal level
o Social Values at societal level- politics, social issues
o Professional Values
o National Values
 Some values generally change with time, place, and context!
o Time-> Sati, Secularisation, Individualism vs collectivism
o Place-> Live in, caste in urban vs rural, US vs India values
o Context-> Killing (murder vs euthanasia), Wearing white in funeral but red in marriage, Flag for state funeral is fine but contempt in other
funeral usage
 Significance of values
o Guide our action and interactions in society
o Help us resolve dilemmas in social life eg pattern variables
o Values form basis of ethics and morality
 Quotes:
o a life without values is flower without fragrance
o Values are like fingerprints. Nobody’s are the same but you leave them all over everything you do!!
 In any question on values write the levels at which it operates!!!!

Human values are those values which are at core of being human and are universally accepted. They help humans to live in harmony with other
humans, animals and nature.
Human Definition My experience Lessons from leaders, reformers, administrators
Value
Happiness It is a state of contentment & pleasure in life. Personal achievement-> cracking JEE, Man's happiness really lies in contentment- Gandhi
winning college elections, awards and
recognition Judge nothing- you’ll be happy; Forgive everything- you’ll be
Happiness of kins, friends, family evokes happier; Love everything- you’ll be the happiest- Buddha
happiness
Impacting people’s life positively-> Blood Symbol of virtuous life- Plato
connect, Jacobs foundation (Muktangan),
Hostel residents and staff issues It is ultimate luxury to combine passion and contribution. It’s also
a very clear path to happiness- Sheryl Sandberg, COO, Facebook

It arises when there is no difference between what we want to

be and what we are
Fairness/Just • Decisions are based on merit/facts, not personal Merit based selection for House working Conformity to principle of fairness and impartiality and
ice prejudices or pre-conceived notions committees based on previous work and specifically in legal domain means meritorious reward or
• In a fair society, no prejudice based on caste, performance punishment
class, sex or religion Merit based award distribution
• Otherwise fallouts: Eg: crony capitalism, Selection of Blood Connect Head based on Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere- Martin
nepotism, casteism impact economy, efficiency interviews and keeping hostel bias aside Luther king
and society Recruitment for internships and declared
conflict of interest for candidates belonging • How to inculcate fairness?
to my hostel or Bloodconnect • Prescribing Norms - CoE, 1st posting, Training and
selection focusing on Impartiality of candidate
• Discretionary powers be rationalised in favor of
objectivity
• establish Appellate boards as avenue for
correction
• transparent 3rd party review and feedback
mechanism using RTI tool
• Critical thinking: Orders should not be blindly
followed
• Declaring conflict of interest

Love Love is a feeling of care and affection towards Oneself-> Running and nutrition Love for oneself- fight depression, self-care, healthy life
And Peace someone or something. It can be love for oneself, Family-> care of needs both emotional and Love for family- What you can do to promote world peace- go
family, society, nation, humanity physical home and love your family- Mother Teresa

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 family, society, nation, humanity physical home and love your family- Mother Teresa
Society-> Follow rules and norms Love for society- Peace, harmony, collective growth
Peace is a state of tranquility and harmony. It Nation-> Vote Love for nation- Patriotism- Freedom struggle
could be peace of mind, peace of a state or society Humanity-> Blood connect and Love for humanity- World peace begins with inner peace- Dalai
etc. It provides the best opportunity for one to philanthropy Lama
develop oneself Love for one should not become hatred for others!

We can never make peace with outer world unless we make peace
with ourselves.- Buddha!!
Freedom Freedom is the ability to act and behave without As Rabindra Nath Tagore argues in his poem where the mind is
constraints. without fear that country awaken only if it’s free and his freedom
Individual freedom cannot be seen divorced from is defined broadly beyond self- rule. Freedom is
societal freedom as one's freedom may harm -Where the mind is without fear (lynching, riots?- are we free)
someone else's freedom (Harm principle) - Where knowledge is free (though we have RTI but government
Society's freedom is multifaceted as it involves schools outcomes are poor)
freedom in every social institution: Religion, - Where world is not broken into fragments (disputes)
Education, Law, Political, etc. - Where words come from depth of truth
There are control mechanisms in society to - where people strives towards perfection
constrain freedom to avoid harm to others but - Where arguments are done with reason
such controls may be misused as well - Where thoughts turn into action!!
Truth Accurate perspective on reality or factual Work life-> Revealing a QC error in data "Truth is not merely stating facts. It is stating facts in times of
representation of events especially in times analysis despite meeting in 1 hour; exigencies (DharmaSankat) irrespective of its personal
of dilemmas Truthful about sick leaves impact. In this way it becomes bravery" Bhagvad Gita
Theories of truth Individual level-> Introspection to critique
1. Correspondence-> claims are true or false or praise oneself both
based on the objective reality of world
2. Coherence-> A belief is true if it is part of Social life->
Friends eg: -> truth to a friend on his
a coherent system and not isolated true
behaviour at a previous event which was
3. Pragmatic-> It is something we find useful hurtful
to believe as it has social utility Parents-> Truth about an investment loss
Dimensions in equities
Public life-
- Truthful person is also more expected to be just
and ethical
- Truthful leader else different versions of truth
creates confusion, conflict and lack of trust in
leader and then work culture becomes such
- Truth inspires rationality and scientific thinking
Private relations-
- Truth leads to more intimate relationships
(platonic and non-platonic)
- Truth helps one break away from superstitious
social believes
Individual level-
- Truth also has psychological underpinnings (eg.
Polygraph test actually tests one’s stress level to
detect lying and this extends under normal
situations as well)
- Lack of truth not limit to telling truth to others
but being true to one’s own conscience. And if
one is then other moral values will follow.

Forgiveness pardoning of offense, wrongdoing forgave friends who cheated and hurt me Forgiveness is the fragrance that violet sheds on heel that
in earlier life to give them chance to has crushed it.- Twain
benefits- rekindle relationship
• helps continue personal relationships To err is Human, to forgive divine
• getting rid of personal negative emotions
• helping wrong doers by releasing them from Nelson Mandela after assuming presidency chose to forgive
blame, hostility perpetrators of apartheid to build a ‘rainbow’ nation where
• one should hate sin, not the sinner all races live in harmony and spirit of brotherhood.

forgiveness has to be based on

moral principles- overcoming retributive The weak can never forgive. It’s an attribute of strong- Gandhi
emotions
It should be when wrong is excusable and
wrongdoer is showing guilt and remorse eg: a
woman forgiving a violent husband is sin itself
if he has no remorse and continues it

If you can’t feed a hundred people- feed just one- Mother Teresa

Conflict in values
 Value conflicts are caused by perceived or actual incompatible belief or value systems
o Eg: Political (Democracy v/s Totalitarianism), Economic (Communism v/s Capitalism), Religious (Secular v/s Religious states),
 Value disputes: When a person, state tries to impose his value on others’ then that become fanaticism and leads to value disputes. The person or
groups imposing the value lays claim of monopoly over the values. These disputes impact the individual liberty and harm social fabric
o Eg: Fundamentalism, cow vigilantism
 In a country as vast and diverse as India, conflict of values are inevitable but it the value of tolerance, pluralism and impersonal behavior that win
the day. They can be inculcated through socialisation agents
Negotiation, multi-stakeholder approach can help in resolving such conflicts

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o Negotiation, multi-stakeholder approach can help in resolving such conflicts

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Ethics and morality
04 March 2021 15:14

Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in-human actions;

Quotes:
"A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world." - Albert Camus
“In just about every area of society, there’s nothing more important than ethics”- Henry Paulson

Draupadi asked Yudhishtir “WHY be moral?” Yudhister- I act ethically because this is what I am and
this is what I must do. I do not act for the sake of fruits of Dharma, I do it for it’s own sake

Without ethics or dharma , the whole world will sink into bottomless darkness- yudhistira

1. Definition of Ethics and Morality

○ Ethics-> Ethics are set of standards of right and wrong that a society or an
organisation places on itself by mutual consensus. They help guide behavior, choices
and action
 It is based on beliefs and values that have become institutionalised through
socialisation
 It is institutional, universal and external in nature
 Types
□ Societal ethics-> Follow norms and values rooted in social institutions
eg: abhor crime, follow rules and laws, etc
□ Professional ethics-> Indian medical association guidelines, Guidelines
by NBSA, self-regulatory bodies
□ Organisation ethics-> Eg profit making but also sustainable and fair
practices
 Some eg of ethical values
□ Public admin ethics-> Integrity, impartiality, selflessness, transparency
□ Private or personal ethics-> Trust, love, loyalty, truthfulness, kindness,
empathy
 Dimensions of ethics
□ Meta-ethics (Determining the ethics- what’s right or wrong)
□ Normative (litmus test of ethics) eg. Do only means matter or
results or both.
□ Application of ethics (in environment, business)
□ [Link]
areas-ethics

○ Morality-> morality is an individual yardstick or framework for an individual to

decide right and wrong, distinguish good from bad
 It is individualistic, subjective and internal in nature
 Eg: Capital punishment, surrogacy, medical termination of pregnancy can be
good or bad depending on the morals of a person

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 ○ Laws-> Laws are a codified set of standards that a society considers ethical and that
are endowed with coercive power to enforce its implementation. They are framed by
the society itself through the state to govern itself
 Dynamic and need to change with changing ethics of society
□ Eg: Child marriage ban, POSH, RTE act, Criminal laws implemented with
changing needs and values of society
 Functions of laws
□ Social control agent-> reformation and restitutive laws
□ Protect individual rights and liberties
□ Resolve disputes in society
□ Help maintain order in society
□ Provide Normative standards in a society about right or wrong
□ Govern areas or institutions of society eg: business, economy, religion etc
○ Rules->Rules are a standard set of instructions or guidelines that govern conduct or
procedure within a particular area of activity But they differ from laws as:
 Who frames: Rules can be framed by anyone (org or individuals) and not
necessarily govt while law is by govt alone (eg parent makes rules for their
child, rules of a game)
 Legal force: Rules don’t have legal binding and hence, carry low end
consequences while laws have stiff punishment
 Nature: Rules are personal in nature while laws are for the society. Rules tell
us what to do and what not to do. It can be set up for home, hospital,
institution, college, office, school, etc
 Flexibility-> Rules are flexible and can be adjusted based on need while
framing of laws have a due process to follow
 Purpose-> Rules help in providing specific instruction and guidance while
laws help in maintaining order in society
2. Inter-relation between morals, ethics, values, laws
○ Beliefs-> attach committment and importance-> values
○ Value-> consensus of group on certain values as R/W-> Form ethics
 Patriarchal value-> Sati
 Gender equality-> Sati abolition
○ Value-> Individual assigns some values as R/W-> Forms Morality
○ Ethics-> socialization-> Individual morality
 Eg: family and other socialisation agents shape morality of a child based
on incumbent ethical standards
○ Individual morality-> Consensus-> Ethics
 Eg: Morality of Raja Ram Mohan Roy against Sati who built consensus
against it through Brahmo Samaj. Overtime, Sati is now considered
unethical
 Killing was fine in state of nature but someone felt it wrong so social
consensus over it being wrong and hence social contract signed
 Civil Rights Movements: Martin LK's morality against racial
discrimination-> launched CRM to build consensus and hence racial
policy abandoned
○ Morality-> Ethics-> codification by competent authority-> Law
 Consensus on democracy-> constitution
 Conensus on banning child marriage due to struggle later Child mariage
ACt
3. Conflict bw Morals, ethics, law, etc
○ Morals vs ethics
 Most of the times they overlap-> eg honesty, love, etc
 Morality of an individual may conflict with the ethical standards of a society
due to following reasons:
□ An individual's morality may differ from ethics due to factors of social
changes such as modernisation, western ed, etc
□ Ethics based on dogmatic and inflexible religious and traditional values
may not evolve leading to conflict becoming inevitable
□ Some such individuals usually characterised by charismatic and
leadership personality may go on to openly support their morals against
the ethical standards-> Protest, agitation and social movement
□ Difference bw an individual's morality vs the org ethics eg legal
profession , abortion by a doctor even though against his morals
□ New values like environmentalism may emerge which were previously
missing in society
□ Ethics based on flawed values
 Eg:
Historical

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 □ Historical
 Sati bw RRM morality and society
 Untouchability bw Phule or Ambedkar and religious traditional
society
 Child marriage bw Ishwar vidyasagar and society
 Civil rights movement bw Martin LK and American society
 Apartheid bw Nelson and ethics of SA whites
□ Contemporary
 Triple Talaq: bw Shah Bano and Muslim society
 Anna Hazare
 LGBT rights movement
 Live in morality vs marriage
○ Ethics vs laws
 Laws are codified ethics but sometimes they come in conflict due to following
reasons:
□ Laws fail to evolve with the dynamic ethical standards of society eg Sec
377
□ Laws reflect consensus of the dominant groups leading to exclusion and
exploitation of some groups eg transgenders, LGBT in India or Blacks in
USA and South Africa
□ Laws based on flawed values eg: Salt law based on
exploitative/colonialism values
□ Laws unable to accommodate special exigencies eg euthanesia vs killing
□ Laws which violate the fundamental law of land ie Constitution eg: NJAC
as quoted by Judiciary
□ Laws which do not accommodate new emerging values such as
environmentalism
□ Law which is progressive but is disregarded by society as its ethics are
based on flawed values eg homesexulaity ban
○ Morality vs laws
 Essentially same as ethics vs laws but here individual's role matters
 Charismatic Individuals of excluded group's morality clashes with
exclusionary or exploitative laws who then launches a movement
□ Eg: Salt law by Gandhi, Apartheid by nelson, Martin LK against racial
laws in US
 Individuals may ask for reformations based on their morality forming a
consensus group eg Sati by RRM radhakant deb againts sati abolition law
 Individuals may feel that law does not represent their interest and forge a
group eg farm laws
 Judiciary is part of society and based on the judges morality, judgements may
be given eg: Judicial activism, Delhi HC scraps Sec 377 while SC upholds it only
to scrap it later
○ Consequences of such conflicts in society
 Such conflicts pave way for social change
 Protest, Agitation or Social movement
 Collective action and in some cases revolution eg Bolsheviks revoln
 Finally either immediate reformation as it happens in democracies or after
some time after a prolonged struggle of facing repression as in Freedom
struggle

4. Dimension of ethics (See ethics prahaar doc for more)

 Meta-ethics (what does right mean?)
 Normative (litmus test of ethics) How should people act?
 Descriptive ( what do people think is right?)
 Application of ethics (put ethical knowledge in practice)

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5. Key determinants or sources of ethics
○ The key sources of ethics are essentially socialisation agents which can be broadly
divided at following levels:
 Individual
□ Family- Most fundamental institute for most of life values (eg.
respect for women or patriarchal setup)-> Primary socialisation
□ Self-conscience or morality- Our social interactions, socialisation
and our life experiences lead to development on inner compass of
right and wrong. (Gandhi) eg: Gandhiji withdrew The Non-
cooperation movement after the violence in Chauri Chaura
incident.
 Society (social institutions)
□ Social reformers-eg. Raja ram Mohan roy against Sati,
□ Media (Both good and bad – Amitabh promoting SBM while
Katrina being objectified)
□ Peer group- Drinking in peer pressure, or daily exercise as a work
teams’ norm
□ Educational institutes
□ Law: eg good samaritan law is ethical but salt law is unethical
□ Religion- concept of Ram rajya (truth, sacrifice) in Hinduism v/s
Caste from Manusmriti
 National level
o Freedom fighters and national struggle- Non-violence,
o Political leaders and celebrities or role models: eg Sreedhan
metroman for integrity
o Law and constitutional values- (Art 51- quality of pacifism), As an
administrator constitution is a key source of ethics for you!!
 Quotes
“If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I
strongly feel there ar three key societal members who can make a difference.
They are the father, the mother and the teacher.”- Kalam

Actually all the above levels are part of society

○ Religion and ethics
 How does it help in socialisation?
Forms basis of values for a traditional society like india

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 o Forms basis of values for a traditional society like india
o Performed roles of all socialisation agents in pre-modern era
 Education through scriptures
 Informing cultural norms and values
 Basis of family and marriage values -> Hinduism considers
it’s an obligation towards ancestors, marriage as sacred,
purushartas, Karma etc
 Role of law through social control mechanisms eg Manusmriti
laws or Sharia law
 Also controlled the state as in premodern european societies
 Division of labor and management of economy-> jajmani
system
o But owing to modernisation-> social differentiation has occurred
and its role is restricted to theological and spiritual domain.
 Education in few cases-> Madarsa
 Law-> Sharia law still holds
 Families have integrated modern values and religious values
 But in state, we have a secular state unlike in Iran where it
still controls it
 Ethical Values inspired by religion
o Principles of Nishkama Karma (Duty without rewards)- Hinduism
o Non-violence, Truth, Dharma-> Hinduism
o Noble eightfold path (truth, non-violence etc.)- Buddhism
o Concept of Langar- brotherhood(community dining), compassion-
(feeding the hungry)- Sikhism
o Many verses of Quran asked for love, forgiveness, harmony-
 Conflicts bw ethics and religion
o When few people promote extremist views – eg. Buddhist monks
in case of Rohingya crisis or Sri Lanka
o Stops evolving with time to suit the society's needs or changing
values- Triple Talaq, Caste, untouchability, LGBT etc
o Misuse and misinterpretation of religion by dominant groups- ISIS
terrorism in name of Jihad which scholars claim has been taken out
of context as islam propagates peace, cow vigilantism to force
belief on others, Communalism
 Gandhi argues that Varna has been misused to give rise to
rigid caste
o Superstitions -> women impure during menstruation, astrology etc
o Clash bw religion and modernising forces
 Holism & collectivism vs Equality and individualism
○ Ethics and media
 How it helps in socialisation?
o mass media influence our political views
o It influences our cultural values through films, celebrities
campaigns etc
o Reaches adults, children and elders-all sections of society
o Form our opinion on important public issues
o Platform for all to raise their opinions
o Awareness about public policies and unknown issues
o 4th pillar of democracy-> IEC, accountability etc
 Issues and conflict
o Fake news or opinionated news-> biased based on ownership
o Moral panic-> deepen conflict
o Objectification of women
o Banality of evil
o Stereotyping-> LGBT, minorities
o Sensationalisation
o Commercials reinforce materliasm and consumerism-> wastage
and greed-> "there is enough for everyone' need but not for
everyone's greed (Gandhi)
○ Education and ethics
 Educational institutes play an important role where school-going
children spend 6-7 hours on a daily basis
 Its importance is reflected through RTE and NEP
 How it helps?

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  How it helps?
o Books/Curriculum as means- to teach moral values
o Teachers as role model- help in imbibing both private and public
ethics
o Exposure to varied views teaches the value of diversity and respect
of different opinions
o Team activities- Sports, cultural events etc. teaches the value of
cooperation, sportsmanship and team work
o Values of discipline, obedience, respect, etc.
o Promotes value of merit over ascriptive things like family
backgrounds
o Kothari Commission has rightly said that Density of our nation is
shaped in our classrooms

 Issues?
o Quality of outcomes is to be seen
o Cultural and traditional values downplayed to modern values even
though they have significance
o Obsolete curriculum; need a 21st century learning oriented
curriculum
o Can talk about Marxist scholars but tone down eg gender
stereotyping, ineqaulity promoting etc
○ Family and ethics
 Family as influencer
o Family is the basic unit of society and is the first influencer in
development of basic value system
o These values then determine the character of a society
o Few examples
 Religious believes- Importance of various rituals and believes
(eg. Cow’s importance in Hinduism
 Women- The treatment of women in family is reflected in the
treatment of women in society
 Caste- The importance of caste is evidently learnt by
teachings of family
 How role of family has changed
o Nuclear families instead of joint families reduces the importance of
cooperation, kinship, tolerance in one’s value system
o Parent’s experience of cut-throat competition might make a child
more self-centered and competitive
o Increase in disposable income has also led to change in outlook
towards expenditure
o Increased role of ed institutions and less of parents
o Emerging concerns of privacy, tech etc
 To what extent
o Family is not the only influencer, overtime one comes in contact
with other sources- friends, colleagues, media, teachers
o Based on these varied interactions and numerous personal
experiences- perception towards outside world might differ from
parents
 a father might think that conventions professions such as
doctor, engineer is the right choice as they provide security

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 doctor, engineer is the right choice as they provide security
but the child might chose interest and happiness over
security by choosing to become a theatre artist
 On interaction with people from various castes, region and
religion during student life might help newer generation
break away from traditional beliefs
 Issues
o Patriarchal values promoted through gender discrimination,
domestic violence, patriarchal bargain
o Individualism of a child may be affected as parents may force their
values on him-> indoctrination
o Violence on the child may lead to psychological effects and a
loosely integrated member of society
o Values of distrust, particularism, nepotism may be perpetuated
o Perpetuate wrong and obsolete values of religion eg: caste etc

6. Importance of ethics
• At various levels
○ Individual-
 Helps in decision making
 Guides behavior and actions
 Sense of personal satisfaction/guilt,
○ Family-
 Family maketh the man or woman- eg. attitude towards women,
honesty, hygiene, value of money
 Sets norms and values that family propagates through socialisation->
continuance in society
○ Society-
 Harmony in social behavior and general peace in social interaction
 Strong social fabric is resistant against anti-social elements (eg. Hindu
temple in Hauz Qazi, Old Deli vandalized but Hindu and Muslim leaders
jointly re-instated idols in temple)
 No ill practices eg no Sati
 Inclusive society eg LGBT
○ Public institutions
 Ethical conduct provide social legitimacy to legal powers of public
servants
 Increase efficiency of administration as ethical principles ensure that
focus of public work is public gains and not private gains
 Balanced decison making
 Resolve moral conflicts
 Cordial work culture with trust etc
 Increase predictability of system -> transparency and accountability
principles are followed
 Increase people’s trust in system as system is just and fair.
 Citizen centric governance focused on social well being
○ National-
 Inculcate qualities of good citizen (protection of public property etc.,
Fundamental duties)
 Promotes nation building (eg. Japanese patriotism is closely linked to
work culture)

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•

• Ethics - in private relationships.

○ This refers to the ethics that one follow in private life- in personal
relationships like friends, family etc.
○ These are more guided by social codes, religion, conscience, instinct rather
than formal defined law and rules
○ Some ethical values in private relations are:
 Love, care, trust, honesty, loyalty, respect, acceptance (of mutual
differences)
○ For eg:-
 In Hinduism- Ramayana shapes the concept of personal relationships.
eg. respect for elders, self- sacrifice for larger good
 Most societies consider love, affection, care as key value of personal
relationships

 Ethics - in public relationships.

○ This refers to ethics that a person may adhere to in his/her interactions in
public/ professional life
○ These are more formalized but are guided by both societal ethical principles
(eg:no harassment, hardwork) and principles associated with field of work

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 ○
(eg:no harassment, hardwork) and principles associated with field of work
(management, education etc.)
○ Few examples of ethics in public life are (Nolan Committee) - AHILOOS
 Accountability
 Honesty
 Integrity
 Leadership
 Objectivity
 Openness
 Selflessness
○ Frameowkr for cultivating ethics in public life
 Codify ethics eg code of ethics
 Guidelines to follow eg code of conduct eg disclosing conflict of intrests
 Enforecement mechanism eg review and feedback
 Training, ISO 360 standards
○ Eminent personalities in public life

7. Private v/s Public Ethics

• Not very clear line of divisions as both are determined by same set of moral and
human values (eg. Gandhiji’s principle of non-violence guided his personal as well
as public life)
• Inter-related
○ Eg: A person who is mysoginistic in personal life will also propagate such
policies in public life
○ A person who believes in equality will follow same in personal realtionships.
So treat wife/ daughter without bias
• Conflict
○ But it is possible to have conflict in personal v/s public ethics (for eg. a doctor
might personally don’t find abortion ethically correct but still he/she needs
to follow the medical ethical procedure in case of an abortion request by a
patient)
○ Additionally, when private and professional relations start to intermingle-
chances of compromising of professional ethics increase eg. an intimate
relationship between 2 co-workers might lead to biased appraisals

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 Ethical qualities
08 March 2021 15:45

Issue Values at conflict

Abortion Rights and status of foetus vs right of woman
Surrogacy Right of woman vs right of child

VIRTUES
 A virtue is a trait or quality that is deemed to be morally good and thus is valued as a foundation of
principles and good moral being.
 cultivated thru moral exertion, permanent attribute of moral agent

Vices: practice, behavior or habit considered immoral, depraved or degrading

"before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves" - Confucius

KINDNESS
 Quotes-
o My religion is very simple. My religion is kindness. - Dalai Lama
o Kindness is a language a deaf can hear and blind can see.- Mark Twain
 quality of being friendly, generous and considerate- sense of community
 interpersonal skill associated w/ affection, gentleness, warmth, concern, care
 not an inactive sentiment- has to indulge in actions, more than just charity!
 willingness to full-heartedly celebrate someone else's success

FORGIVENESS
 Quotes-
o Forgiveness is the fragrance that violet sheds on heel that has crushed it.- Twain
o He who is devoid of power to forgive, is devoid of power of love. - Luther King Jr.
 pardoning of an offense, wrongdoing or obligation- forgive and forget!
 benefits-
o helps continue personal relationships
o getting rid of personal negative emotions
o helping wrong doers by releasing them from blame, hostility
 wrong should be excusable and wrongdoer should display guilt/remorse
o domestic abuse of weak wife- collusion of wrongdoing & forgiveness
 forgiveness has to be based on moral principles- overcoming retributive emotions

SELF-CONTROL & ANGER

 Quotes-
o Anger is the enemy of Ahimsa and pride is a monster that swallows it up- Gandhi

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 o Anger is the enemy of Ahimsa and pride is a monster that swallows it up- Gandhi
o People who fly into a rage always make a bad landing- Will Rogers
 anger has to be rationally controlled as it overwhelms reason, self-control
 anger appropriately mediated by reason is a virtue

FORTITUDE
 Quotes-
o Fortitude is the guard and support of the other virtues- Locke
 refers to strength, emotional power, ability in face of adversity or difficulty
 It is not about freedom from fear
 mean b/w fear and rashness- not fortitude to be brave from ignorance but to control fear in
mind thru rational means (sense of duty etc.)
 CS need to have moral courage, conviction and should display firm resolve
o adhere to rules, norms and follow courses of action that promote public welfare
o shouldn't yield to illegal pressures, threats or intimidation, inducements

COWARDICE
 Non-violence and cowardice are contradictory terms

EMPATHY
 Quotes-
o I don't ask the wounded person how he feels, I myself become the wounded
person- Walt Whitman
o If there is any one secret of success, it lies in the ability to get the other person's point
of view and see thing from his angle as well as your own- Henry Ford
 fellow feeling & compassion which enables us to identify ourselves w/ feelings, emotions and
sentiments of others i.e. emotional sharing w/ ors
 Sympathy is feeling for someone, empathy is feeling with someone
 involves fairness, justice, interdependence, rationality etc.
 empathetic understanding is necessary for eff. work performance- all relevant viewpoints
have to be suitably elicited and accomodated

ALTRUISM
 concern for the welfare of others- Live for others
 "Action is morally right if consequences of that action are more favorable than
unfavorable to everyone except the agent"- Auguste Comte
 moral value of an individual's action depends solely on their impact on other individuals,
regardless of the consequences on individual himself
 criticism- hinders individuals's pursuit of self-devt., excellence and creativity

TRUTHFULNESS
 Quotes-
o Truth by nature is self-evident. As soon as you remove the cobwebs of ingorance that
surround it, it shines clear - MKG
o Morality is basis of things and truth is substance of all morality- MKG
o If you are out to describe truth, leave elegance to the tailor- Albert Einstein
 accurate perspective on reality, factual representation of events
o Correspondence theory- world exists objectively, independent of the way we think
about it or describe it.
 claims are objectively true/false depending on how the world objectively is.
o Coherence theory- Truth is a property of a whole system not of isolated facts.
 a belief is true if it is part of a coherent system of beliefs
o Pragmatic theory- Truth is something we find useful or satisfactory to believe after
inquiry, it has a social utility
 Veracity is an intrinsic value, not based on rights of others or external circumstances
o social existence of human beings depends on truth telling- Kant
 Truth has to be unvarnished otherwise it ceases to be the truth
 Exceptions from duty to tell the truth-
o intention of deceit is essential ingredient of falsehood
o can lie to protect innocent man from killing
 fear of bad consequences shouldn't lead to abandonment of quest for truth
 what is right mayn't be immediately beautiful, and can involve actions that are far from
beautiful
 Veracity-

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 Veracity-
o Keeping Promises- Failure to honor ones' promises amounts to moral bankruptcy
 Promises are truthful intents to perform a stated act
 there should be an honesty of purpose in making promises
 one should not enter into immoral promises, or if made, should get out of it
 Gandhiji regards breaking promises as abandoning truth
 Contracts should be routinely observed, litigation be the exception
o Honesty- truthfulness in financial matters, trustworthiness
 CS should discharge duties in bonafide manner w/out giving into monetary
temptations or inducements
 present emphasis on corporate gov. is designed to promote clean biz. practices
o Integrity- moral agent acts acc. to inner convictions, his conduct is free from
hypocrisy, deception
 consistency between thought, speech, actions while adhering to highest moral
standards
 one should be moral sincerely w/out making a show of it
 integrity promotes trust, confidence
 relevant to Public Admin. in which cooperative, collective, corroborative efforts
are needed to solve interconnected problems
 ethics of compliance-to adhere to laws, rules, regulations, procedures governing
institutions i.e. externally imposed commands
 ethics of integrity- devt. of moral character w/ self-responsibility and moral
autonomy w/out relying on external commands

POWER & MORALITY

 Quotes-
o The greater the power, the more dangerous the abuse.- Edmund Bruke
o "The measure of a man is what he does with power."- Plato
 Power is the ability to get others to do what you want
o takes many forms from brutal suppression to subtle persuasion
 Machiavelli discarded political idealism (grounded in morality) to political realism
 Theory of Social Contract is origin of state- rulers shouldn't become despotic and oppress
people since their powers are derived from people
o men live in free state before emergence of govt.- lacked security, civic facilities, means
of developing trade & commerce
o to secure such benefits, they seceded part of their rights, powers thru contract
o rights may not be linked to morality but they proved a moral dimension to framework of
political governance
 power invariably leads to corruption, abuse and oppression
 Lenin considered that morality should be subordinated to ideology of proletarian revolution
o Maoism- Political power grows out the barrel of a gun
 Gandhi asserts the need to bind power and morality- victory obtained thru violence is
temporary, need to win hearts and minds
 democracies control the likely dangers of misuse of power thru institutional arrangements

PRUDENCE
 discretion, cautiousness, care, forethought or good sense
o avoiding rashness, recklessness, needless risk taking, sticking to well trodden path
 Aristotle believed that no moral virtue comes into play w/out prudence
o skill which enables one to identify virtue (golden mean), pursue it i.e. practical wisdom
and sense of moderation
o lest justice becomes vindictiveness, clemency becomes weakness
 prudence is avoiding extreme positions, adopting moderate courses of action

TEMPERANCE
 Self-restraint which brings to bear judgment of reason on human cravings for food, drink, sex
o promotes self-control, checks rash impulses
o made of abstinence, chastity, sobriety; includes moderation

HUMILITY
 Quotes-
o "The first condition of humaneness is a little humility and a little diffidence about
correctness of one's conduct and a little receptiveness"- MKG
Humility is not about thinking less of yourself, it is thinking of yourself less -
o CS Lewis

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 o CS Lewis

 we shouldn't place ourselves on a higher pedestal than others- even when we far exceed them
in talents and achievements
o doesn't mean debasement or denying one's talents, merits, accomplishments
 V Lakshminarayana takes bus to work
 the fact that one has greater talents and means than others indicates that one has greater
responsibilities towards them
 modesty, humility are antidotes to self-righteousness, ostentation
 unless CS cultivate humility, they will be unable to show concern and consideration towards
problems of common people
o should regard their duty as service to people
o shouldn't regard themselves as bosses or rulers
o trustees of power which is ultimately derived from people

GOLDEN RULE
 Quote-
o "Never impose on others what you would not chose for yourself"- Confucius
 conduct b/w human beings should be governed by identical principles
 one should act towards other appropriately after ascertaining their likes and dislikes

VICES:
 Anger- Strong passion or emotion of displeasure/antagonism, excited by real or supposed
injury or insult to one-self or others, or by intent to do such injury
 Arrogance- making undue claims of rank, dignity, power in overbearing manner; proud
contempt of others, lordliness, haughtiness, self-assumption, presumption
 Bragging- Exhibiting self-importance, boastful talk
 Cowardice- Lack of courage to face danger, extreme timidity, base fear of danger/hurt, lack
of spirit
 Envy- feeling of discontent and resentment aroused by and in conjunction w/ desire for
possessions or qualities of another
 Sloth- aversion to work or exertion, laziness, indolence
 Avarice (Greed)- excessive desire to acquire or possess more than what one needs or
deserves, esp. wrt material wealth
 Lust- excessive sexual desire

Bandwagon behavior is a conduct of imitating others- irrespective of whether the conduct in itself is
right or wrong.

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Attitude
09 March 2021 22:35

Attitude: • content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and
behavior ; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.

Important links
[Link]
1. Definition
○ Attitude is a learnt predisposition which determines someone’s beliefs,
emotions, behavior towards a social object (thing, person, or event). It is a
manifestation of our value system
○ Few examples-
 Leopard in hostel (I have learnt that it kills human beings (belief), after
seeing it I am afraid (emotion) and hence I run way (act)
 Capital punishment (I read a Law commission report that it doesn’t
create deterrence and hence find it unnecessary act (belief), I see a news
in paper and am disgusted by it (emotion) and hence I go for a candle
march at India Gate (act)
 Corruption (UPSC aspirant experiences that giving 50 rupees bribe just
makes the file move faster and forms an opinion that’s how system
works (Belief), He clears the exam and receives request for land
approval, he desires a bribe (emotion) and refuses to sign without
receiving some share (act)
 Blood donation: People have wrong notions that it will make them sick,
hence they fear when blood donation stalls and hence they don’t donate
2. Content or components of Attitude (CAB Model)
○ Attitude can be:
 Implicit-> If a person is unaware of his attitudes (beliefs) and how they
influence his behaviour, then those attitudes are implicit. Implicit
attitudes are formed subconsciously. Associated with spontaneous
behaviour
 Explicit-> If a person is aware of his attitudes and how they influence his
behaviour, then those attitudes are explicit. Explicit attitudes are formed
consciously. Associated with deliberate behaviour
○ Three components:
 Cognitive- Beliefs, thought and attribute that we associate with an
object (Manual scavenging is bad)
 Affective- Emotions related to an object (Empathy, Concern)
 Behavioral- Tendency to act in a certain way. (Anti-scavenging
preaching)
○ The CAB model serves as a good proxy to study and infer the reasons of a
person’s attitude and hence can used to reform or replicate the attitude.
But it is not always coherent and based on situation one might choose to
change his/her attitude eg. Person from upper caste who’s otherwise not
accommodating of people from lower caste can choose to change if lower
caste person holds an important public position.
○ CAB has synergy- each component is different but not independent, but they
will strengthen each other.
3. Structure of attitude
○ Includes how positive and negatives evaluation are organised within and among the
cognitive, affective and behavorial component of attitude.
○ The structure often decides the extent to which an attitude in question can affect the
behavior of an individual
○ Eg - corruption - negative attitude
○ It can be uni directional ie either positive or negative like a linear scale
○ It can be bi-directional with one axis showing positive and the other showing
negative attitude. It can include ambivalence and neutral attitudes

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 negative attitude. It can include ambivalence and neutral attitudes
E2/P1:Atttiude-meaning,structure,function,CAB model simplified ([Link])
Attitude - Concepts Made Simple; With Examples - Clear IAS

4. Attitude formation
○ Very less distinction with attitude change. If people change their attitudes, they can
be said to be forming new attitudes
○ Attitude is formed due to the following factors
 Classical conditioning/Pavlov's conditioning
□ When two stimuli are repeatedly associated, persons learn to respond to
them with a similar emotional reaction or attitude
□ Happens at subconscious level
□ Eg - pavlog's 🐕
□ Eg - positive attitude towards corruption
 Direct instructions
□ Foundation of socialisation
□ Happens at subconscious level
□ Eg - childhood instructions
 Instrumental conditioning/rewards and punishments/operant conditioning
□ behavior that are awarded will be strengthened
□ Eg - figting is punished and sharing is awarded
 Observational learning
□ source of most of our attitudes; again component of socialisation
□ Eg - learns from media that smoking is cool
□ Children observes things from society
 Modelling
□ Role models are followed, people particularly influenced by those whom
they admire
□ Eg - advertisement celebrity
 Social comparison and influence
□ Comapre our behavior with others
□ Notion of self
□ Collective society in India
 Direct experience continues to form and shape our attitudes throughout life.
Attitudes formed from direct experience are stronger because they are readily
available and called on quickly by our consciousness.
□ Amebdkar experience of untouchaility
5. Functions of attitude
○ Quote: Dalai Lama has said: If you can cultivate the right attitude, your
enemies are your best spiritual teachers because their presence provides you
with the opportunity to enhance and develop tolerance, patience and
understanding.
○ The functional view of attitudes emphasizes on ways in which attitudes might
be useful to those who hold on to them. (VUKE)

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 be useful to those who hold on to them. (VUKE)
 Knowledge function
□ helps us to understand and organise otherwise overwhelming
amount of info in the world
□ shortcuts, helping us to simplify our perception so that it becomes
more predictable, consistent and manageable
□ The knowledge can help changing world view and belief system
□ Positive: Saves times by generalisation eg Indian crow is black so
all crows are black
□ Negative: Stereotyping and prejudice eg against Muslims
 Utility/Needs function
□ Attitude helps us to get rewards and avoid punishment
□ If a person holds socially acceptable attitude, other people will
reward them with approval (recognition) and social acceptance.
□ Eg - social drinking, peer pressure etc
 Ego defensive
□ Attitudes help preserve self-esteem in momentum of
embarrassment by justifying actions that make us feel guilty
□ This reduces the psychological harm caused due to moments of
distress
□ Helps to protect us from ourselves and from others to explain why
we have done something that could be seen as undesirable
□ Mechanisms: Denial, Repression, Projection, Rationalization
□ Eg: Nationalist revivalist of Indian tradition on pretext that ancient
culture was free of evil
□ Eg: British justifying rule by white man's burden
 Value expressive-
□ To express one's central values
 For eg. a person who has a lot of piercing and tattoos might
be portraying his value to free will
 Gandhi wore dhoti to express central value of simple living
and self reliance
○ These functions are utilised by ad agencies to get customers
 Eg: Good should be shown as utilitarian eg detergent
 Eg: Value expressive eg Gold shows value of luxury
 Eg: Ego defensive in politics to deflect personal attacks

6. Positive vs negative attitude

○ A positive attitude is based on positive and optimistic beliefs, values and
feelings towards a social object giving rise to a constructive and favourable
behaviour or action towards that object
 Eg: Optimism, persistence, tolerance, modesty, cooperative, etc
 Significance of positive attitude
□ Career success
□ Productivity
□ Leadership
□ Team work
□ Decision making
□ Motivation
□ Stress management
□ Interpersonal relations

○ Negative attitude ->It is based on negative and antagonistic beliefs, values

and feelings towards a social objects giving rise to unfavourable actions
towards that object
 Eg: Pessimism, jealousy, intolerance, inferiority/superiority
 Eg:- peoples attitude toward civil service

GS4 Page 23
  Eg:- peoples attitude toward civil service
□ Think- People think They don't work
□ Feel- Disgust
□ Act- People do bad treatment
 e.g. - Pessimism - negative attitude towards life
7. Dimensions of attitude
○ Strength of attitude
 Can be weak or strong. The stronger the attitude, the likely it is to affect
behavior
□ Eg: Strong attitude towards traditions may lead one to embark on
fundamentalism
○ Accessibility of attitude
 Ease with which an attitude is accessible from amongst the many
 Depends on whether it is conscious or in unconscious
 highly accessible attitudes tend to be stronger.
○ Attitude ambivalence
 The ambivalence of an attitude refers to the ratio of positive and negative
evaluations that make up that attitude.
 The ambivalence of an attitude increases as the positive and negative evaluations
get more and more equal.
 It is possible to change such attitude by providing new info
8. Values vs attitude
9. Influence and relation of attitude with thought and behaviour
10. Moral and political attitude
○ Moral attitudes;
 Moral attitudes refer to beliefs, emotions and behavior towards an
object (person, place, and event) that has a connotation of right and
wrong associated with it.
 They are defined by moral values such as Loyalty, truthfulness, Service
of others et al.
 Moral attitudes can be facilitative or prohibitive
□ eg. attitude of service can improve public service delivery
□ eg. Attitude of honesty can prohibit corruption in public affairs
 Some moral attitudes are:

○ Political attitudes
 Political attitudes in specific terms refer to one’s attitude towards
various political ideologies and systems such as Left v/s Right,
conservative v/s liberal, and democracy v/s communism. In a country
like India with varied religions, castes and classes- no national party can
afford to take extremist stance on religious matters, labor laws etc.
 It also includes one’s political party preference- many factors such as
religion, caste, region, family can play a critical role in shaping such
political attitude.
 In broader sense, it also refers to attitude towards issues of public and
political life such as women empowerment, caste based reservations
etc.
 Factors affecting it are:

GS4 Page 24
  Factors affecting it are:
□ Age, Religion, family, ed, media,economic status, gender, residence,
race or ethnicity

11. Attitude Change

○ Attitudes can be changed if a person consistently receives the information
that invalidates their existing belief structure.
○ It can't be changed overnight as it is the product of socialization and
consists of deep seated values and emotions. Eg - patriarchy
 A sudden attempt to reverse the attitude may be met by resistance as a
change in attitude leads to mental dissonance.
 Example: Earth is round, the sex of a child is determined by men and not
women.
 quote - Don't fertilise the rocks. First make people less resistant in
receiving and processing information and then expect change in their
attitude

○ It involves methods and tools which appeal to three components - Cognition,

Affect, Behavior
○ Classical conditioning
 It affects the cognitive aspect by linking an object with a particular
social object, belief or knowledge which overtime reinforces the belief
 Eg: Currently Associated girl with liability. Make liability an asset (eg.
Sukanya Smridhi)-> Belief changes-> Feeling of love for girl child-> No
discriminatory action
 SBA linked with women dignity and family honor
 XYZ deodorant advertisement shows it attract girls -> belief of women
objectification reinforced-> Feeling of lust-> Rape and violence (the
same can work with pornography)
 Terrorist attack- Islam (conditioning, bring global leaders to speak
otherwise)
 Hence, maintaining appropriate linkage by changing the former linkage
is necessary
○ Persuasion
 It may involve affecting a person’s beliefs, emotions, behavior.
 Persuasion is symbolic process in which communicators try to
convince other people through transmission of a message to change
their attitudes or behaviours. Thus, Persuasion is one form of social
influence on attitude;

GS4 Page 25
 influence on attitude;
 key elements of persuasion are:
□ Persuasion is symbolic, utilizing words, images, sounds, etc
□ It involves a deliberate attempt to influence others.
□ Self-persuasion is key. People are not coerced; they are instead
free to choose. Coercive techniques are not scientifically proved
to be effective.

 Effective persuasion may involve:-

□ Who->Identify who is the right persuader
 Credibility and trustworthiness
 Likeability (Local leader v/s BARC scientist for explaining
nuclear benefit)
□ What->Choose the right way to persuade
 Medium (in-person, media, TV actor, mirrors in schools?)
 Keep it simple
 Use the construct that people believe (eg. to defend sati
abolition Ram Mohan used religious texts itself)
□ Whom
 The right people (eg. head of family v/s the women in family)
 Audience Characteristics- to change attitude of people on any
object, they have to be provided w/ info which they mayn't
possess
 people w/ higher intel unlikely to be persuaded by one-
sided messages
 hard to persuade people w/ high self-esteem (convex
upwards)
 state of mind, mood of target audience also influence
 Applications of persuasion e.g. Commercial Ads, Govt. Social Campaigns
etc.

 methods of persuasion
□ reciprocation- e.g. offer free food and then ask to buy tickets->
creates feeling of indebtedness
□ commitment- ask people to commit and then they tend to stick to
plan to preserve ego
□ social proof- people tend to follow social norms
□ liking- follow things readily what people like-> physical
attractiveness
□ authority- stems from respect for authority
□ scarcity- show tangible harm in not doing things in particular
ways
□ socratic effect- by directing thoughts to attitudes, beliefs w/ logical
implications for one another, those attitudes become more
consistent
□ appeal by reason- logic, scientific proof, rhetoric
□ appeal by emotion- ads, faith, propaganda, tradition

GS4 Page 26
 □

○ Social influence
 Social influence occur when one’s beliefs, emotions, behaviors are
influenced by interaction with another individual in society.
□ It can be intentional or unintentional
□ There are many ways and forms in which people get influenced,
viz. Advertising, Coercion, Criticism, Enabling, Ethics, Ethnic
values, Interpersonal influences, Mass media, Power, Prejudice,
Propaganda, Self-brand, Social approval, Social desirability, Social
norms, Social values, Superstitions, Taboos etc.
□ Persuasion is one form of social influence
 Factors affecting social influence
□ Charisma of a person is the ability to influence people as per one’s
own will.
□ Credibility factor in determining social influence.
□ Peer pressure
□ Strong emotions have strong influences
□ Social trends
 Multiple levels of social influence
□ Ensuring compliance- only behavior affected. That is people agree
woth others in behaviour and do not disclose or practice their
beliefs
□ Ensuring identification- Affecting emotions by relating it to some
or other emotive element like religion or soemone liked or
respected eg RRM used Vedas
□ Internalization- when the beliefs are affected and agreed to both
personally and publically
 Why people conform
□ Avoid punitive action
□ Manage social image and gain social approval
□ Conscience call
○ Application of attitudinal change
 Eg - SBA
□ Emotive - ads linking to dignity of women
□ Cognitive - tell them about diseases
□ Behavior - naming and shaming
 odd even
□ Emotive : billboards showing coughing and smog to incite fear against
polln
□ Cognitive -: tell about less congestion , real time data
□ Behavior - pledges and fines

GS4 Page 27
 □

○ Examples of personalities showing attitudinal change

 Ashoka- non violence shunned, dhamma
 Valmiki was a thief before
 Amrapali story- Buddha accepting women in Sangha
 Gandhi after being thrown out of train
 Unglimaal
 Kalidas after being kicked by wife

GS4 Page 28
Influence and relation to behaviour and thought
11 March 2021 16:57

Links: [Link]
1. [Link]
20person.&text=Hence%20attitude%20and%20behavior%20are,they%20are%20two%20different%20concepts.
2. Relation between attitude and behavior
○ Cab model implies that the behavioral component will be highly correlative with cognitive and affective component
○ When people try to be consistent in their attitudes, views and beliefs, it is called cognitive consistency. However, an inconsistency may arise in attitude, actions and
beliefs
○ However studies as well as general observations have shown that the relationship between attitude and behavior is rather complex
○ Attitude vs Behaviour
Attitude behaviour
May or may not involve action; as cogntive and affective componenets are passive Active as action oriented
All encompassing term Component of attitude
Requires comprehensive study to understand attitude especially when inconsistency Easy to judge as external
How one feels, beliefs and acts towards it accroding to CAB. In general, seen as internal and is an opinion about an object How one responds to an object

○ Two fundamental question which arise in relation between attitude and behavior are
 Do attitude influence behavior?
□ Sometimes
□ It is generally agreed that attitude forms only one deterninnat of behavior and this attitude does influence behavior but not always
□ They represent predisposition to behave in particular ways but how we actually act in a particular situation will depend on immediate consequences of
behavior, how we think others will evaluate our actions and habitual way of behaving in those or other kind of situation
 When do attitude guides behavior and what variables determine the degree to which attitude might influence behavior?
□ Factors which influence whether an attitude influences behavior
 Qualities of attitude
◊ Strong and weak attitude
 Strong attitude are formed via direct experience
 Stronger the attitude the stronger is the attitude behavior link and the attitude formed with direct exposure with attitude object are generally
more stronger than those forrmed as a result of indirect exposure. Eg - riot victim
◊ Attitude accessibility
 Attitude which are acted upon on regular basis are more accessible from memory
 Such attitude show higher coorelation with behavior
◊ Attitude Relevance: Greater the vested interest of the attitude holder in the attitude held the stronger is the possibility of `manifestation.e g -
army man and nationalism
◊ Ambivalence
◊ Specific attitudes are much better predictor of behavior than general attitude. Eg - compassion in general and for children
 Qualities of a person - some kind of people display greater attitudes behavior consistency
◊ Courage
◊ Emotional intelligence
◊ Integrity
 Type of society - collectivist vs individualistic society eg pattern variables
 Qualities of situation - norms or beliefs about how one should or is expected to behave in a given situation
◊ Time pressure -> higher consistency as in UPSC paper
○ How to convert attitude to action?
 Develop ei
 Attitude literacy - idneifty your good and bad attitude in an honest way
 Develop values of integrity and truthfulness
 Listening to conscience
 Stay motivated
 Be more aware and try to understand things happening around you
 Try to see change as an opportunity to grow
○ How does behaviour affect attitude?
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: behavior can affect attitudes
 whenever an individual's beliefs, attitudes oppose each other or the behavior, he experiences psychological tension/discomfort
o motivated to reduce dissonance thru changes in behavior or cognition leading to change in attitude
 Poor correlation between attitude - behavior ==>
o Discrepancies
 Visit to temple
 Cheating
 Towards health eg smoking
 Towards environment
o Lapiere study - people were willing to serve chinese but when explicitly asked via a letter they refused
o Corey study- students allowed ample scope to cheat still didn't do so
 Good correlation
o Ex - opinion polls have a higher success rate
o Ex - caste
o Can be both positive and negative
 Different behavior for same attitude
 Conflicting attitude
o Caste and corruption example
Between attitude and value, if we had a choice, what would be prefer to know to predict a individual behavior?
 attitude
o eg - if atwo person value relationship with each other and they agree to go out for dinner. during dinner non veg food was presented which one of them
don’t eat (reflects his attitude towards eating)
 a person might value something but he may hold different attitude towards various action and behaviors to uphold that value
o eg - a person might value peace, but i have anti pakistan attitude. i might favour war with pakistan then
○ Other topics
○

Streotypes It's your cognitive component

• Jains are traders

GS4 Page 29
 • Jains are traders
• Gujaratis are business minded
• Tamils are proficient in maths.
• Punjabis are alcoholic party lovers.
And so on.
Prejudice • It’s your emotive component of attitude.
• Prejudice is formed by negative-stereotyping.
• E.g. all the Nigerians in Goa are drug dealers.

Discrimination • If that prejudice is guiding your behavior.

• E.g. refusing to give NOC to a Nigerian person rent a house in your cooperative society.

From <[Link]

3. Relations with thought

○ Thoughts are internal while behaviour is external
○ Attitude vs Thoughts
Attitude Thoughts
CAB-> encompassing term The cognitive part ie belief
Generally harmony in attitude an belief but sometimes dissonance in thought and action
Both reinforce each other
It is about knowledge but more importantly how I feel about an object It is just about knowledge

GS4 Page 30
 Political attitudes
24 May 2021 09:28

RADICALISM:
'Radical' refers to individuals, parties, movements that seek to drastically alter any existing
practice, institution or social system.
 want immediate and revolutionary changes. e.g. Communists
 many radicals espouse violence, some pacifists are also radicals. e.g. MKG, Luther Jr
 In India, radicalism associated w/ ultra left movements
 In west, radicalism is often reaction to elite hegemony- gap b/w democratic rhetoric & reality
 see laws as instruments which elites use to ensure their hegemony

LIBERALISM:
'Liberals' subscribe to core values of society but open to reform for correcting defects of society.
 differ from radicals in upholding laws, see laws as essential to protect individual liberty, orderly
social life though may try to change some laws
 Classical Liberalism- govt. should merely protect individual liberty
o John Locke argued that absolute monarchial rule negates the very basis and justification of
political authority
o liberals try to limit state power over individual, want govt. to be accountable to people
 acknowledge govt. role in providing essential services- edu, health etc.
o liberals feared mob rule or popular sovereignty- devise mech. for protecting liberties
 separation of powers, rights (privacy, speech, arbitrary arrest etc.), periodic election by
popular vote
o "Laissez faire, Laissez passer"- free trade and market i.e. wealth is maximized, welfare is
optimized when economic agents act freely in self-interest
 Modern Liberalism-
o Problem of mkt. economies- economic disparities leading to conc. of power, corruption,
unemployment, discrimination, poverty
o thru public support, the poor and powerless can truly be free- socialist elt.
o support limited intervention of govt. in mkt. due to-
 reward mkt. ignore needs of those who lack opps., economically exploited
 social costs incurred not reflected in mkt. prices
 ignores basic needs such as schools, housing, public transit etc.
o approaches to mitigate inequality-
 org. of workers into trade unions for increasing bargaining power
 govt. funded social services for helping poor
 progressive taxation
 employment, income generating programs, provision of min. essential services
 Contemporary Liberalism-
o Economic stagnation, high costs of social benefits of welfare states forced govt. into
unsustainable levels of taxation, debt -> led to revival of Classical Liberalism
o Neo-liberalism- biz. cycles are determined mainly by supply of money, interest rates, rather
than by govt. fiscal policy- contrary to Keynesian view
o extend individual rights in new directions- LGBTQ, racial discrimination, PwDs etc.
 see rights as bulwarks against tyranny, oppression- as tools in struggles for social
justice

MODERATES: politics is the art of possible

 combine elts. from 2 rigid systems or doctrines. e.g. socialism borrows from communism+
capitalism
 reluctant to introduce major changes, not too worked up about state of society

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 reluctant to introduce major changes, not too worked up about state of society
o allow for greater innovations than conservatives
o oppose policies in violation of human considerations

CONSERVATISM:
doctrine that emphasizes value of traditional institutions, practices. It regards society as living
organism with organically lined parts.
 value institutions as they promote social stability and continuity
o govt. should guard existing ways of life, not attempt to transform society rapidly
 deny that human beings can be morally improved thru socio-political change
o no ethical behavior, no responsible use of liberty possible w/out govt. curbs
 distrust rootless individuals disconnected w/ traditional social values, untested innovations

REACTIONARIES:
 favor restoration of previous and usually outmoded, political or social order
 e.g. Peace settlement of Congress of Vienna (1815) ended Napoleonic wars but reinstated
political, social order that existed before French revolution

IDEOLOGY:
 action-oriented theory or approach to politics based on system of ideas

COMMUNISM:
 seeks to replace private property and profit-based economy w/ public ownership and control of
major means of production
 Materialistic Theory- history is characterized by series of class struggles, revolutionary upheavals,
leading ultimately to freedom of all
o growth of knowledge, tech. revolutionize material forces of production but socio-economic
structures in absence of concomitant change act as drags on dynamic tech
 Marxist critique of Capitalism-
o each stage in human history witnesses control of means of production by dominant class to
exploit labor of larger class of workers
o but internal tensions eventually lead to overthrow, replacement of ruling class
o capitalism creates not only inequality, poverty, false consciousness but also feeling of
alienation among workers
 Revolution & Communism-
o capitalism is volatile economic system that suffers series of ever-worsening crises-
recessions & depressions- that will produce greater unemployment, lower wages and
increased misery among industrial proletariat
o proletariat will seize means of production to establish 'revolutionary dictatorship of the
proletariat'; will rule in its own interest to counter threat by bourgeoisie
o once threat disappears, no need of state and classless society would form

SOCIALISM:
 advocates policies which meet basic needs of entire society instead of policies that serve needs of
individuals
 all community members share both labor and wealth it produces
 social-democrats favor multi-party competition and civil liberties
o support extensive welfare programs as they promote economic self-determinism

ANARCHISM:
 non-Marxist Communism- advocates not only communal ownership of property but also
abolition of state
 state and private property are interdependent institutions- one protects the other

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 FASCISM:
 totalitarian ideology- opposes liberalism, conservatism, socialism
 radical right wing, authoritarian, ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible
suppression of opposition and strong regimentation of society and of the economy
 elitist response to modern social and political problems which other ideologies are unable to
resolve. e.g. Hitler, Mussolini
o state is more important than individual
o civil institutions are not necessary for limiting state power
o rejection of equality principle
o advocacy of nationalism/racism

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Aptitude
15 March 2021 15:37

1. Distinction bw Skills, Ability and Aptitude

○ Aptitude
 Aptitude is the natural talent which can be nurtured to get ability and skills in
future through apt training
 Can be mental or physical
 recognized aptitude
□ general learning capacity
□ verbal
□ numerical
□ reasoning
□ creative
□ visual memory
□ virtual memory
□ language learning
□ form perception
 factors determining aptitude
□ correct identification
□ informal tests- recognition by family, friends etc.
□ formal tests- CSAT, SAT, CLAT, CAT etc.
□ Attitude-> belief and knowledge
□ socio-cultural+economic surroundings
 Aptitude for civil services
□ Intellectual aptitude-> act and think rationally to deal with situations.
Means oriented
□ Emotional aptitude -> conduct with colleagues and people. Behaviour
oriented
□ Moral aptitude-> foundational values for upholding public interest. End
oriented
○ Ability
 Ability of a person is capacity and power to perform certain tasks after honing
one's aptitude though apt training
○ Skills
 A skill is the learned ability to perform an action with good execution often
within a given amount of time, energy, or both.
 Ability of a person to perform a task honed through experience and practice
makes one acquire skills in performing the task
○ Intelligence
 It is defined as the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning,
critical thinking and problem solving
 Two people with same IQ may have diff aptitude
 Eg: One has aptitude to become Pianist and the other for scientist despite
same IQ
○ Interest
 Interest is an individual’s preference for engaging in one or more specific
activities relative to others without aptitude or skills
 Eg: One may like or have interest in cricket but not aptitude for playing it
 Convergence also as in an engg who had apti and interest in engg

○ Aptitude and Values:

 In ethical perspective, moral aptitude represents potential to nurture a desired
value in a person with respect to a specific requirement.

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 value in a person with respect to a specific requirement.
○ Aptitude, Proficiency and Achievement:
 Proficiency is the ability to perform an activity with ease and precision.
Achievement looks at the past - what has been done, accomplished

○ The first 3 are generally linear in evoln:

 Aptitude-> Ability-> Skills
 Eg: Dhoni had aptitude for cricket->he got cricketing ability through his
training and he became a skilled batsman after several games
 Eg: UPSC selected candidate has aptitude-> trained to get ability at LBSNAA->
Skillful administrator after years of postings
○ Importance of aptitude: The importance of aptitude also needs to be emphasised.
Attitude alone is not sufficient, one must be certain that he has learned the required
skills.
1. Aptitude is important as it provides the requisite flexibility, passion and leadership
skills that can make or break a candidate’s fulfilment of their job description.
2. In a constantly changing work environment, aptitude is crucial if one wants to
succeed. If you have the potential to learn new skills and develop them over a time,
success will not be far.
3. One of the most important aspects is that aptitude helps to identify one’s interest and
core strength area. A person can learn and develop skills in working with his strength
areas and succeed.

From <[Link]
of-the-two-is-more-important-for-leading-a-successful-life/>

GS4 Page 36
2. Attitude v/s Aptitude
○ Belief, emotion, behavior toward an object v/s Aptitude is potential to get capability
to accomplish a task
○ Aptitude determines what tasks can be performed while attitude determines how it
should be performed eg aptitude determines surgery but attitude determines if
surgery for treatment or organ racket
○ Attitude is to do with character while aptitude is to do with competence.
○ Character is a product of long term conditioning but can be changed while some
aptitude can be taught, others can't be developed or created
○ Hence aptitude has to be supplemented with the right attitude and the
accompanying values under that attitude else fall outs
 eg. Doctor kidney racket, CA being unethical, smart civil servant
doing corruption-> They have aptitude but wrong attitude based
on immoral values
"Aptitude w/o attitude is blind, attitude w/ aptitude is lame"
“If you are offered a seat on a rocket ship, don’t ask what seat! Just get on.”- Sheryl Sandberg

Example: An administrator may have a good aptitude in resolving the communal issues

GS4 Page 37
Example: An administrator may have a good aptitude in resolving the communal issues
(aptitude part) but may have a negative attitude towards a particular community (attitude
part) which will naturally influence his/her overall decisions.

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Other terms
24 May 2021 11:41

It's not always the same thing to be a good man and good citizen- Aristotle
Sometimes the most courageous thing you do is one you didn't do
Quality My Meaning Elaboration Quote My Experiences Examples
Ethos characteristics Ethos required for a public servant
(beliefs, attitudes,  People First
habits) of social  Strategic Thinking
behavior of  Commitment
person/group  Leading others
Conscience inner voice which Importance of conscience Confucius: not cheating in an
guides our action Righteousness is open book exam
and helps judge Public officials the foundation for w/o invigilation
morality,  Legal vacuum good governance.
uprightness of our  Enforcement of law in spirit Rules
conduct/ actions  Use of discretion provided by law to cannot mandate
maximum advantage for the public honesty
allows self-  Practical considerations can be
regulation by inculcated in the law. e.g. If rules Gandhi: There is a
putting immense provide for subsidy only below a higher court than
psychological costs threshold income but a person is just court of justice. It
(guilt, remorse, above the dividing line but has huge is the court of
sorrow) to unethical family responsibilities, then DM should conscience.
behavior consider his case and try to find a way  that's why Gandhiji
out for him. always appealed to
superior to external inner conscience
forms of regulation General  distinguished sin
as it punishes both from sinner
 One cannot cheat oneself.
acts of commission
and omission  Optimal performance not just minimum
expected standards.
 Competition and conscience can bring
maximum efficiency in work.
 It brings a sense of responsibility and
duty for actions as well as inactions.
Virtue excellence of
character

permanent traits
developed thru
continued moral
exertion
Persuasion act of influencing Persuasion is honorable & eff. means of Aristotle- Persuasion persuaded a family Gandhiji's
someone to do arriving at truth thru careful prep of arg, is inherently good to continue girl Satyagraha
something or to presentation of vivid supporting because it is the education thru
change their mind evidence, effort to find correct means thru which personal visit in
emotional match w/ audience truth becomes slum... regularly
instrument of known took lessons
attitude change thru How to check manipulation (perversion
appeal of persuasion?) constant appeals
 Intention- caused by Machiavellian for electoral
 Withholding truth- unnecessary reforms in college-
exaggeration increased
 Coercion- removal of free choice transparency

Equality state of being equal welcoming

in terms of status, colleagues from
rights, opportunities different
backgrounds
equally at office
Equity evenhanded dealing- Reservation
treating equals
equally, unequals Special
fairly considerations for
the vulnerable -
Children, Old,
Women, Disabled
Rationality application of logic, A rational public servant who thinks of
reason to solve any look term is unlikely to indulge in
problem corruption
Legality conformity with Upholding legality is a fundamental duty
laws & statuettes of CS
Conflict of Interest situation where pax I delegated the CV SC judge recused
potentially can't take from my hostel to himself from

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 potentially can't take from my hostel to himself from
impartial decision other colleagues Parambir case
for s/he will be for recruitment Karnataka HC
affected by decision shortlisting judge recused
himself from
hearing a case
involving a builder
who tried to bribe
him

DM being Mining
Officer and head of
EIA team
Psycophancy excessive flattery Public officials- nepotism, transfer, classmate bridged
(of ind. of imp.) to honesty, objectivity, political neutrality marks gap under
derive personal CCE by excessive
benefits Politics- Sycophancy by political flattery at school-
workers leads to separation between got similar GPA
leader and common people - creates a
wedge causing misgovernance
Ethical Dilemma situation where Dilemmas involve choosing between 2 Killling a caged
there exist bad choice, but it is reason/ ethics/ gorilla in zoo to
competing ethical integrity /… that helps to choose the one protect a fallen girl
values and decision less worse child
making becomes
difficult code to automate
processes and kill
jobs or to sit
idle/doing
unproductive work
@ office
Acts of Double acts that lead to both
Effect good or bad
Passion strong, barely Positive - Passion to study, work towards my passion for
controllable emotion goal innovation-
hackathons,
Negative - Lust, Passion for money - research papers,
Greed projects
Trait distinguishing Positive - Enhances the personal level of
quality (unique to happiness with societal welfare
pax)
Eg Benevolence, Compassion, Courage,
Empathy , all positive values :P
Humility low view of one's the fact that one has greater talents and "Humility is a
importance means than others indicates that one has strange thing. The
shouldn't place greater responsibilities towards them minute you think
ourselves on higher you have got it,
pedestal unless CS cultivate humility, they will you've lost it"- ED
be unable to show concern and Hulse
doesn't mean consideration towards problems of
debasement or common people "Heroes are people
 should regard their duty as service to who rise to the
denying one's occasion and slip
people
talents, merits,  shouldn't regard themselves as bosses or quietly away"- Tom
accomplishments rulers Broakan
 trustees of power which is ultimately
derived from people "Don't think of
yourself so high that
others start looking
small"- Confucious
Temperance trait of avoiding promotes self-control, checks rash
excesses, human impulses
cravings- food,
drink, sex etc. abstinence, chastity, sobriety; includes
moderation
Vices immoral, degrading "before you embark
practice, behavior on a journey of
revenge, dig two
graves" - Confucius

Other Values

VALUE MY MEANING ELABORATION EXPERIENCE EXAMPLES

Responsibility being accountable for took Navy Chief DK Joshi resigned
something responsibility for after mishap in naval submarine

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 something responsibility for after mishap in naval submarine
Be the Change that you being responsible for lapses in event (INS Sindhuratna)
want to see in the world one's conduct management for
junior's Suresh Prabhu resigned owning
misconduct up to responsibility for lapses

Vikram Sarabhai took

responsibility of failed PSLV
launch
Power ability to get others to Gandhi asserts the need
do what you want to bind power and
The measure of a man is thru myriad means morality-
what he does with (from brutal  victory obtained thru
power- Plato suppression to subtle violence is temporary
persuasion)  need to win hearts and
minds

power invariably leads

to corruption, abuse and
oppression

democracies control the

likely dangers of misuse
of power thru
institutional
arrangements

Theory of Social
Contract is origin of
state (Rousseau)-
rulers shouldn't become
despotic and oppress
people since their
powers are derived from
people
 men live in free state
before emergence of
govt.- lacked security,
civic facilities, means of
developing trade &
commerce
 to secure such benefits,
they seceded part of
their rights, powers thru
contract
 rights may not be linked
to morality but they
proved a moral
dimension to framework
of political governance

Power & Morality-

 Lenin considered that
morality should be
subordinated to ideology
of proletarian revolution
 Maoism- Political power
grows out the barrel of a
gun
 Machiavelli discarded
political idealism
(grounded in morality)
to political realism
Self-Doubt questioning own Steve Jobs overcame his self-
beliefs, actions and doubts and invented the personal
thoughts, decisions computer
Nationalism national While the nation at large was
consciousness celebrating the hard earned
exalting one nation independence, Gandhiji was
Patriotism above all others visiting ,fasting, praying and
mediating to stop the burgeoning
love, support & riots in the border areas

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 love, support & riots in the border areas
loyalty towards nation
Prudence govern with reason, avoiding rashness,
experience recklessness, needless
shrewdness in risk taking, sticking to
management of well trodden path
affairs but Herd behaviour is
good judgement in antithetical to prudence.
resource use e.g. Race for wealth,
caution to risk/danger consumerism -> need
critical thinking

avoiding extreme
positions, adopting
moderate courses of
action

Aristotle believed that

no moral virtue comes
into play w/out prudence
 skill which enables one
to identify virtue
(golden mean), pursue it
i.e. practical wisdom
and sense of moderation
 lest justice becomes
vindictiveness,
clemency becomes
weakness
Altruism unselfish concerns for criticism- Anna Hazare
welfare of others hinders individuals's  socio-env. (watershed mgmt.)
Action is morally right if pursuit of self-devt., transformation in Ralegaon
consequences of that excellence and creativity Siddhi
action are more favorable  led IAC movement 2012
than unfavorable to
everyone except the
agent- Auguste Comte
Resilience/Pereseverance capacity to recover Jee 2nd attempt J K Rowling - was a homeless
quickly from woman - Who did not back down
difficulty or Research paper in spite of numerous publishing
toughness after failures houses rejecting her novel Harry
Potter

Oprah Winfrey- faced criticism

about weight, race, sexuality yet
never let in her way of her
ambition
Simplicity quality/condition of Mother Teressa refused to attend
being easy to the banquet in her honour by the
understand or do Nobel prize committee to save
money for the poor
having clarity in
thoughts & action- no Rajendra Prasad did not alllow
complications his family members to stay in
Rashtrapati Bhawan knowing the
being down-to-earth, impermanence of office and
humble permanence of greed

Kiran Bedi as Guv refunded ad

expenditure on public function
from own money
superstition- any belief or practice, which is explained by supernatural casuality, not based on human reason or scientific knowledge

GS4 Page 46
Emotional intelligence
15 March 2021 16:16

[Link]
“When awareness is brought to emotions, power is brought to our life.”
Aristotle has said that “Anyone can become angry- that is easy, but to be angry with right
person at right time and for the right purpose – that is not within everyone’s power and that is
not easy”.

1. Defn
○ Emotional Intelligence is ability to monitor one’s own and other people’s
emotions, to differentiate between different types of emotions and use the
emotional information to guide thinking and behavior.
○ EQ vs IQ
 Measure of emotional understanding v/s intelligence
 Social skills v/s Tactical skills
 More convincing v/s more logical
 Help in developing consensus around a policy vs help in understanding
policy
Therefore, IQ alone is not enough for success. It can only get a person
into job but to be successful in the job, that person needs to cooperate
and collaborate with others where EQ plays an important role.

2. Domains or components of emotional intelligence

○ Using Golman model to define components of EI:-
○ Self-awareness
 It is the ability to form an accurate model of oneself, knowledge of one's
strength and weaknesses and understanding how to utilise one's
strength and weaknesses to encash the opportunities
 It includes self-confidence, realistic self-assessment
Example: In a company, if a manager is competent but not good at his
behaviour and he is not aware about this then he can offend others with
his behaviour.
Example: Sachin Tendulkar knew about his strength, i.e. cricket rather
than studies.

○ Self-regulation
 It is the ability to regulate one’s emotions, thoughts and behaviours
effectively in different situations. It includes trustworthiness and
integrity; self-control; ability to adapt; openness to change etc
Example: If a person working in a company, is excited about some good
news and want to take leave but the boss is angry at the moment then
he/she has to regulate his/her emotions for some time to ask for leave.
Example: Due to self-regulation, Gandhiji was able to handle the
situation after Chauri-Chaura incident even after facing criticism

 Improve their behavior (verbal, working relations, physical) with others

which maximizes their output
 It includes staying calm which enhances rational decision making and
prevents impulsive and rash decisions
○ Intrinsic motivation
 It refers to finding internal reasons to work beyond external rewards
like money and status and thus motivate to Deliver their best and hence
achieve better results
 It includes strong passion for the work, ability to counteract
disappointment
Example: The COVID-19 pandemic has put enormous stress on the
doctors and they had to find internal motivation for keep working for
patients.
Example: The scarcity of sports infrastructure in our country requires
strong internal motivation for Olympians, Paralympians etc.

 Inspire other and become a role model

GS4 Page 49
  Inspire other and become a role model
 Capability to drive enthusiasm in their teams
○ Empathy
 Empathy refers to the ability to imagine oneself in another's place and
understand the others' feelings, desires, ideas and actions
 Eg: civil servant to have empathy for displaced tribes, gnadhi had
empathy for untouchables
 Can understand the mind-set of others better and hence can get work
done more easily
 Better team players
 Emotional bonding with people which works better than authority
○ Social skills (verbal/non-verbal communication)
 It includes proficiency in handling relationships and building social
networks, and the ability to find common ground and to build rapport
 Crisp and precise expression is key to communicate effectively
 Knows the words and tonality to be used as per situations, i.e when to
be firm and when to be accommodating
Example: Aligarh SSP Akash Kulhari walked unarmed into the crowd of
protestors and appealed to students to remain peaceful while
recognising their right to protest.

"The key to transforming our hearts and minds is to have an understanding

of how our thoughts and emotions work."- Dalai Lama
3. Supplementary (See from Prahaar)

Importance of EI in civil services/administration

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GS4 Page 51
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4. Social intelligence

GS4 Page 53
5. Emotions (from Prahaar)

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 Ethical ideas in Indian philosophical tradition
16 March 2021 15:42

BHAGAVAT GITA
 perform duty w/o any desire for its fruits, w/o attachment and aversion, w/o getting distracted by selfish
and base motives
o duties are performed for welfare of humanity; personal and social good are same
 whole basis of man's life lies in action- state of inaction is virtual death
 God is central to moral system; one has to control bad emotions, cultivate good ones
 Gita prescribe three paths for liberation
o Path of knowledge (jnana yog, Socrates) - there is nothing as pure and purifying as knowledge. A
wise men knows to control the senses to attain liberation
 Wise men experience unity of individual and universal soul
 awareness/consciousnness of the soul
o Path of devotion (bhakti marg)
 Gita declares that he who worship God never perishes. A good devotyn, kind and self
control and impartial person
 The pleasure needs balance of his mind
 Sudh people do not have any ego or attacheement towards worked objects
o Path of action (karma yog)
 Gita preaches Nishkama Karmyoga
 Performing one's duty without any expectations for the rewards
 The path of action is two fold
 Performance of prescribed duties
 Vishesh dharma (swadharma)
 Performance of duties without any desire for reward
 Feelings of an agent
 Interest in the fruit of the actions
 We have right to performance of duty but no rights to performance of action
 Gita does no preach to renounce everything but to Renounce selfish desire and fruits of
one's action
 Criticism- Sattva is considered higher virtue than tamas
o For all three paths yoga is necessary
 Yoga - Yug - unite atma with Brahman
 Kaam the ceaseless activity of time
 man's vocation (varna) broadly determines his duties and attitudes
o Platonic virtues as in The Republic
 men shouldn't opt out of challenges in life- ideas like divine will can't be used as pretexts for inaction
o Hence resignation is not a moral option
 Three gunas - like DNA - all human have these qualities. They vary in degree of concentration and
combination. Depending on their relative strength, they determine the nature of humans , their
behavior , attitude as well as attachment in life
o Sattva - purity
o Tamas - ignorance
o Rajas - energy
 Law of Karma- there is continuous cycle of births and deaths consisting of birth, life, good deeds, bad
deeds, merits, demerits, death, transmigration of soul and rebirth.
o Release from this perpetual cycle comes thru realization of God thru one of three paths of
salvation
o criticism- leads to social, economic conservatism
 Influenced freedom fighters- Tilak and Gandhi
 Control over senses
o 6 enemies of mind - Lust, Anger, Greed, Ego, Arrogance, Envy
 Dronacharya used envy to create competition
 Ambani brothers
 Neighbours envy owners pride

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 Neighbours envy owners pride

Mahabharata & Ramayana

 Virtue is defined in terms of customary conduct
o whether an action is right or wrong has to be decided having regard to Vedic law, reason,
customary behavior of virtuous person, social norms
o in case of conflict, Vedas prevail as Vedic injunctions are ultimate arbiters
 Eg - children in java, Indonesia became more tolerant when they were exposed to Mahabharat.
Benedict r Anderson. Cornell University
 Goal in life - liberation is end of Life that is liberation of the soul from the cycle of birth and death. It is the
merging of individual soul into the universal spirit.



Buddhism

Ultimate goal of Buddhist path is release from the rounds of phenomenon existence and its inherent suffering
 bottom up religion- didn't claim to be bearer of message from high but only experiences thru own efforts
 Human action leads to rebirth. Good deeds are rewarded while bads are punished
 Buddhism spread to Sri Lanka (1st country to embrace), Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, China, Japan, Thailand, Korea,
Mongolia, Afghanistan
o Acharya Ateesha (Dipankara Shreejnana), head of Vikramshila varsity laid strong foundation of Buddhism in Tibet
o many declared Buddhism as state religions, erected stupas
 no caste hierarchies in monks but no direct attack on caste system
 Literature-
earliest works in Prakrit- spoken in Magadha, South Bihar

GS4 Page 57
 o earliest works in Prakrit- spoken in Magadha, South Bihar
o Tripitikas-
 Vinaya- rules & regulations of daily life, Sangha
 Abhidhamma- philosophy, meta-physics, deals w/ Dharma
 Sutta- dialogues, discourse on morality,
o Jatakas (non-canonical)-
 about previous births of Buddha
 incidental ref. to politico-socio-economic cond. (6th C-BC- 2nd C-AD)
 interaction among diff. foreign ethnic groups & Indians played imp. role in their choice of Indian religions
o some foreign rulers (Menander, Kanishka) turned to Buddhism as this didn't create problems of fitting into caste
system
o as Buddhism was complex for them, simpler forms adopted
 4 noble truths (also found in Upanishads)
o Suffering in the world
o Desire is cause of suffering: 3 forms - hate, greed and ignorance
o cessation of dukkha- freedom from suffering
 Stage of unspeakable joy and happiness called nirvana
o Ashtanga path to achieve nirvana

o Extremism of Self indulgence and self torture are profit less

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 Buddhism is religion of self help
 Men must workout his own salvation by his own efforts
 No one can do for him what he must do for himself
 This emphasis on self effort, self conquest and self emancipation is fundamental in Buddha's teachings

Panchasilas - Moral virtues of Buddhism (KiSS LI)

 Abstain from killing
 Abstain from stealing
 Abstain from sensual misconduct
 Abstain from lie
 Abstain from intoxicants

Difference with Gita

 Knowledge vs three paths
 Buddhism has negative view of world vs beauty of creator in Gita
 Life in meditation to achieve knowledge vs Constant action
 Buddhism never talk about metaphysical issues like god vs supreme power in Gita

Commom with Gita

 Desire as key source of human problems and sorrows
 Hindu tradition accepted Buddha as one of incarnation of Vishnu

sects

 Sarvastivada- all dharmas exist in the past, present and future, Abhidharma tradition
 Mahayana- focuses on idea of compassion & bodhisattvas (beings that work out of compassion to liberate other
sentient beings from suffering) as central devotional figure.
o promises spiritual liberation to both monks & ordinary people
o world is real, relative & beyond rational intellect- plural is not real
o altruistic- goal is to become Buddha (anyone can aspire to attain Buddhahood)
believe in image worship, rituals etc.

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 o believe in image worship, rituals etc.
o Madhyamika school (also known as Shunyata) propounded by Nagarjuna
 preaches midway because neither nihilism (nothing exists) nor realism (everything self-exists & is permanent)
is endorsed
 believes that there is no diff. b/w Samsara & Nirvana.
 A/c to Nagarjuna, one thing which cannot be asserted or stated is emptiness or void (Sunyata)
 basic text- Mulamadhyamakakanika (middle way) in Sanskrit
o Yogacara /Vijnanvadin school (way of the union) propounded by Asanga and his brother, Vasubandhu
 focuses on consciousness & knowledge (idealism)
 believes world is built by consciousness, had no reality than dream.
 only reality is “suchness”(tathata) aka Dharmadhatu
 basic text- Sutralankara
 Hinayana
o Buddha neither God nor supernatural being
o goal is to become Arhat (arrive at Nirvana)- salvation of self w/ no ref. to welfare of others, hence egoistic
o Sautrantika school
 greater emphasis on sutra-pitaka
 subscribes both mental, non-mental reality
 differentiates b/w world as it appears to us and world as it is in itself
 denies ultimate, independent existence of Dharma
o Vaibhasika School
 emphasis on Abhidhamma, realism- reality is particular and devoid of any universal unchanging entities
 dharma is ultimate and independent of our consciousness
 ultimate constituent of reality are same as those which make up world of our empirical experience
 reality is pure flux & change
 Vajrayana
o emphasis on Tantrism
o deities include Vajrasahrad, Khasarpana, Avalokiteshwara
o worship of female goddess adopted- images of Tara (seated on throne w/ curvilinear lotus stalk- abhya mudra)
 Theravada
o sole survivor of diff. schools
o relatively unified orthodox teaching, clearly structured institutional distinction b.w monastic order & laity
o Buddha revered as great teacher
 Tantric Buddhism- associated w/ Tibetan Lamaism

Bodhisattvas
To save all beings from difficulties.
To destroy all evil passions.
To learn the truth and teach others.
To lead all beings to Buddha hood

 Avalokitesvara – holding a lotus flower. He is known as Guanshiyin Pusa in China

o also known as Padmapani, Lokesvar
o Avlokiteshwara manifests Buddha’s compassion.
 Manjusri – male Bodhisattva wielding a flaming sword in his right hand.
o known as Wenshu in China and Jampelyang in Tibet.
o Buddha’s wisdom is manifested in Manjusri
 Samantabhadra – means Universal Worthy and he is associated with meditation. He is manifested through action and
he is a major figure in Flower Garland Sutra.
 Ksitigarbha – described as a Buddhist monk in the Orient/ East Asia. It means Earth Womb. He is revered as the guardian
of children and patron deity of deceased children. He carries a staff.
 Maitreya – also known as Ajita Boddhisattva. It is believed that he will arrive when oceans will decrease in size.
He keeps a Kumbha or phililal in his hand and is destined to rule Varanasi (Pure Land)
 Vajrapani – one of the 3 protective deities around Buddha, other are Manjusri and Avlokiteshwara.
o Vajrapani manifests Buddha’s power
 Sadaparibhuta – He is a Bodhisattva which manifests never disparaging spirit.
 Akasagarbha – He is boundless as space. He was the twin brother of Ksitigarbha. He manifests wisdom.

Key words-

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 Key words-
 Anatta – The Buddhist doctrine of non-soul, no independent self
 Duhkha – The Sanskrit term dukkha is almost translated as suffering. According to Buddha, life is full of suffering and the
goal of human life is to get out of suffering by removing ignorance. The four noble truths of Buddhism are closely linked
to the concept of dukkha.
 Karma - Karma is categorized within the groups of causes in the chain of cause and effect, where it comprises the
elements of action. Buddhism links karma directly to the motives behind an action.
 Kshanika-vada – The Buddhist Doctrine of Momentoriness.
 Nirvana – The Buddha describes nirvana as the perfect peace of the state of mind that is free from craving, anger, and
other afflicting states.
 Parinirvana- nirvana-after-death, occurs upon death of body who has attained nirvana
 Skandhas - The aggregates or components that come together to make an individual.
 Sunyata – Often translated as emptiness or void. According to Nagarjuna “The greatest wisdom is the so-called Sunyata.”
 Pratitya-samutpada –The Buddhist doctrine of dependent origination

Places related to Buddha:

 Lumbini- birth- lotus & bull
 Bodh Gaya- enlightenment-- bodhi tree
 Sarnath- 1st sermon- wheel
 Kusinagar en route to Kapilavastu- Mahaparabnirvana- stupa
 Mahabhinishkramana (great going fwd)- leaving home, becoming ascetic- horse

Samadhi Buddha Statue, Anuradhpura SL in Dhyan Mudra

disciples of Buddha- Sariputta, Moggallanna, Ananda, Kassapa, Upali

Hevajra Tantra
 8th cent., 24 chapters based on male deity Hevajra- symbol for supreme being in state of non-duality
 teaches union of skilful means & profound cognition
o useful in achieving powers known as siddhis

BAPU KA HATH – Kings of Ancient India who practiced Buddhism

B – Bimbisara

A – Ashoka

P – Prasanjeet

U – Udaysen

KA – Kanishka

HATH – Harshavardhana

Decline of Buddhism:
 monks cut off from mainstream of people's lives- gave up Pali for Sanskrit
 practised idol worship from 1st cent. onward, received numeous offerings
 monastries came to dominated by ease loving people- became centers of corrupt practices (prohibited by Buddha)
 Reforms take in Brahmanism
 Mahayanist and Hinayanist quarreled with each other.

IMPACT OF BUDDHISM ON SOCIETY

 devt. of language & literature
o Buddha preached in Prakrit, later Pali
o canonical texts like Sutta, Vinaya Pitaka in Pali
o Sutralankar in Sanskrit
 simple religion
 character building- truth, non-violence, non-possession

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 character building- truth, non-violence, non-possession
 galvanized Hinduism- Mahayans did idol worship, Hindus also resorted to prayers than rituals
 monastery system
 international spread- universal brotherhood
o Ashok sent son Mahendra, daughter Sanghamitra to distant Ceylon
o spread to Burma, Japan, China, Tibet, Java, Bali etc.
 women emanicipation- bhikkhunis
 nat'l unity- Asoka, Kanishka, HV ardent champions of nationalism
 Indian philosophy impact
o middle path emphasis avoiding luxuries
o Panch-sila- cherished principles of peaceful co-existence
o ind. effort than divine to attain Nirvana, concept of Karma
o advocated Pratityasamutpada- everything has cause, need to question everything
o democracy, social equity all rooted in Buddhist Sangha

application- overcoming discrimination - treat everyone as equal and part of ourselves; empathy; detachment
in admin- selfless service, look neither for rewards nor recognition, see god in other person "manav seva madhav
seva"

Jainism

founder- Rishabhdeva (1st of 24 Tirthankars)

24th Tirthankar- Mahavira, gave final shape to Jain doctrines

Sramanic religion- asceticism & mysticism

God is that soul which has liberated itself from all Karmas
worship is not for seeking mercy, pardon but for guidance, inspiration

jiva separated from ajiva by Karman

 by removing Karman, soul can remove bondage and regain natural perfection
 2 types of bondages- material (dravya) & bad disposition (bhava)

Self-Reliance + Self-Discipline+ Self-Purification

Vows ~ Vrata
small vows ~ anuvrata
great vows ~ mahavrata

Patrons- Kharavelas, Guptas (CG II), Gangas, Kadambas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas

Jains lay great emphasis on severe penance, asceticism

estd. monastries called sthanakas
reject authority of Vedas but existence of soul- believe in personal effort, exp. than theoretical
speculation or textual authority

 Equal status to all beings - no special place for humans

 Ultimate liberation is final goal
 Religion of self help like Buddhism
o both against orthodox, ritualistic Brahmanical religion
 Three jewels represent the three fold path (KFC)
o Knowledge - about Jain philosophy
o Faith - faith in Jain scriptures
o Conduct - five abtains, moral principles (rest by Parvanatha, last by Mahavira)
 Non violence - ahimsa parmo dharmo
 Gandhi and MLK
 Extreme form
 Truthfulness - Satya
 Non stealing - asteya
 Non possession - apargriha
 Chastity - brahmacharya, shunning adultery
 app - honesty and fortitude needed in work of cs, should not acquire wealth (aparigraha), should not
steal asset of govt (asteya)

patronage of Chandragupta Maurya, Kharaveli of Kalinga and the royal dynasties of south India such
as the Gangas, the Kadambas, the Chalukyas and the Rashtrkutas.

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 as the Gangas, the Kadambas, the Chalukyas and the Rashtrkutas.

sects:
 Svetambaras (white clad)
o freedom from passions, non-attachment key to liberation
o attachment (not clothing) is obstacle to salvation
o believe that sacred texts are well preserved, Mahavir married
o allow women to enter monastic order to attain Nirvana
o Sthanakavasi sect- idol worship not essential in path of nirvana
 based on teachings of Lonka, 15th cent. reformer
 Digamabaras (naked)- perfection can't be reached by anyone who wears clothing
o man should abstain from food, possessions to become saint- Aryikas
o denied eligibility of women for salvation
o believe that sacred texts of Jains have been lost, Mahavir never married
o sects
 Bispanth
 Digamber Terapanth
 Taranapanth- worship Sarnaya i.e. books not idols in temples; present in Bundelkhand,
Malwa & Khandesh
 Gumanapanth
 Totapanth
 Kanji-panth

Literature
 religious lit in Ardhamagadhi, earliest work in Apabhramsa (also its grammar)
 written in Prakrit, finally compiled in 6th C-AD in Valabhi
 imp. works- Angas, Upangas, Prakirnas, Chhedab, Sutras, Malasutras
o Kalp-Sutra written by Bhadrabahu
 imp. scholars- Haribhadra Suri, Hemchandra Suri
 Uttaradhyayana Sutta (Prakrit)- how queen Kamlavati tried to persuade her husband to renounce
world
 texts repeatedly refer to trade & traders
 large portion of lit in manuscripts, yet not published
 later made good use of Sanksrit in early medieval times

5 major events in life of Tirthankar- Kalyanak

 Chyavana Kalyanak – when Tirthankar’s soul departs from its last life, and is conceived in the mother’s
womb.
 Janma Kalyanak – This is the event when the Tirthankar’s soul is born.
 Diksha Kalyanak – This is the event when the Tirthankar’s soul gives up all his/her worldly possessions
and becames a monk/nun.
 Kevaljnana Kalyanak – This is event when Tirthankar’s soul destroys the four ghati karmas completely
and attains the Kevaljnana (absolute knowledge).
o Celestial angels set Samavsaran for Tirthankars from where he/she delivers the first sermon.
o This is the most important event for the entire Jain order as the Tirthankar reinstates Jain Sangh
and preaches the Jain path of purification and liberation.
 Nirvana Kalyanak – This event is when a Tirthankar’s soul is liberated from this worldly physical
existence forever and becomes a Siddha.
o On this day, the Tirthankar’s soul destroys the four Aghati karmas completely, and attains
salvation, the state of eternal bliss.

Ghati Karmans
 Vedniya (Feeling-Producing) Karma
 Nam - Body-determining Karma
 Gotra - Status-determining Karma
 Ayushya - Age-Determining Karma
 Vedniya (Feeling producing) Karma

4 key principles of Lord Mahavir

 maitri bhav- sentiment of friendship
 pramod bhav- appreciation
 karuna bhav- compassion
 madhyastha- being neutral

Difference between Jainism vs Buddhism

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 Difference between Jainism vs Buddhism
 Extreme form vs middle path
 Ancient creed existed before Mahavir whereas Buddhism started with Buddha
 Extreme form of non violence
 Destroy evil effects of karma by rigorous penance and self mortification and non violence vs destroy
the vicious impulses that produce the karma

IMPACT OF JAINISM ON SOCIETY

 contribution to languages & literature
o Mahavir preached in 'Ardha-Magadhi'- language of common man, also Sourseni
o Jain canonical texts written in Prakrit language
o earliest literature in Apabhramsa- current before evolution of Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi- nexus w/
Sanskrit+Prakrit
o Jain texts- Anga, Upanga, Kalpsutra written in Sanskrit
o sramana literature opposed to sanskrit
 principle of non-violence, universal soul
 influence on politics- made kings kind hearted, tolerant e.g. Kharavelas
 growth of trading comm.- rise of guild system due to growth of brotherhood
 caste system shunned- bitterness b/w antagonistic sections started to melt away
 growth of charitable instis- kings created caves for sages, food & clothes
 art & architecture- Gomateshwara, Mt. Abu, Ellora
 new touch of life- attention away from meaningless rituals

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 Lessons from Great teachers
24 May 2021 09:25

SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
 fused Hindu Vedantic ideals w/ western scientific and humanistic thoughts
 worked against tendency of Hindus to devote themselves to exclusive sects, doctrines
 real cause of India’s downfall was neglect of masses that had lost faith in their capacity to improve
their lot as a result of centuries of oppression
o masses needed 2 kinds of knowledge:
 secular knowledge to improve their economic condition
 spiritual knowledge to infuse in them faith, strengthen moral sense.
 Education
o a nation is advanced in proportion as education is spread among the masses.
o “education is the manifestation of perfection already in man and that what a man ‘learns’ is really
what he ‘discovers’ by taking the cover off his own soul, which is a mine of infinite knowledge.”
○ our process of education should be such that it helps the students to manifest their innate
knowledge and power.
o He advocated a man-making character-building education
○ Education must make students self-reliant and help them face challenges of life.
 3 things are necessary to make every man great, every nation great and that is
o conviction in the powers of goodness,
o absence of jealousy and suspicion
o helping all those who are trying to be and do good.
 Interpretation of religion as a universal experience of transcendent Reality, common to all humanity
 Vivekananda’s concept of potential divinity of the soul prevents degradation, divinizes human
relationships, and makes life meaningful and worth living.
 Swami Vivekananda’s nationalism is associated with spiritualism. He linked India’s regeneration to her
age-old tradition of spiritual goal.
o based on Humanism and Universalism, 2 cardinal features of Indian spiritual culture.

Relevance:
 India is one of the youngest nations in the world, with about 65 percent population under 35 years of
age. By 2020, population of India would have a median age of 28 years only as against 38 years for US,
42 for China, 48 for Japan. The youth are indeed the most dynamic and vibrant segment of the
population in any country.
 Swami Vivekananda once said, “Whatever you think, that you will be. If you think yourselves weak, weak
you will be; if you think yourselves strong, strong you will be.” He also said, “See for the highest, aim at
that highest, and you shall reach the highest.”
 It is entirely fitting that 12th January, the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, is observed as
National Youth Day to rekindle the eternal message of this great patriot and son of India.

Swami Vivekananda
prominent Hindu leader who carried Indian philosophies to West including Vedanta and Yoga
 disciple of Ramakrishna; literary works include Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga etc.
 Philosophy on Nationalism- rooted in Indian spirituality and morality, based on religion
o exposed British policy of profiteering against Indian interests
 Philosophy on Religion- assimilation of ideals prescribed in all religions, one universal religion
o not only tolerate other religions, but positively embrace them as truth is basis of all
o promoted equality of all at Parliament of World's Religions (1893) in Chicago
 Philosophy on Education- emphasized on man-making character building education
o edu is manifestation of perfection already in man and that what a man learns is really what he
discovers by taking cover off his own soul, which is mine of inf knowledge
o students be taught self-reliance, help them face challenges of life
 Ek Bharat, Shreshta Bharat, AIM Scheme, Start Up India, Stand Up India

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 RAMAKRISHNA PARAMHANSA
 atheism, materialism, science have undermined people's faith in religions
o estd. possibility of having direct exp. of transcendent reality
 harmony of religions- yato mat, tato path (as many faiths, so many paths)
o all religions lead to same ultimate goal
 since conflicts among religions, rise of religious fundamentalism, pluralism espoused by Paramhansa is of
prime relevance
 showed how ancient ideals, exp. could be realized even while following modern life
 emphasis on truthfulness, renunciation of lust and greed
 improved tone of morality in social life, discounted immoral practices

KAUTILYA
 Political Governance
o organizational structure based on hierarchy, coordination b/w dept.; also geographic divisions
o linked administration to people; State has both maintenance as well as welfare function
 "In the happiness of his subjects lies his happiness. In their welfare, his welfare."
o code of ethics, code of conduct for ministers, administrators
o Yatha Raja, Thatha Prajah- As the king is, so will be the people i.e. effective, productive governance
o legal matters classified into criminal, civil matters
 penalties be proportional to seriousness of offense, based on evidences, procedures
 "A ruler who administer justice on the basis of four principle i.e righteousness , evidence,
history of the case and the prevalent law shall conquer the earth"
o defense of state boundaries, protection of forts, manner of repulsing external aggression
o good governance necessary for realizing state objectives- proper admin. structs, processes
o Admin Philosophy based on saam (persuasion), daam (bribe, award), dand (punishment), bhed
(blackmail- exploiting weakness)
 Moderate actions rely on Persuasion, temptation
 Harsh actions rely on punishment, division

o Economic Governance is end, political governance is its means

 good governance presupposes political stability
 stability prevails if rulers are responsive, accountable, removable, recallable
o Corruption -Something which can not be avoided, Human being by nature are corrupt
 salaries be paid for service rendered, not for ownership of any resource
 public servants while engaged in work, need to be closely supervised
 Only fear of strict punishment can deter this
 40 ways of corruption
 Misuse of government property
 Exploiting public
 Fabrication of documents
 Falsification of documents!entity
 Methods to deal with it
 Spies directly under king
 code of ethics, code of conduct for ministers, administrators
 Change the psyche of public servant via training
 Public disclosure of corruption
 Naming and shaming
 Continuous transfer in different departments
 Non corrupt supporter of corruption should also be punished
 Information management system shall be established
 Identity if informer shouldn't be disclosed
 Both fine and jail
o Dharma - duty of people as well as king

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 o Dharma - duty of people as well as king
 Ahimsa, Satya, Cleanliness, Compassion, Tolerance
o Can be compared with Machiavelli's the prince
 Both have talked of realpolitik
 End based approach -Ends justify the means
o How to solve Ehtical dilemma
 When there is a conflict between established traditions and ethical principles then
principles should be given primacy
 When scripted laws conflict with what is right and just, them justice shall be the valid
criteria
o Saptang theory
 Swami (The Ruler)
 Amatya (The Minister)
 Janapada (The Population)
 Durga (The Fortified Capital)
 Kosha (The Treasury)
 Danda (The Army)
 Mitra (Ally and Friend)
o Although, Kautilya’s state theory states the monarchical democracy, but the sole authority vested
under the king to make law and that it derived from four sources Dharma (sacred law), Vyavhara
(evidence), Charita (history and custom) and Rajasasana (edicts of the king).
 Economic Governance
o penalties for losses, rewards for profits
o wage policy based on economic, social and political conditions
o state to ensure commercial activities don't violate laws, harms customers
 absence of trust, guarantee of quality would reduce commerce, increase search &
verification costs of transactions
o explicit guidelines for practice of medical profession, other professional services
o role of markets and forces of demand-supply are well recognized
o state should reduce excessive price fluctuation detrimental to commercial activities
o cultivable land is better than mines as mines only fills treasury while agriculture fills storehouses
too
 proper system of cropping pattern, irrigation
o foreign trade be encouraged by improving infra, need to keep trade routes free

Relevance:
 rule of law
 judicial system
 property rights
 incentives for efficient and honest working of govt. officials
 promoting moral and spiritual welfare
 provision of infra and capital formation

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 Gandhi
Gandhian Ethics:
 God is present in every human soul
 ultimate goal of man is to realize vision of God, realization of God is impossible unless one follows path of
truth, love, non-violence and service to humanity
o men should emulate divine attributes in their conduct
 God is truth and Truth is God- love & non-violence are virtues to reach God
 human brotherhood and oneness follow from unity of life
 means and ends both need to be pure; nothing good can be achieved from bad means
 ahimsa is 'soul force' i.e. power of atman, power of love and selflessness
o ahimsa includes truth and love as non-violence is inseparable from theses virtues
o truthfulness, fearlessness are necessary for steadfast pursuit of ahimsa
 evil be tackled by means of non-violent, non-cooperation
o one should not hate evil deed not its perpetrator
 bread labor- everyone should earn his bread w/ own labor
 impossible for few to amass wealth w/o exploiting the rest
 religious tolerance- equality of religions on fundamental principles esp. non-violence, emphasis on
communal harmony
 rich are trustees of wealth which should be used for supporting the poor- class harmony

 7 social sins: (PS/PC par WWE)

o politics w/o principles
o wealth w/o work

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 Western Moral thinkers
24 May 2021 09:27

VIRTUE ETHICS
 Virtues- character traits which leads one to act in a morally praiseworthy manner
 two kinds-
o Moral virtues are sine qua non for a moral life- kindness, benevolence, compassion,
honesty etc.
o Non-moral virtues can be used for bad ends- courage, patience, perseverance etc.
 VE based on actions that are done by a virtuous personality
 VE trace moral actions to arise from virtuous character unlike rule-based ethics (deontology)
which simply involve applying rules mechanically
 criticism-
o assume men are naturally good or morally neutral
 men often lack the knowledge necessary in order to become virtuos
o there may be diff. on what is and what not a virtue
o even after cultivating a moral character, one mayn't know what virtue involves in a
particular situationol

role of the 'ruler' and the 'rule' is to be reflection of 'the ruled'

SOCRATES

 Virtue is the highest moral good: and always to be preferred to material good
o Eg: CCD owner Siddhartha Roy committed suicide despite material wealth
 Scrutiny: An unexamined life is not worth living, one should question and then accept or reject the
facts
o Eg fake news should be scruitinised
 Courage: depicts freedom to speak of one’s mind, the ability to speak the truth, and objectivity
o Eg: courage to rise against injustice shown by martin luther king
 Knowledge: The only virtue is knowledge and it ensures good action, only sin is ignorance
which leads to bad desires
o knowledge & habit (morally significant) both go in virtuous conduct- to live in moral
universe is habit
 Conflicting promise: In the case of conflicting promises one should follow a promise that has
higher moral worth
o Eg: Govt prioritised on welfare during pandemic instead of the promise of double digit
growth in 2018-20
 Self development
o Socratic citizenship emphasizes individual's own powers of independent reasoning,
argument, judgment leading to his self development
 Ideal life
o Based on value of integrity, virtue, happiness etc

PLATO
 good has unconditional worth and is source of worth in various things
 rejects Hedonism- He argues that a life made of only pleasures means a life of no pleasure since
it is indeterminate and relative.
 Morality can be learnt
morality isn't an innate quality or gift of nature, can be learnt thru education

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 o morality isn't an innate quality or gift of nature, can be learnt thru education
 Ethical universalism
o Ethical universalism is a concept in which the ethical implications of an action applies
universally to anyone, regardless of circumstance
o criticism- mixed moral judgments (ethics is not verifiable but matters of consensus) and
factual statements (objective)
 Four cardinal virtues- all other virtues can be reduced to these four (Temp. JPC)
o Prudence - practical wisdom, charioteer of other virtuous, right reason in action, plays a
vital role in guiding and regulating all the other virtues
o Justice (overarching virtue)- Similar to Dharma of Gita
 Before Plato
 Cephalus - speaking truth and paying debt
 Polemarchus - giving someone what is proper for him . Doing good to friends
and harm to enemy
 Thrasymachus - justice is the interest of stronger
 Plato
 From individual context, justice is human virtue that makes a person self
consistent and good (sense of duty). Every human has three components
□ Appetite: based on instinctive needs like food water
□ Spirit based on honor
□ Knowledge based on intelligence and critical thinking
 From social context, justice is social consciousness that makes a society
internally harmonious and good. Justice in society is based on each component
performing its role efficiently
□ Eg: Artisan for goods, military for defence and rulers for ruling
o Courage
 Bravery based on justice
 Removes obstacle that come in the way of justice
 prudence and courage - courage in pursuit of foolish policy can lead to catastrophe
 courage and justice - youth joining terrorist organisation may have courage but no
sense of wisdom and justice
o Temperance
 Is a strength that protect against excesses and consist self regulation and obedience
to authority
 Suggest harmony among conflicting elements
 Unity of virtues
o The person who posses one virtue posses them all
o Come together and go together
o Ex - terrorism
o e.g. - politician who cheats on his wife cant be trusted with public business
o e.g. - person can't remain happy with social service he does by stealing money from
others
 True happiness and good society can be attained by living life based on cardinal virtues.
o An ideal state can only be achieved through people who have these virtues
 Three theological virtues - added by church
o Faith
o Hope
o Charity
 Contemporary virtues for civil servant
o Fairness
o Integrity
o Responsibility
o Respect
 Plato on Governance
o The Republic -ideal political society, philosophers will be rulers- hereditary military oligarchy
○ citizens divided into 3 classes- common people, soldiers, guardians (political powers)
○ no pvt. property, no family system; individual is submerged into state, no liberties
○ strict censorship of literature, drama, music
○ Model of harmonious functioning- a just state can be represented by a healthy
organism where all parts function for benefit of whole, whole benefits the part.
survival of the whole depends on each one performing their functions properly.

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 ○ survival of the whole depends on each one performing their functions properly.
○ Justice is sticking to one's role and not interfere with other
 counter- certain professions like medicine, law do require knowledge but
political offices only require citizenship
○ Just state
 Team work
 Equality - treating everyone same
 Headship - presence of leader to co-ordinate and supervise
○ Current state - judicial overreach, civil service activism, no justice only chaos

ARISTOTLE
 Moral relativism- any ethical theory must be firmly grounded in the reality of human
nature and daily life
 Purpose of ethics is to find the ultimate purpose of human life (morals for practice)
o It's practical science since not concerned w/ knowledge for its own sake but rather for the
purpose of application
 Rationlaity brings happiness
o Our function in life is to realize our full potential as rational beings . If we are not
fully rational, we are falling short of our true nature
o Aristotle's - happiness can be achieved by rationality while Socrates said it can be
achieved by knowledge. And Plato thought cardinal virtues can bring happiness
 By questioning

 Summum bonum - the highest goal or the ultimate objective

o Highest telos - end of Life
 Teleology is a reason or explanation for something in function of its end, purpose, or
goal

 Moral education
o He considered ethics practical rather than the original style
o It is aimed at doing good rather than knowing good
o We learn moral virtues (4 cardinal virtues) primarily through habit and practice rather than
reasoning and instructions
o He defined virtues as predisposition or tendency to act in the right manner
 Believed that behavior influences attitude
 Man by nature is a political and social animal and can't live w/out a state
o state is logically prior to man, it comes for sake of man's life and continues for same
o idea of integrated state & society machinery

o when citizens take part in deliberation wrt socio-political issues and strive to realize justice,
they as whole are nothing but the state
 Doctrine of Golden mean
o Virtues exist as mean state between the vicious extreme of excess and deficiency
 Foolhardiness - courage - cowardice
 Shamelessness - modesty - shyness
 Indulgence - self control - repression of desire
 Politicized bureaucracy - committed bureaucracy - neutral bureaucracy
 Environment conservation - sustainable development - growth
Virtue is the character that determines ethicality

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 o Virtue is the character that determines ethicality
o Temperance as a virtue - tolerance helps us in this
o Middle path in Indian philosophy
 Yudhisthira and bhisma pitahama - dharma of a political leader cannot be moral
perfection. He has to take a middle path
 Nirvana - Buddha - can only be achieved by middle path
 Jainism criticised this - extreme path
 Gita - all purushartha (object of human pursuit)
 Islam- Wasat (balanced life avoiding extremes)
 Idea of justice
o Mean between getting too much and getting too little
o Political justice - power to be distributed among virtuous and not among all
 Justice only exist where mutual relations are controlled by law and law is formed only
among those who are liable for injustice
o Individual justice - moral disposition which render men to do just things and wish for just
o Distribute - fair distribution of benefits and burdens
o Remedial justice - rectifying unfair gains or loss between people who trade,
o Criminal justice - between citizen and state
o Deterrent
 Juvenile
 Capital punshiment
 Sharia law
o Retributive
 Proportional justice
 Mahabharat favours it
 importance - religious propagates blind faith , devt. possible only when they are replaced with
atonality,
 Application
o Ethics is prctical: civil servants can be eff. when they have practical wisdom, ineff. can
be explained by their ignorance about practical aspect of admin, intel not helpful
unless put to practice

STOICISM
 Rational mental state which can be reached via virtue
o virtue alone is good, only vice is evil and all else is matter of absolute indifference
 world has a purpose, is marked by order- freedom of will can't exist in world governed by
necessity
 Emotions - result of our judgement of thinking that something good or bad is happening or
going to happen
o within our control -should not repress or deny emotions but embrace correct positive
emotions (emotional intelligence)
 Nature - human being should live in harmony with nature
o One should acknowledge he or she is a small part of larger organic whole and processes
which are out of our control
o We can change many things but some cannot and we must accept this fact
 Control over internal judgement and emotion can only lead to happiness. If we try to
control external things over which we have no control, we are bound to get frustrated
 Human freedom and cosmic determinism

 Teleological theories concentrate on good or bad consequence of action. Teleology is a

philosophy that states that consequences of one’s action are the ultimate judge to rightness or
wrongfulness of the conduct.

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 UTILITARIANISM
 happiness as guide for human actions- individuals, institutions, govt. should try to maximize happiness and minimize pain
o neither egoism nor altruism! just teleological
 criticism-
o can't explain fairly the behavior involving self-sacrifice, heroism as pursuit of happiness
o happiness is subjective, non-measurable mental state
o can lead to actions contrary to general morality
o difficult to foresee consequence of actions
o can't explain individual rights, ignores distributional aspect of welfare
 moral agents should diligently consider likely outcomes of action based on similar past exp.
 irresp. of consequences, acts done in good faith are justified

Jeremy Bentham
 Quantitative utilitarianism
o Act utilitarianism- every action must bring maximum happiness to a maximum number of people.
○ Eg developmental projects
 Nature has placed mankind under gov. of 2 sovereign masters i.e pleasure and pain
o The main aim of human life is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
 Supports ethical egoism
o It is always moral to promote one’s own good. What is good for an individual is good the society.

 Calculus of (hedonistic) pleasure

o Intensity, Duration, Proximity, Certainty, Purity (freedom from pain), Fruitfulness (capacity to give rise to other
pleasure), Extent (no. of people affected)
o Any evaluation should be independent of the evaluator
 Bentham doctrine of Hedonism become altruistic by dim. of extent & by 4 moral sanctions
 Natural or physical sanction - fear of disease
 Political sanction - fear of punishment by the state
 Social sanction- social Boycott
 Religious sanction - fear of divine wrath or justice of god
o Due to these four external sanctions men sacrifices his extreme selfish pleasures and think about pleasures of
others i.e General happiness
 app - justify action of CS which may be illegal but are for goodness of overall society

John Stuart Mill

 Qualitative utilitarianism - not only quantity but quality also important
o concept of happiness is both quantitative and qualitative
 Rule utilitarianism- one should act in accordance w/ those rules of conduct that are most conducive to greatest happiness
 Social utilitaianism
o It supported utilitarianism but in such a way that an individual’s action should not bring harm to society at
large. i.e The pleasure of an individual should not bring displeasure to society

 Talked about two kinds of pleasure

o Mental and physical
o Divided pleasure as higher or lower pleasure
Maslow Need hierarchy model

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 o Maslow Need hierarchy model

 What should be the test of quality?

o Leaves it to the verdict of competent judges
o Human being themselves should decide who have natural sense of dignity
 Ethical altruism
o one’s ego is satisfied but it is subjected to the conditionality of not affecting others.
o Added 5th sanction - conscience
○ any action which ensue happiness not only for mankind but for all other living beings e.g. - environmental
ethics, hindu philosophy

Deontological theories focus on following moral rules w/out regard to consequences

KANTIANISM
 Knowledge - both sensory and reasoning experience are important
o Sensory experience is 1st stage which helps in gaining or obtaining data
o 2nd stage includes understanding which helps in putting data in diff. concepts, cat.
o Thus both leads to new knowledge or revalidation of present knowledge
 Idea about the world
o Empirical world - world in which we live
 Reasoning is restricted only to empirical world
o Transcendental world - spiritual realm
 Idea about God - Cant apply reasoning to prove or disapprove existence of God as it is matter
of faith
 Who are virtuous people?
o People who follow moral law will be regarded as virturous and God will reward them with
happiness
 Kant ethics
o Not the consequences but the motives of person determine whether actions are
right and wrong
 Goodness is defined in terms of neither outcomes or means but in terms of
intention which should be good - automatically right instrument and positive
outcomes
 Kant’s conclusion is that morality consists in doing the right thing for the
right reason
o Morality doesn’t tell us what to do on the assumption that we want to
achieve a particular goal i.e hypothetical imperativ

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 o Why be moral? -
 To perform one's duty
 an action is moral if it is the outcome of a moral agent's sense of duty
 Immorality leads to irrationality
 Being moral is rational
 When acting morally we act on rules that we ourselves as rational creature,
lay down as suitable for all of us to act on within the coomonury of irrational
being
 Moral or legal obligation
 sense of moral duty leads to responsibility
 sense of legal duty leads to accountability
o Selfless action: Action should be end in itself
 Eg- nishkama Karma
 What are the standards of morality based on?
o Categorical imperative denote absolute unconditional requirement that must be
obeyed in all circumstances and is justified as an end in itself
o Three Principles
 Universal law- Act only on that principle which can be a universal law
 Formula of end - Don't use any person including yourself as only means - human
beings are ends in themselves
 Autonomy- consider ourselves as members in universal realm of ends
o Moral law arises from pure will which is self determined and self legislated
 rejects education, constitution, God, inner-perfection as src of moral laws
 Inequality is the source of evil but also the source of good. It is about how we take it
o Inequality gives you motivation to excel in life
 All human beings have a certain dignity that commands our respect -> not because we
own ourselves but because we are all rational beings which simply means we are beings
which are capable of reason. we are autonomous of acting and choosing (autonomous)
 You are free in Kant’s sense only if you live by your own reason. If someone brainwashes you
into doing something, you are not free.
o if you buy expensive shoes only because you’ve had the desire implanted in you through
advertising, then you are also not free.
 Society is developed when humans are treated as ends and not means


LIBERTARIANISM
 right to liberty is fundamental right
 we’re not available for use by others
 right to choose freely provided we respect right of others
 Taxation - taking of earning . it is theft according to lib
o taking the fruits of my labour
o taxation is morally equivalent to forced labour.
o forced labor = slavery (if i don’t have sole part on my own labour and if state is part owner
of my labour, then i am a slave)
 principle - idea of owning oneself, idea of self possession.

JOHN RAWLS
 Tried to solve the problem of distributive justice
o Balance of efficiency and justice?
 rationality awas basis of law & justice
 Two principle that should be part of social contract
 Veil of ignorance
o It is a method of determining the morality of political issues
o As per Rawls , people or politicians should make decisions based on the assumption
that they know nothing about the particular talents, abilities, tatse, social class and
position they will have in social order, once they become part of it
o Such people behind veil of ignorance will make decisions asked on morality, since
they don't know what their self interest or class interest is
o Rational individual will only choose to establish a society that would at least conform to the
following principles
 Principle of liberty - each person to have equal rights to the most extensive

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  Principle of liberty - each person to have equal rights to the most extensive
basic liberty comaptible with similar liberty for others
 Principle of difference - social and economic inqualities are to be arranged so
that they are both
1. Promote equality of opportunity
□ Attached to positions and offices open to all
2. Provide the max expected benefit to least advantaged section
□ It is not egalitarian but makes benefit for some (those with greater talent,
training) proportionate to their contribution towards benefiting the least
disadvantaged function .even if unequal powers are given to some, then
they should also get the responsibility to work for those who are getting
less

 Criticism - Amartya sen

o There can't be universal Principle of justice
o What's the meaning of equality if people are not equal
o He's talking about capability - make people equal by providing basic amenities so that
people will become equal

GS4 Page 77
GS4 Page 78
Status and problems in Public admin
16 March 2021 15:44

A public service is a service which is provided by the government to people living within its
jurisdiction, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing private provision of
services. It includes the services provided, the contiguous interactions and the grievance
redressal linked with those services. All the aspects of day to day life ranging from health,
education, infrastructure and law and order among others that the government provides are
under the purview of public service

civil service is a collective term for a sector of government composed mainly of career civil
servants hired on professional merit rather than appointed or elected, whose institutional
tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership

From <[Link]
public-life-as-recommended-by-the-nolan-committee-in-this-context/>

Public Administration refers to the interrelated government processes and insitutions

that deal with day to day executive work and policy implementation.
 It includes military as well as civils affairs eg police, education, health,
construction of public works, conservation, social security, and many others
 Characteristics of Pub Ad
 It is non-political public bureaucracy operating in political system
 It is concerned with policy-making as well as policy execution
 It covers all three branches of the government, although it tends to be
concentrated in the executive branch
 It provides regulatory and service functions to the people in order to
attain good life;
 It differs significantly from private administration, especially in its
emphasis on the public with respect to means and ends.
 Difference between public and private admin
 While public administration is concerned with government
administration, private administration is concerned with administration
of private business organisation

Importance/Need of ethics in public administration:

 Ethical conduct provide social legitimacy to legal powers of public servants
 Increase efficiency of administration as ethical principles ensure that focus of
public work is public gains and not private gains
 Increase predictability of system
 Public resource utilisation: Efficient and effective resource utilisation
without corruption
 Increase people’s trust in system as system is just and fair.
 Inclusive administration for Sarvodaya: to implement social jusice ideals
and incorporate empathy and compassion
 Decision making: Resolve ethical dilemmas in favour of objectivity, public
welfare and justice

Status and problems of ethics in pub Ad;

 Status or provisions inculcating ethics in Indian administration
 Central Services Conduct Rules, 1964: do’s and don’ts for civil
servants and requires them to maintain absolute integrity, devotion to
duty and political neutrality
 All India Service Conduct Rules, 1968: These rules provide that the
officials of IAS, IPS and IFoS should maintain high ethical standards,
integrity and honesty, political neutrality, promote principle of merit,

GS4 Page 80
 integrity and honesty, political neutrality, promote principle of merit,
fairness and impartiality in the discharge of duties along with
accountability and transparency
 Code of ethics, 1997: It was first initiative to introduce code of ethics
for public servants in India aiming for better governance in India.
However, it was ultimately not issued
 Draft Public Service Bill, 2007:
□ drafted by Department of Personnel and envisaged moral
behaviour from the civil servants
□ Patriotism and upholding national pride
□ Allegiance to the Constitution and the law of the nation;
□ Objectivity, impartiality, honesty, diligence, courtesy and
transparency
□ Maintain absolute integrity

 Ethical issues in Indian administration- (ABCDN3R2T)

 Abuse and excess of administrative authority for personal gain- Eg
Sachin Waze misused police machinery for extortion
 Bribery- eg. Odisha officer Bijoy ketan arrested for bribe
 Corruption-India stands at 86th rank globally in Corruption Perception
Index [Link]: CBI booked IAS officer Chandrakala in UP for corruption
□ India has been ranked 86th in Corruption Perception Index, 2020
 Jeopardizing data- Using wrong data for policy or using govt. data for
personal gains (eg. tender quotes)
 Negligence- eg. Mumbai overbridge collapse even after civil engineer
safety audit.
 Nepotism- eg. Dynastical politics
 Nexus of politicians and corporates - leads to rewards and punishments
based on favourtisim. Security of tenure affected
□ Leads to patronage in appoinement of regulators etc post
retirement
□ eg. 2G/Coal scam highlighted the scale of issue
 Lack of a codified ethical rulebook- renders following matter
ambiguous
□ Conflict of ethics
□ Conflict of interest
□ Punishment in case of breach of ethics
 Red tapism and delays
 Poor transparency and accountability leads to evasive tendencies and
delays
 2nd ARC hughlights following issues
 ARC2NIT
 Lack of accountability
 Red tapism and complex procedures
 Corruption
 Lack of committment to citizen's grievance redressal
 Nexus bw politicians and bureaucrats
 Indifference to public welfare
 Transfers frequently
 Why ethical issues above get perpetuated?
 Lack of ethical literacy:
 Secrecy- eg RTI
 Societal pressure- eg family asks for favours
 Political superiority
 Lack of grievnace redressal
 Lack of whistleblower protection
 Lack of awarenees of rights among citizens

GS4 Page 81
Code of conduct and code of ethics
 Code of Ethics
□ Code of Ethics are referred to as moral guidelines or principles,
that must inform the general principles to guide behaviour and
help in decision-making.
□ Code of ethics would include the principles of integrity,
impartiality, commitment to public service, accountability,
devotion to duty, exemplary behaviour etc.
□ It defines the minimum requirements for conduct, and behavioural
expectations instead of specific activities
□ When faced with ethical dilemmas or debatable situations,
what’s articulated in the Code of Ethics can help guide decision
making.
□ Code of ethics helps members in understanding what is right or
wrong. The codes are disclosed publicly and hence addressed to
the interested parties to know the way the company does business.
□ Not enforceable
□ Example of code of ethics: E.g. Civil servants are committed to
public services. The Code of Ethics will state that decisions of the
public servant should be guided by larger common good and to
choose the most beneficial solution for the community.
□ No code of ethics in India for civil service
 Code of Conduct
□ Code of conduct are set of codified rules and standards to guide
behavior under certain situations of public life and for day-to-day
conduct of work of officials
□ These are legally enforceable which sets out the standards of
behaviour expected of those working in the public service.
□ The Code of Conduct outlines specific behaviours that are
required or prohibited as a condition of ongoing employment.
□ Example: Central Civil Servants Conduct Rules 1964- While it
contains some norms like integrity and devotion to duty but it is
mostly directed towards elaborating decision making process
under various situations in public life.
 Don’t accept gifts and if you feel it’s of high value, then report
to treasury
 Prohibition on accepting and demanding dowry
 Prohibition on sexual harassment of women employees
 Prohibition on employing below 14 years age children
□ Benefits
 ensure CS will act in public interest and will avoid improper forms of
behavior
 by continuous adherence, develop habit of doing things the right way
express commitment of CS to moral std.

GS4 Page 82
  express commitment of CS to moral std.
 set std. for CS, express special responsibility as members of
administrative system
 Similarity
 Both Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct are similar as they are
used in an attempt to encourage specific forms of behaviour by
employees.
 Ethics guidelines attempt to provide guidance about values and
choices to influence decision making.
 Conduct regulations assert that some specific actions are
appropriate, others inappropriate.
 Differences
□ CoE contains general values while CoC clearly spell out principles which are
derived from values.
 A principle is a statement concerning conduct or state of being that is
required for fulfilment of a value (aspiration of ideal moral state)
 e.g. Justice is value, while "Treat equals equally and unequals
unequally" is justice principle
□ values are general moral obligations, principles are expected ethical
conditions/behavior
□ values refer to political social visions, exalted goals of society while CoC have
narrow focus
□ CoE can cover all aspects of human's life but CoC cover individual's
professional conduct

Politicians
 need for CoC for politicians
 elections- personal attacks, hate speech, snide remarks
 leaders blur line b/w public and pvt. lives
 parliament accountable to people- matters need to be discusses
 ensure civility in political speeches, expressions
 CODE OF CONDUCT FOR MINISTERS:
 anyone before taking office as a Minister has to take oath
 Inform PM/CM about assets, liabilities, biz. interests belonging to him
and family
 if he owns any biz., has to disassociate w/ conduct and mgmt., needn't
give ownership
 give up interest, mgmt. in any biz, which supplies goods/services to
govt., govt. undertakings

GS4 Page 83
 govt., govt. undertakings
 can continue to hold shares in public companies

 PSC Recos
 Prohibit MPs from misusing the power and immunities they get.
 MP should avoid conflict between a private and a public interest.
 No parliamentarian should be allowed to vote on those questions in the
House, in which he/she has a vested interest.
 ensure a minimum of 110 days of sitting in a legislature depending on
the size of the State involved.
 filing by legislators of a statement of income, assets and liabilities, and
an indication of changes in these figures over time.
 Automatic suspension from the House of any member involved in
offences of grave misconduct.

Public/Civil service ethics refer to the principles and standards of right conduct in the
administration wing of government.
 Nolan Committee 1995- AHILOOS
 Public service values-/Public Services bill 2006 (ACDEFG MOP) 2nd ARC
 Accountability and transparency- covered!
 Allegiance to constitution (and its core values) and law
 Devotion to duty
 Empathy
 Frugality (Avoiding wastage of resources)
 Good governance-
 Meritocracy as fundamental criteria for employment
 Objective and impartial- Covered!
 Political neutrality

Way forward or Strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance

 Legal measures
 Codifying an ethical code which is legally binding
 Providing sanctions and punishments for violation
 Setting up an office of Ethical commissioner similar to USA to give
direction and lead the audits like (financial, vigilance audits in govt)
 Insitutional- HR processes overhaul
 Ethics to be tested more effectively beyond a written paper while
recruitment- eg. situational questions etc.
 Training and development of ethics code
 Integrate ethical performance in ACR and enforcing disciplinary
procedure against defaulters
 Complaint management
 Strong whistle blower protection act
 Internal and external grievance redressal
• As 2nd ARC report on Ethics and governance observes- “The crux of ethical behavior does not
lie in bold words but in their adoption in action, in sanction against violations… and in
promoting a culture of integrity”

GS4 Page 84
 Ethical concerns and Dilemmas
16 March 2021 16:16

 Ethical dilemmas: A situation which involves choosing between two competing ethical
principles none of which are unambiguously right or wrong. It refers to DharamSankat
as in Gita. Eg: Vibhishan for Ram vs Ravan
o Example: A civil servant is approached by an old person, who is eligible under the
public distribution system but do not have required documents.
o Three essential conditions for a situation to be ethical dilemma:

 Ethical dilemma in govt

o Public servants in India have to work under different sets of conditions such as
resource crunch, political leadership, different societal values etc. and under such
situations they face multiple ethical dilemmas
o Dilemmas are caused due to accountability of civil servants to multiple
stakeholders
 Political leaders
 Citizens
 Intra civil service
o Some ethical dilemmas faced by civil servants are:
 Conflict of interest- Personal interest v/s public interest
 It is a situation involving conflict between private interest and public
interest when individual is at a position of power and trust
 Eg: Arun Jaitley did not handle vodafone case because he had conflict of
interest as he was advisor to vodafone earlier
 Conflict between personal values and values of public administration
 Example: A public servant might be against the use of Aadhar because of
high regard for right to privacy, but might have to use it for public
distribution system
 Eg: Doctor against killing vs legal abortion
 Conflict between professional ethics and unjustified demand by superiors
 Eg: A Public servant investigating a case has to be objective but pressure
from seniors to hush the case
 Professional commitment versus public welfare
 Example: A public servant denying government entitlements to a
destitute due to lack of documentary proofs.
 Conflict between personal value vs legal directive
 Eg. Sabrimala temple priest despite SC judgement
 Eg. Homosexuality is legal but someone a large section of society still

GS4 Page 145

  Eg. Homosexuality is legal but someone a large section of society still
against

 Consequences of such dilemmas or conflicts

o xxx
 How to resolve a dilemma
o Identifying the stakeholders and key dilemmas involved
o Establish facts and separate them from cognitive biases
o Establish the various possible options
o Then consider the impact of choices on stakeholders and see what ethical value are
at stake.
o Prioritize legal and professional ethics over personal ethics. If one is not able to
prioritize legal over personal ethics, then instead of adventurism one should
ideally resign.
 Prioritising public interest and being value neutral throughout
o Choose a balanced choice with least negative impact and address the negatives
 considering all the options and taking decision that gives ‘maximum welfare
to
maximum people’ and is in accordance with principles of justice and
objectivity

Ethical concerns in private institutions

 Business ethics applies to all aspects of a business conduct and is relevant for conduct of
individuals and entire organisation. Ethics varies from organisation to organisation.
Individuals of an organisation might find themselves in a conflicting situation.
Example: An honest salesman might have to sell a defective medical product which
might affect the patient’s health.

 General/ Employers AB2C3

o Exploiting Relations with auditing/rating firms (eg. IL&FS bonds rating by CRAs)
o Bribes to govt. Officials (eg during LPQ raj)
o Conflict of interest- Family vs business (appointment of board of director eg. Tata-
Mistry fall out)
o Cartelization and hoarding activities (eg: Anti trust proceedings against GAFA)
Business performance indicator manipulation (eg. Satyam-PWC scam)

GS4 Page 146

 o Business performance indicator manipulation (eg. Satyam-PWC scam)
o Unfair termination or compliance of contracts (eg: Future retail and Amazon
controversy)
 Employees
o Breach of data confidentiality
o Insider trading
o Harassment of sub-ordinates- Verbal/ Sexual
o Misuse of companies resources- stationary, telephone
o Using business benefits like travel, food benefits for non-work purposes
o Taking credit for someone else’s work or underpinning your failures on others
 3rd party service provider
o Sharing clients data with others
o Unethical benefit to client (eg. better rating on bonds by CRAs)

Conflict of interest
 Conflict of interest arises when official duties, public interest, private interest become
antagonistic to each other and serving one interest could involve working against
another.
o Eg tender to a friend's org vs public welfare
 Issues with conflict of interest
o Affects objective decision making
o Reduces public trust and probity in governance
 Two types of CoI
o Actual CoI- When there already is personal, public, professional interest
○ Public sector-
 Judge adjudicating his own case (personal v/s professional)
 Coal minister pushing for a mining lease on tribal land (professional v/s
public interest, it might also have personal interest involved)
○ Private sector-
 If there is a proof that a close family member invested in a particular
stock for which employee had insider information
o Potential CoI- A conflict that may arise later in service or after retirement
○ Public sector
 Ex-civil servant joining a construction company that regularly bids for
government tender (public v/s professional duty)
 Government construction of dam potentially can harm local if not
rehabilitated properly (public interest (general) v/s public interest
(locals))
○ Private sector
 Insider information on a company’s deal that would increase its share
price
 Interview panel for CEO has family members (eg. Ratan Tata v/s Cyrus
Mistry spat)
 Possible solutions
o Cooling off period
o Mandatory permission prior to private sector employment
o Public listing of such appointments
o Declaring conflict of interest beforehand by the person involved
 Professional Codes of Conduct: regulations voluntarily adopted by members of various
professions
o define std. practices to ensure uniformity, acceptable quality of service to maintain
reputation and credibility
o prescribed by regulatory agencies for some professions e.g. Hippocratic Oath for
Physicians

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 Physicians

Ethical concerns in govt. institutions- covered in status and problems in pub ad

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 Laws rules and regulations
16 March 2021 17:01

Laws, rules, regulations as sources of ethical guidance;

 Law is an external influencer of ethical behavior
 Laws are set of standards that society or collective nation expects its citizens to comply
with and have been codified by an authority. These are enforceable and justifiable.
 Regulations and rules are an extension or details of law or even independent of law.
They can be enacted by a private authority in their area of influence.
 How do they guide ethics?
o Regulating discretionary powers: Example: Central Civil Services Conduct Rules,
1964 provides dos and don’ts for civil servant
o Commanding action and inaction: Example: Prevention of Corruption Act prevents
corruption and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
enables social audit.
o Fostering social justice: Example: Prevention of Civil Rights Act 1955 prohibit
untouchability
o Human rights protection: Example: Motor Vehicle Amendment Act, 2019 provides
for good Samaritan
o Lay down ethical principles eg equality etc
 Limitation of law
o Lack of enforcement
o Evasive tendency through loopholes
o Social attitude and structure
o Social evils

 Rules
 Regulations
o Regulations can be defined as the rules which are authorized by the Government
and approved by the public
o Violation of any regulation may cause severe penalty or punishment or both
o A law leads to regulations which then may lead to rules
o Regulations are made by the executive branch usually through the various
departments such as departments of state, agriculture, treasury, etc.
o Regulations are similar to rules in that they provide more specificity to a particular
law passed by a legislative body
o Difference bw rules and regulations
○ Rules are set of instruction for public but rules made by govt are regulations
○ Rules are not very strict while regulations are
○ Rules may or may not be independent of law while regulations are part of Act
or law
○ Individuals and org can set rules while only govt can set regulations
o Diff bw regulations and laws
○ Regulations are set by govt (executive) for smooth functioning of laws while
laws are by Parliament
○ Laws provide a general framework for addressing a subject while
regulation deal with intricate details to make the law work

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 regulation deal with intricate details to make the law work
○ Regulations derive legitimacy from the law while law derives legitmacy from
the Constitution
o Act vs law
○ For all practical purposes both are same. But in case asked:
 Specific vs general as in : Dowry act but Personal laws (covers all rules
and regualions so far)

 Public Ethics and law

Public ethics How law help
Accountability Law’s such as Prevention of Corruption Act, Prevention of Whistle
blower increases civil servant accountability, RTI
System of elections as enshrined in constitution
Honesty Code of ethics (not law but rules)
Integrity These are protected by rules such as central service (conduct rules)
1968
Leadership -Law can possibly make a person achieve a leadership position but
leadership has to be learnt and practiced.
Objectivity -Laws based on rational ideals guide rational behavior
- Laws which are not rational are changed eg. Sec 377
Openness -Open data policy eg Draft science policy
-
Selflessness DPSP directs state (and hence executive wing as well) to act for
welfare of people.

Conscience as source of ethical guidance;

 Conscience is a cognitive process that defines person’s moral sense of right and wrong.
It act as an internal guide to ethical (or unethical) behavior
 Values such as empathy, selflessness, and service attitude can’t be enforced by law and
can only be adopted by impacting conscience of an individual.
o Eg: Gandhi believed in Hriday parivartana instead of laws to end untouchability

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

 Sources of conscience: the conscience is not essentially a product of a rational

deduction but is something that can be influenced by the indoctrination of one’s
parentage, social class, religion or culture
 Failure of conscience
o Crisis of conscience
○ Crisis of conscience is a situation when conscience fails to provide moral
guidance to an
individual in any specific situation. Individuals loses the ability to get
guidance from his moral sense about what is right and what is wrong.
 Example: If a police officer is administering a peaceful protest and
suddenly asked to resort to strict measures irrespective of the nature of
protest.
 crisis of conscience is important whether to just mere follow the orders
from superior’s v/s to follow the right path of judgement.
o Conscience based on wrong values
○ Eg: A person who has lied throughout will never have conscience to say truth
o Conscience is not absolute and depends on cultural context
○ Eg: patriarchal context would lead to poor ethical conduct
o Societal pressure
○ Conscience can be overtaken by societal or professional pressure.
○ Eg: People dont want to get into inter religion marriages due to social
pressure even after being secular
 Conscience in public life
o Same as role of ethics in public life
o Public interest over personal interest
o Resolve dilemmas in decision making
o Handle conflict of interest
o Consequent conscience of guilt guides antecendent conscience in future
o Adherence to ethical values
 Conscience for others
o Describes the existing society conditions such as keeping surrounding clean,
actively contributing in elections, dissent to undemocratic principles.
o control mass prejudice such as riots and lynching of offenders.
o At individual level, it helps evade self centred thinking

 Law v/s Conscience same as Law vs Morals

o Laws are tool of external accountability while conscience is a tool of Internal
responsibility or liability of a person towards his morality.
o Infact laws are accepted and followed voluntarily because of conscience.
○ it enables us to interpret the law in the light of the prevailing circumstances
and determine the underlying ethical dimensions.
○ In situation where law is silent the voice of conscience assumes signifcance.
o “I…invite and cheerfully submit to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law
is a deliberate crime, and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen” (Gandhi: NCM
trial 1922)
o Course of action to resolve the conflict
○ Try to harmonize both- eg. provide interim relief to victim while attempting
to change law, getting an order passed.

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 to change law, getting an order passed.
○ Resignation if law and conscience can’t go together.

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Accountability and ethical governance
16 March 2021 17:50

In GS 2: SMART governance

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Governance
13 November 2021 23:37

According to UNDP, Governance is the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority
to manage a country’s affairs.
According to World Bank, Good Governance refers to the manner in which power is exercised in the
management of a country’s economic and social resources for development

Ethical governance is formulating, implementing and complying with the policies, rules, laws and
orders in an organisation in such a manner that it does not merely concentrate on administrative
efficiency but uphold universal ethical values such as truth, honesty, integrity, dedication to duty etc.

Importance of ethical governance

○ Social justice
○ Trust of public
○ Inclusive goverannce
○ Human rights: Right to food etc
○ Universal values: Truth, impartiality etc
○ Efficiency: Frugality and low corruption
○ Compassion: welfare schemes
Challenges to Ethical Governance:
• Excessive security under Article 311
• Ill-conceived goals promoting negative behaviour
• Overvaluing outcomes and not the process
• Giving into political pressure for short-term benefits
Make your own

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Ethical issues in International governance
16 March 2021 17:50

International Ethics is the set of standards, universal values that guide, govern the behaviours
and actions of the countries in their international affairs.
o Example: Basic human rights are the set of principles that are protected by most of the
countries

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Ethical issues in international funding:-
○ As per ILO, trafficking trade nets 150 Bn annually and is generally offshore to
evade local regulations and scrutiny. It involves gross violation of human rights
○ Tax evasions which is against law- hence both illegal and unethical- it also creates
socio-economic issues as govt. resources for funding reduces
○ Countries like China has been blamed for promoting neo-colonialism which effect a
country’s freedom, sovereignty in garb of financial aid.
○ Terror financing by state as well as non-state actors eg. UNHRC report has
highlighted Pakistan role in terror financing which causes violence
○ Not following comittment of funding
o Climate change- Paris agreement envisaged ~100Bn $ annual contribution but
developed nations are not fulfilling their responsibility as climate change happens
mostly due to emissions of developed country but developing countries suffer the
most.
○ Drug trade create many socio-economic challenges for countries.
○ Political funding- CIA- Italy during cold war era
○ Encourage cessation flames: [Link] funding from certain nations are
encouraging Khalistan Movement in India.
○ Civil societies
○ Conditionality in funding
o Donor shape the policy framework
local societal diversities ignored

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 o local societal diversities ignored
o infringes on country’s democracy and sovereignty
o no transparency
o vested interest

○ Kautilya in Arthashastra argues that "The best strategy to crumble an enemy revolt
is to cut off its funding."
 Respect for life should guide international ethics, in thought , word and deed. when that
day comes when we respect the right to life of unborn, it will be the day of universal
peace. If you have to make a choice of what kind of world you want to live in you would
choose a world that protects the weakest of the weak and least disadvantaged

Supplementary

Anecdote
 Response to Ebola crisis
 Most people when asked what spiritual quality is needed to rebuild the civilisation will
reply 'love'. But that is not correct. It would give rise to mindless sentimentalism .
we can only love what we know personally. In public affairs something less dramatic
and emotional is needed, namely ,tolerance .it merely means putting up with people
being able to stand things.
Quotes
 Nobel Prize economist Thomas C. Schelling famously observed, in a testimonial to a
United States Congressional Committee on U.S. foreign policy, way back in 1993, that
international relations is all about three things:
o war and the avoidance of conflict
o migration and the management of the movement of people;
o trade, in its many dimensions
 historic speech about India’s ‘tryst with destiny’, Nehru, speaking of his country’s
dreams, said: ‘Those dreams are for India, but they are also for the world, for all
the nations and peoples are too closely knit together today for any one of them to
imagine that it can live apart. Peace has been said to be indivisible; so is freedom, so
is prosperity now, and so also is disaster
 we all live downstream. - Tharoor
 It was Buddha who conquered the world, not Alexander - Tagore

1. Indian context of IR
o Based on Gandhian ideology
o Article 51 and 253 -> Just and honorable relations with other nations.
o India should leverage its culture and trade power.
o Panchsheel-> Non agression, non interfernce in domestic affairs, mutual respect,
peaceful coexistence, mutual benefit
o Non-alignment or right to follow independent foreign policy
o moral, diplomatic, economic support for struggle against colonialism, racialism
o non-violence and quest for nuclear disarmament
o India's role as int'l peacemaker

2. UN Declaration of 1970 on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly

Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the
United Nations
○ Sovereign equality of all states
○ Right of self determination
○ Prohibition of use of force and peaceful settlement of disputes
○ Non interference in domestic affairs
○ Duty to cooperate with other national to promote international peace
3. UN CHARTER:
○ Preamble refers to great human misery which WWs caused and the need to end
wars.
 emphasizes values of HRs, rights of small nations (weak?)
 nations should abide by treaties and observe int'l law
○ following requirements to achieve aims of Preamble:
 env. of peace, tolerance and good neighborly relations
 commitment to act together for collective or int'l security

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  commitment to act together for collective or int'l security
 adoption of principles and insti for avoiding use of armed forces
○ main purpose of UN is to maintain int'l peace
 to suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of peace; measures to
strengthen universal peace
 new political order of independent, sovereign states
 friendly relations among nations based on respect for principle of equal
rights, self-determination of people
○ Code of Conduct- (derived from idealism, neo-realism)
 sovereign equality of all members
 fulfill obligations of Charter in good faith
 settling int'l disputes by peaceful means
 avoiding use of force against territorial integrity, political independence of
any state
 refrain from assisting any state against which UN is taking action
 ensure non-UN members comply w/ these principles to extend for
maintaining peace
 non-intervention by UN in internal affairs

4. Ethical dimensions in IR
○ Universality of Values: All values are not universal and even a value such as
democracy can't be assumed to be universally advantageous. Further even if two
or more nations agree upon a value, they may not necessarily adhere to it or
promote it in a similar manner. Therefore, many international exchanges substitute
morality with practicality on the justification that moral norms are not universal.
However, there do exist large areas of international relations such as trade where a
common consensus could be fostered.
○ Security: Maintaining security, domestic and international, may require the use of
force or the development of deterrents. Although their intentions may be justified,
such exercises often degenerate into a show of dominance.
○ Foreign Aid: It becoems undesirable when:
 It imposes further obligations upon the receiving nations.
 It pushes the receiving nation into a state of dependence.
 Thus the thrust of foreign aid should be enabling the receiving nation to
stabilise its mechanisms of governance and reestablish equitable relations.
○ Trust: Trust in another nation is severely depleted if the right of self
determination is compromised. Skewed composition of certain organisation create
an environment where invariably narrow interests dominate. Such trust deficit can
be addressed through mutual dialogue, an understanding of respective value
systems and aspirations, better information sharing. Eg India pakistan or Russia-
US
5. Principles of IR
○ principle of stature/dominance - establishing a power hierarchy in which those
at the top control those below-a bit like a government but without an actual
government.
○ Principles of reciprocity - favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by
one state to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind.
○ Principle of Identity - members of an identity community care about the interests
of others in the community enough to sacrifice their own interests to benefit
others. The roots of this principle lie in the family, the extended family, and the
kinship [Link] relatively large foreign aid contributions of Scandinavian
countries, or the high Canadian participation in peacekeeping, cannot be explained
well by self-interest, but arise from these countries' self-defined identities as
members of the international community.

6. Different approaches
 Realism - No role for ethics. Geopolitics is anarchy. there is no authority.
Power rules. deny any role for common or shared ethics

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 Power rules. deny any role for common or shared ethics
o Machiavellianism- all means are justified to achieve certain political ends
 morality is merely used as instrument to justify states' conduct
o states don't value morality and justice; they value power, security, nat'l
interest
 Realpolitik- advancement of national interest
o wars are fought to prevent competing nations from become politically
stronger
 states should try to increase their power, engage in power-balancing
for purpose of deterring potential aggressors
 Idealism - central role for ethics. common interests
o Kant's observations-
 no state shall interfere w/ internal affairs of another state
 govt. need to reduce military spending and armaments
 fatal to divide states acc. to principles of feudal lords and vassals
o Utopians-
 ensuring peace and avoiding world conflict
 creating system of in'l law backed by int'l org/.
 focus on common interests, reject inevitability of conflict
 appeal to human rationality, morality
o World Wars were result of recourse to realism; UN a result of idealism
 Constructivism - domestic politics shapes IR. Nationalistic tendencies rule
 Cosmopolitanism - To do the right thing. empowers international ethics
 Global interest - equality of life. no preference to own citizen. world is family.
Respect for life acts as an guide
o India's Vaccine maitri
 Neo-Liberalism: state can seek security thru construction of int'l agreements,
regimes and structures such as arms control agreements, multilateral economic
insti
o states can engage thru these structures, learning norms of peaceful coop.,
developing common interest in status-quo
 Pacifism- totally opposed to killings; no moral grounds can justify war and it is
always wrong

7. Ethics in IR a facade
○ IR is still governed more by a struggle for power than by a pursuit of commonly
acknowledged ethical goals.
○ No common ethicality in terms of which we can settle our ethical
differences about what counts as a just war, what counts as the right
treatment of an asylum seeker, an economic refugee and so on.
○ relations between states are governed by conventional rules agreed between
them for pragmatic rather than ethical reasons
○ Presence of widespread conflict in some sense proves the absence of a ‘thick’
ethical dimension to our com-mon life in this domain
○ widespread belief that individual ethical commitments are a matter of individual
choice
○ Non tolerance exists eg: US strategy of containment in cold war to check
communism
○ Internal affairs interference eg Syria
8. Major international issues and ethics involved
Issues Ethical issue Solution
Terrorism Violence Promoting love and inclusiveness in world.

Strong resolve of all state actors to work against terrorist

and removing safe havens (eg. Pakistan as per UNHRC
report)
Climate change -Greed and The world has enough for everyone’s need but not for
overexploitation everyone’s greed- Gandhi

- Indifference and Forums like UNFCCC should abide by common but

Selfishness differentiated responsibility principle.
(small island and
poor states)

-Inter-generational
disparity
Poverty Inequality Developmental aids
Financial instability Injustice IMF,
(US- sanctions on Iran) Greed
War and armed conflict Violence SCO, GATF etc.

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War and armed conflict Violence SCO, GATF etc.
(Taliban conflict in Afghanistan, Human rights
violation
Drugs and Human trafficking Harassment,
Inhuman Torture,
Violence
Illegal immigrants Human rights
Management of common good Human greed and
eg Arctic, Antarctica, High seas exploitation
Disregard for laws
UNCLOS
Humanitarian intervention Interference in
internal affairs
Trade negotiations Domination by
developed countires
IPR Human welfare vs
innovation

9. Diplomatic immunity
○ Flows from the Vienna conventions
○ Recent case: Saudi diplomat Majed Hassan evaded prosecution for allegedly raping
and tortuiring two Nepali maids
○ For case
o If one nation punishes diplomats, for good reasons or bad, there is
nothing to stop the other nation from doing the same
○ Against
o diplomats facing charges of heinous crimes such as enslavement and
rape cannot be justified under any circumstances.

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 Corporate Governance
16 March 2021 17:56

 Corporate governance refers to the set of laws, rules and processes that regulate the
way business is conducted by companies. It comprises systems, processes and
principles which ensure that a company is governed in the best interest of all
stakeholders

 Key characteristics/pillars of CG (PT RACE)

o Accountability to shareholders
o Compliance with legal standards (economic, environmental, labor laws etc.)
o Efficient and effective
o Participation in decision making
o Responsive and adaptive
o Transparent operations

 Importance of CG
o Helps company balance its economic and social goals
 A company with good CG earns a premium and attracts FDI
o Enable corporations to earn profits ethically and legally
o Protection of stakeholder interests
o Regulate risks and opportunities for corruption
o Internal checks and balances to handle ethics in private org (AB2C3)
o Good governance increases market confidence and hence increase private
investment
 Issues of CG in India
o AB2C3

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 Leaders ideas
o Gandhiji called industries trustee of the society
o Kautilya said that state enterprises should also achieve the goal of public welfare

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 Extra notes
08 March 2021 16:04

Ethical Egoism
one should so act as to maximize his utility and minimize his disutility.
(Utility- whatever makes consequence of any action desirable like happiness, contentment, knowledge, power,
love, freedom etc.)
Hedonism Doctrine- one should maximize one's happiness, minimize one's unhappiness
 argued that such conduct may result in universalization of selfishness, self-centeredness
o but even while pursuing selfish ends, one has to be prudent and ensure that it doesn't lead to backlash
from ors
 Self interest is sole criterion of rightness, Self-preservation first law of existence (Mandeville)
 e.g. Competitive Market System (invisible hand which maximizes production & welfare)
 Concerns:
o leads to conclusion that people can act selfishly/immorally when not being observed or when actions
can't be detected
o may lead to ignoring interests of future gen. (since not around, no need to worry)

Moral Relativism
there are no universal moral principles i.e. moral judgments are relative to particular societies
 problem is that there will be no fixed std./criterion wrt which actions can be evaluated

Moral Objectivity
there are objective moral truths that some actions are right for all people at all times and others are wrong for
all people at all times
 Consequentialist theory- what makes action right/wrong are consequences which flow from it
 Deontological theory- diff. b/w good/bad on basis of quality of action itself w/out considering its consequences

Cultural Relativism
there is no objective std. of morality which transcend individual cultures and which can serve as basis for
evaluating individual cultures.
there may be moral truths within a society but they are relative to and valid for that culture.
e.g. Eskimo culture permits infanticide
 may run counter to moral progress of society
 justification of tyranny of majority over minority

Determinants of morality
judgment of rightness or wrongness can be passed only on those actions which are voluntary
 ignorance, uncontrollable emotions, fear/threats reduce voluntariness of action

Moral evaluation of an action

 Object of Action- beings & things in terms of their essence
o neither circumstance nor intention nor purpose can in anyway alter inherent/intrinsic badness of an
action whose object is bad
o good action can become bad due to circumstances
o indifferent actions are dependent on circumstances or purposes
 Circumstances of Action- time, place, agent, manner
o can aggravate/reduce badness of actions but retain immoral character
 Purpose of Action- intention, aim
o inherently wrong act can never become good
o bad means can't be used to secure good ends, means have to be good

Natural Law:
 certain rights or values are inherent by virtue of human nature and universally cognizable through human
reason.
 Theory- an unjust law is really no law at all
o there can be no legally valid std. that conflict w/ natural law
o all valid laws derive whatever force, authority they have from natural law
 i.e. not from powers of monarch or legislature
 two attributes of natural law-

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 two attributes of natural law-
o universality
o immutability- remains same for everyone at all times
 Aquinas principles of laws-

o Eternal Law- divine wisdom, God as ruler of the universe

o Natural Law- law should be based on morality and ethics; discovered by humans by use of reason and
choice b/w good & evil
 Primary- universal rules of conduct, easily perceived by human reason
 Secondary- derived easily from primary principles
 Tertiary- not easily derived from primary as they presuppose involved reasoning
o primary law should be given preference in case of conflict e.g. Snowden case
 Natural law not only tells what is good but also casts moral duty on us to follow it

Civil Laws:
 men are under no obligation to follow those parts of civil law which fail to conform to natural laws- issue of
legitimacy of laws
 laws have to meet foll. conditions to qualify for public obedience- (MG's CD src)
o conform to natural laws
o made by lawful govt. w/ proper authority
o reasonable, lie within physical, mental capacities of subjects
o not for individual but general social good
 no one is above law- "whatever law man makes for another, he should keep himself"

Conscience:
Inherent capacity to intuitively differentiate between right and wrong
 It is a subjective experience which integrates your morals with your actions
o made up of Morality, Strong emotions, Motivating force, Authority
o product of individual devt., social evolution
 It is said that in constitution
o Preamble is code of ethics
o Fundamental rights are code of laws (Conscience in Art. 25)
o DPSP are conscience
 Attributes of conscience
o Includes acquired values which are internalized by an individual
Aptitude of human beings to judge between right and wrong w/out external considerations like moral

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 o Aptitude of human beings to judge between right and wrong w/out external considerations like moral
law, duty, obligation or virtue
o Associated with certain forms of emotions and is highly subjective
o Vested with authority to impose duty over us
o Depends on our personality and environment
 Eg - conscience vote during presidential election
 Reflective Conscience- critical analysis of prevailing morality wrt needs of time, spirit of instis
 idea of individual conscience that one has to exercise independently of historical forms, contemporary ideals
is misconceived i.e. dissent shouldn't be irresponsible or to attract attention
o current examples- slogans of 'azaadi', not respecting nat'l symbols etc.
 Philosophy
o As per Kant, it is inherent property for all human beings
o Gandhi sin - pleasure without consicene
o It is the conscience and not rules that should guide us - church
o Marcus Aurelius - human capacity to live by rational Principle
o Darwin - conscience evolved in humans to resolve conflict between two natural impulses
o Kohlberg - conscience important source for moral development
o Mentioned in UNDHR and ICCPR
o Prisoner of conscience - anyone who is physically restrained from expressing any opinion which he
honestly holds and which does not condone violence
 Crisis of conscience is a time when someone is worrying because they think they've done something unfair
or wrong
o It also represent a situation in which it become very difficult to decide what is the right thing to do
o Not listening to the voice of conscience may lead to a state of crisis of conscience which often produce
negative emotions like unrest, dissonance and guilt
 Voice of conscience - inner voice that judges your behaviour. It is the motivation that governs persons thought
and action.
o It helps us to think refelectively about what to do in a particular situation
 kinds of conscience:
o True
o Certain
o Probable
o Doubtful
 Laws vs conscience
 Importance
o An individuals conscience helps determine the most appropriate course of action by recognising the
moral and ethical dimensions that are involved.
o It helps individual progress beyond procedural compliance.
o It helps an individual create an optimal balance between the legal remedies and prerogatives that are
available to him alongside the universality of established values and morals.
o It supplements the role of law and rules in providing for ethical governance. In absence of conscience
one may adhere to the letter of the law but may violate its spirit with impunity.
o it also depends upon and enhances the discretionary powers of an individual.
o Helps in conflict of interests
o In ethical dilemma
o In unforeseen situation
 However
o Although a person must always obey certain judgments of his conscience, he might be in ignorance
and make erroneous judgments. There are several sources of these errors in judgment: ignorance, bad
example from others, and enslavement to passions, arrogance and so on.
o Conscience does not guarantee right moral answers at all times. Conscience develops and matures;
sometimes it deteriorates and decays. One must never take his/her conscience for granted and
presume on its effectiveness. The popular adage "Let your conscience be your guide," is good advice
only to the person who has a good, well-formed conscience.
 However it is believed that by conscience, a person assumes responsibility. Even in evil deeds, conscience
remains an inner witness to truth that the choice was evil.
Laws, Rules and conscience in decision making
 In considering right and wrong, public administrators have at their disposal information on the nature of the
action performed or about to be performed, the circumstances surrounding the action and the purpose of
the action. Laws, rules and regulations provide additional guidance to these.
 Sometimes rules circumvent what the civil law clearly states. While a superior can punish a subordinate for
violating such rules, if the rule is contrary to civil or natural law, the violator may have acted ethically. Hence,

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 violating such rules, if the rule is contrary to civil or natural law, the violator may have acted ethically. Hence,
rules violating natural or civil laws should be avoided.
 It is often recognized that rules and regulations alone are insufficient for public administrators. Without a
conscience to apply those laws and rules to particular actions, public administrators miss a critical element.
Conscience helps in applying the laws, rules and other criteria of morality to specific actions.

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Unit 7
17 March 2021 17:17

Probity in Governance:
Concept of public service;
Philosophical basis of governance and probity;
Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of
Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service
delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.

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Probity in Governance
17 March 2021 17:17

” No responsibility of government is more fundamental than responsibility of maintaining

higher standards of ethical behaviour” - John F Kennedy

Read Pg 99-115 from Ethics Prahaar

Probity
 Probity means the quality of having strong moral standards for honesty, integrity
and values and following them. It is usually regarded as being incorruptible.
 integrity+uprightness+honesty beyond legal requirements
 goes beyond avoiding corrupt conduct and includes applying impartiality, accountability
and transparency
 In public life it is regarded as strict adherence to code of ethics.
 Probity is a societal expectation of citizesn from govt
 Eg., M. Vishvesvaraya never used his office for personal favours. He never went late
anywhere. He never spoke without prior preparation. He took dress formalities
seriously. He worked hard and he was efficient

Apart from the traditional civil service values of efficiency, integrity, accountability and
patriotism, it is necessary for civil servants to inculcate and adopt ethical and moral values
including probity in public life, respect for human rights and compassion for the
downtrodden and commitment to their welfare

Probity in governance
o It is concerned with procedures, processes and systems
o It is essential for efficient and effective system of governance and for socioeconomic
development
o objectives of probity in governance
○ accountability
○ integrity
○ compliance w/ due processes
○ public confidence in govt. processes
○ avoid potential for misconduct, fraud, corruption
o Important requisites for ensuring probity in governance are:
○ Effective laws, rules and regulations.
○ Effective and fair implementation of these laws.
○ Absence of corruption.

Philosophical dimension of probity in governance

2nd ARC: ethical concerns of governance codified in Ramayana, Mahabharata, Gita,
Buddha Charita, Arthshastra, Manusmriti, Hitopdesh etc.

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 Public Administrators are guardians of admin. state, thus expected to honor public trust

Aristotle, virtues like justice, generosity etc benefits the holder of the virtues as well as
the society to which he belongs.
Immanuel Kant makes the concept of duty central to morality
The utilitarian viewpoint is based on the greatest happiness of the greatest number

Weber: members of admin. staff be completely separated from ownership of means of

prod.

Public duty should be to serve public interest and not private interest
o Private interest includes the financial and non financial interest of the officer as well
as his friends, relatives and enemies
o The public office should not be used to serve the interest of particular individual or
community or for private gain

Public Service
 goods & services offered by govt. instis to public
 includes interface b/w citizen, admin.
 Approaches to improve quality of public service
o New Public Service concept- govt. be not run like biz, but run like democracy. 'Public Interest',
'Democratic Citizenship' are half-marks of govt.
○ serve citizens, not customers
○ seek public interest
○ value citizenship over entreprenuership
○ think strategically, act democratically
○ recognize accountability is not simple
○ serve rather than steer
○ value people, not just productivity

o development admin.- action oriented admin. system w/ focus on govt. influenced change- social,
economic, political objectives.
○ Characterised by:
 Purpose- to stimulate change and innovation in social and economic field.
 Loyalties-bureaucracy has to be accountable to the people and not to any vested
institutional interests.
 Attitude- it should be positive, persuasive and innovative
○ Behavioural parameters are:
 Change orientation
 Result orientation
 Citizen participative orientation
 Commitment to work

o New public admin

It was formed in response to social and political turbulence which was observed in USA

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 ○ It was formed in response to social and political turbulence which was observed in USA
during 1960s, when traditional public administration was unable to solve the problems.
○ It aims to use 4 D:
 Decentralization
 Debureaucratization
 Delegation
 Democratization
○ Important components of NPA are
 Relevance-changes should be specific to the needs of area and people.
 Values-instead of value neutrality, public administration should work for the cause of
disadvantaged sections.
 Social equity- public administration should become more proactive to social issues
and should work for the realization of social equity as the chief goal.
 Change- There should be operational flexibility and organisational adaptability to
meet the environmental changes.

o New public management

○ The focus of NPM is on 3Es i.e., Efficiency, Economy and Effectiveness.
○ Salient Features
 Thrust is on efficiency, management and performance appraisal.
 Cost cutting.
 Contracting out to foster competition.
 Its management is characterized by output targets, limited term contracts, monetary
incentives and freedom to manage.
o Entrepreneurial govt

Governance
 UNDP-> exercise of economic, political, admin. authority to manage country's affairs at all
levels
o consists mechanisms, processes, institutions thru which citizens articulate their
interests, exercise legal rights, mediate differences
 stakeholders-

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 o

 According to World Bank, Good Governance refers to the manner in which power is
exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development

o dimensions of governance

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 governance issues
 political
o criminalization of politics
o misuse of political power
o decentralization in letter, not spirit
 Legal and Judicial
o Delayed justice, issue of under trials
o Lack of accountability in Judiciary
o Threat to life and personal security
 administrative
o Lack of sensitivity, transparency and accountability in the working of State machinery
o Bureaucratic Delays
o Resistance to changes which promote transparency and accountability
o Corruption
 Economic
o Poor management of economy
o Persisting fiscal imbalances
o Regional disparities
 Social and Environmental
o Denial of basic services to a substantial proportion of the population
o Marginalisation and exclusion of people on account of social, religious, caste and
gender affiliation
o Existence of a significant number of voiceless poor with little opportunity for
participation in governance; and
o Deterioration of physical environment, particularly in urban areas

importance of civil services

 presence thruout country, strong binding character
 admin., managerial capacity of services
 eff. policy making & regulation
 eff. coordination b/w insti of governance
 leadership at diff. level of admin.
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 leadership at diff. level of admin.
 service delivery
 provide continuity, change to admin.

public duty & public interest

 collective interest of entire community- not sum of ind. interests
 public interest > private interest in official duties

Social Contract (Rousseau)

o rights are proportional to responsibilities
o rights of citizens are more fundamental than org. of soc under govt.
○ governed, be the governors
○ self-government is the end
o value of liberty- will and not force is basis of govt.
o value of justice- right and not might is basis of all political society

service delivery
need to improve working of grassroot functionaries as they are points of 1st interaction w/
public
 place people at center above all political, admin. considerations
o people as participants, not beneficiaries
 adhering to delivery std.
o one-stop, single window, automated service delivery
o stable, conducive env. to deliver results
o ensure value of money, exploring options- outsourcing, PPP, public service agreements
o strong monitoring thru performance indicators
o decentralization, strengthening local bodies
o participatory mech. in public service delivery
o ind. regulatory mech., consumer protection
o 3rd party appraisal, objective assessment
o establish rule of law, maintain public order
o core governance

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also Public Services Delivery Guarantee Acts have been passed in many states like MP,
BH, Delhi, RJ, UP, KA (SARALA) etc. that guarantee time-bound delivery of select services

Work culture-
o Work culture is a collection of attitudes, beliefs and behaviors that make up the
regular atmosphere in a work environment
○ Healthy workplace cultures align employee behaviors and company
policies with the overall goals of the company, while also considering the
well-being of individuals
o Company leadership sets the tone for company culture through their policies,
benefits and mission
o Managers shape company culture from their hiring and supervising practices
o Elements of a healthy work culture
○ Accountability
○ Equity
○ Expression
○ Communication
○ Recognition
o Importance of a positive work culture
○ Better hiring choices
○ Employee happiness
○ Employee retention
○ Performance quality
○ Reputation

Utilization of public funds

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 Utilization of public funds
o Key components
○ Efficiency – timely, % utilization
○ Manner- Maximum output
○ Output and outcome from fund use- (eg. toilets constructed but no one is
using)
○ Sources of funds- Govt. (Consolidated, Contingency, Public), NGOs, Local
income
○ Auditing
o Key problems
○ Untimely release of fund (eg. deaths in hospital due to late release of funds
for oxygen masks)
○ Funds are not distributed in the right head (eg. money needed for furniture
but money released only for classroom construction)
○ March rush
○ Internal audit within the govt. is inadequate
○ Ministries not serious about misuse of funds
○ Low focus on input to output ratio

Ward & Village Volunteer System, AP

 take governance to doorstep, corruption free delivery
 door-to-door visits, identify problems, take needy steeps
 1 volunteer for 50 families in each village

Public Financial Management System (PFMS)

 end-to-end solution for processing payments, funds tracking, monitoring thru bank interface,
accounting, reconciliation, real time reporting
 efficient mgmt. of funds, increased govt. transparency, info on res. availability, prog. admin.
 administered by D/o Expenditure, implemented by O/o Controller General of Accounts
(CGA)
 used for DBT payments under MGNREGA, other govt. schemes

Centralized Public Grievance Redress And Monitoring System (CPGRAMS)

 online web enabled system to enable submission of grievances by aggrieved citizens 24
x7 to concerned min./dept. for speedy redressal
 set up by DARPG, developed by NIC
 issues not taken for redress-
o Subjudice cases or any matter concerning judgment given by any court.
o Personal and family disputes.
o RTI matters.
o Anything that impacts upon territorial integrity of the country or friendly relations
with other countries.
o Suggestions

Alternate Service Delivery Mechanism (ASD)

 sharing gov. functions w/ ind., comm. groups, other govt. entities
o privatization, reorg., re-engg. of mainstream govt.
 traditional struct of min./dept. facing challenge to meet goals of responsible govt.

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Examples
11 November 2021 18:40

• Example
○ suppose you’re a software engineer and learn that a nuclear missile is about to launch
that might start a war. You can hack the network and cancel the launch, but it’s against
your professional code of ethics to break into any software system without permission.
Deontology advises not to violate this rule. However, in letting the missile launch,

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 Deontology advises not to violate this rule. However, in letting the missile launch,
thousands of people will die
• example.
○ Ex - Indira Gandhi, resisted all suggestions to remove her Sikh body guards after
Operation Blue Star as it would create communal divide. Despite all the investigating
agencies in the country urging the late prime minister to remove the two body guards
from her security, she was reluctant as she felt the move might create a communal
divide.
• Example-
○ In a patriarchal society, a child (Harsh) learns from his family and society that females
are inferior to males. Harsh gets married and begets one daughter and a son. Since his
resources are limited, the abstract construction towards his daughter is to get her
admitted in a government school (form of expression) while he gets his son admitted in
a private school. But when he learns that girls are equally capable and are earning in
various jobs, he changes his attitude and gave equal opportunities to both her son and
daughter.
• Example- A fresh college graduate is inspired by a movie showing the challenges and
opportunities of an IPS officer. He aspired to become such an officer to improve law and order
situation. Finally, he decided to prepare for the examination to get into the service.
• Example- Portugal’s football player Ronaldo sat down for his first pre-match press conference
of the tournament before Portugal's clash with Hungary, and noticed that two bottles of Coca-
Cola were sitting directly in front of him. He promptly removed the soft drinks from the view
of the cameras and replaced them with a water bottle.
• Example- IAS officer Amit Gupta’s initiative daliya jalao helped in the elimination of manual
scavenging in Badaun district of UP.
• Example- In a conversation a person makes a racist comment. The other person is offended
but says nothing. Here, the other person merely shows compliance.
• Example- a college student drinks Pepsi because his favourite celebrity endorses it
• Example- Randip Guleria, AIIMS Director (a credible source), was seen on TV persuading
people to take COVID-19 vaccine.
• Example: Sachin Tendulkar became a great cricketer because he has aptitude for cricket and
was provided necessary training. Other batsmen are not as good as him even after similar
training because of lesser aptitude than him.
• Example: Sushant Singh Rajput had interest in cosmology but aptitude for acting.
• Example: Vikas Kumar Ujjwal, a Divisional Forest Officer in Jharkhand, took along the local
community and transformed the Maoist hit area into a tourist destination
• Example: Purnea (Bihar) District Magistrate Rahul Kumar arranged for medical oxygen and
restarted broken down oxygen plant in the city with his smart planning during second wave of
COVID-19.
• Example: J Meganatha Reddy, district collector in Tamil Nadu started Project Udhayam to
build toilets for differently-abled persons in their homes.
• Example: Debo na Nebo na (won’t give won’t take) initiative by District Administration Cachar,
Silchar provides drop-boxes outside all government offices to stop corruption.
• Example: Kiran Naik, a government college lecturer in Andhra Pradesh, visits remote villages
and persuades parents to get their children educated.
• Example: The authorities in East Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh roped in religious
leaders, NGOs and local influencers to counter vaccine hesitancy.
• Example: SVAMITVA scheme aims to use Drone Surveying technology and a civil servant must
have a basic understanding of this technology.
• Example: Recently, Chhattisgarh police inducted transgender persons as Constables in the
State Police Force.
• Example: ‘Lunch With Collector’ initiative by IAS Officer Saurabh Kumar in Dantewada
counters the problems by helping local students to make right career choice.
• Example: Senior IAS officer, Ashok Khemka has shown professional integrity with consistency
in his thought, actions and has chosen a right course of conduct.
• Example: Buddha emphasised on the purity of ‘thoughts, words and deeds’ and showed
unconditional commitment to this ethical principle.
• Example: Sanjiv Chaturvedi showed professional integrity during his tenure as the Chief
Vigilance Officer of AIIMS, Delhi and uncovered several large scams.
• Examples of Integrity:
○ S.R. Sankaran (1934-2010) was Chief Secretary of Tripura and known for his
contributions for the enforcement of Abolition of Bonded Labour Act of 1976, while
facing severe pressure from different groups.
○ Abraham Lincoln was a man of high Integrity and adhered to his principles even when he
faced opposition. He said “I am not bound to win, but I am bound to be true. I am not
bound to succeed, but I am bound to live by the light that I have I must stand with
anybody that stands right, and stand with him while he is right, and part with him when
he goes wrong.”

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 he goes wrong.”
○ Satyendra Dubey lost his life in fighting against corruption in NHAI.
• Example:
○ A judge cannot presume a person guilty simply because he/she belongs to a particular
community or based on the social media reports and has to follow due process of law. •
If a police officer favours a wealthy person in a case against him/her by a poor person
then this action of the police officer would not count as impartial.
• Example:
○ TN Seshan is remembered for his non-partisan role as Chief Election Commissioner. •
○ Former President of India, Mr. K. R. Narayanan underscored his non-partisanship by
declining the United Front Prime Minister’s recommendations to dismiss the BJP
government of UP
• Example:
○ In the Mundhra deal scam (1957): Chagla commission held that “Minister T.T.
Krishnamachari is constitutionally responsible for the actions of his secretary ([Link])
and he can’t take shelter behind them or disown reasonability.” Consequently, Minister
resigned.
• Example:
○ Satyajit Ray’s “Pather Panchali” realistically portrays the poverty and rural India
• Example:
○ Courage of Mansi Bariha from Odisha helped to rescue 6000 migrant workers from 30
kilns in TN during covid-19 induced lockdown last year.
• Example: Courage of Captain Vikram Batra during Kargil War.
• Example: Steve Jobs used to share his email id with his employees.
• Example: Mother Teresa dedicated herself to the selfless service of the suffering and tortured
humanity.
• Example: Because of self-regulation a Civil Servant would have low greed and therefore low
corruption, such as Ashok Khemka.
• Example: Prashant Nair, District collector of Kozhikode started Compassionate Kozhikode, a
volunteerdriven project to provide various public services.
• Example: Armstrong Pame, understood the need of the people and enabled construction of
100 km Peoples’ road in a historically unconnected region using social donations and resources
collected
• Example: A civil servant high on emotional intelligence will be able to solve difficult issues such
as IAS Office OP Choudhary solved the problem of lack of availability of skilled labour with
education initiative ‘Choo Lo Aasman’
• Example: Post-independence, Sardar Patel capitalised on his strengths for integration of
Princely states into India.
• Example: Pankaj Jain, the district collector of Katni in Madhya Pradesh could have sent his
daughter to a high-profile play school but sent her to Aanganwadi for play-schooling.
• Example: Former Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi gave the slogan “Garibi Hatao, Desh
Bachao” and recently the Prime Minister has given the slogan “Sabka Sath, Sabka Vikaas”
• Example: President George W. Bush continued sitting with Florida school children even after
being alerted about 9/11 attack. By not outwardly reacting, he bought himself space to think
and time to react.
• Example: Former US President Barack Obama maintained a work-life balance—spent his time
with family, attended his daughter’s parent-teacher conferences in school etc.
• Example: Recently a CISF personnel, who stopped a Bollywood star, was rewarded for doing
his duty.
• Example: IAS officer Bhupesh Chaudhary (Mizoram) utilised MGNREGS, Mission for Integrated
Development of Horticulture and formed SHGs and cooperatives of farmers to increase the
income of chilli growing farmers by 14 times
• Example: IAS officer, Nikunja Dhalserving as Secretary of Health and Family Welfare
Department, Odisha resumed work merely 24hrs after his father’s death amid COVID-19
pandemic.
• Example: IAS officer Smita Sabharwal adapted to the financial crunch and launched a
campaign—Fund Your City—appealing to residents to help her build the infrastructure of
Naxal-affected areas.
• Example: A girl, Santoshi Kumari from Jharkhand died due to starvation because of denial of
ration as the family’s ration card was not linked with Aadhar card.
• Example: Rohini Bhajibhkare (District Collector of Salem District), who is a daughter of a
marginal farmer is known for people-centric governance.
• Example: In Ryan international school case, Gurugram, the police charged the bus driver to
show quick result, but he was later released after CBI took over the case.
• Example: Former Kerala Chief Secretary Jiji Thomson, an accused in the palmolein graft case
had to abide by the decision of the government to import about 15,000 tonnes of palmolein
• Example: Swami Vivekananda was tactful in using “Sisters and brothers of America” in his
speech in Chicago

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 speech in Chicago
• Example: Gandhiji was well aware about the social roles prescribed for women in pre-
independence India and therefore devised appropriate strategy for them to play a role in
freedom struggle.
• Example: Former President K.R. Narayanan became the first public figure (as Vice-President)
to shake hand with an HIV-infected person and showed positive attitude.
• Example: Chetan Singh Rathore, the Deputy Commissioner of Bengaluru spoke to protesters
and sung national anthem to pacify them
• example, The death of V G Siddhartha (Owner of Cafe Coffee Day)shows money is not the
source of happiness but its true knowledge
• example, India had promised double digit growth in 2018-20 budget and its constitution also
promises social nature. Thus during pandamic govt priortised welfare of people over its
economic aims
• example, Buddha is considered to be the “Enlightened one” this is because he is said to
understand the reason for sufferings i.e.- Desire. Thus he conquered his desire establishing
logic and upholding Nyaya principles.
• example, the recent death of Sushant Singh Rajput showed the importance of managing
emotions for society.
• Example: While an administrator would have waited for government to clear fund for road
construction, Armstrong Pame (leader) constructed 100 km road through crowdfunding.
• Example: Implementation of Bonded Labour Abolition Act by IAS officer S. Shankaran.
• Example: The Bank Manager of Utkala Grameen Bank in Odisha insisted on physical
verification of a 100- year-old lady for withdrawal of money from Jan Dhan Account.
• Example: Arun Jaitley did not handle vodafone case because he had conflict of interest as he
was advisor to vodafone earlier.
• Example: BCCI Ethics officer served a notice on Conflict of interest to Rupa Gurunath as she is
President of Tamil Nadu Cricket Association as well as Director of India Cements Ltd. the
parent company of Chennai Super Kings
• Example: Yes Bank scandal which highlighted the directors’ inability to unravel deviations.
• Example: Manipulation of prices by Arhartiyas in APMCs, tax evasion, insider trading etc.
• Example: Prevention of Corruption Act prevents corruption and Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act enables social audit.
• Example: Motor Vehicle Amendment Act, 2019 provides for good Samaritan and protects
them against civil or criminal actions
• Example: If a police officer is administering a peaceful protest and suddenly asked to resort to
strict measures irrespective of the nature of protest. This makes the situation ambiguous and
the officer is faced with crisis of conscience as his/her moral sense cannot guide him/her
about right and wrong actions.

Apala mishra notes

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Apala mishra notes

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