QUESTION 1:
QUESTION 2:
The brainstem is composed of three
main parts. Damage to small parts of the
brainstem can lead to death as many
reflexes associated with essential
functions are located here. The most
inferior part of the brainstem is the
medulla oblongata. This area is also
associated with [Link] middle
section is the pons. The midbrain is the
smallest region of the brainstem.
QUESTION 3:
QUESTION 4:
QUESTION 5:
QUESTION 6
1. The thyroid gland is composed
of two lobes connected by a
narrow band called an isthmus
True
False
QUESTION 7
1. The parathyroid glands are
usually embedded in the
posterior part of each lobe of
the thyroid gland.
True
False
QUESTION 8
1. The adrenal glands are located
near the base of the kidneys.
True
False
QUESTION 9
1. The pancreas is located
between the greater curvature
of the stomach and the
duodenum. It is located behind
the peritoneum
(retroperitoneal position).
True
False
QUESTION 10
Production of thyroid
stimulating hormone (TSH)
from the anterior pituitary
gland causes an increase in the
production of T3 and T4 from
the thyroid gland. These
hormones are located within
the thyroid follicles. iodine is
needed to synthesise active
hormone. These hormones
target all cells in the body.
Thyroid hormones are amino
acid based but act as if they are
lipid based. They are
transported in the blood
attached to a protein. They
move across the cell membrane
to act directly on a receptor.
Mod 1 - Rapid Feedback Endocrine
1. The brainstem is composed of
three parts. The smallest is the
midbrain. It is involved in hearing,
reflexes that involve head and eyes
and muscle tone.
2. An autocrine chemical messenger
stimulates the cell that originally
produced it. An example is the
secretion from a white blood cell
during an infection which
stimulates the replication of the
white blood cell.
3. A lipid-soluble hormone is non-
polar and it will not disolve in
water. It must attach to a protein
carrier in the blood to reach its
target. It diffuses through the
plasma membrane and binds to
nuclear receptors.
4. If a hormone is a polar molecule it
can dissolve in water. In the body
these hormones travel dissolved in
the plasma. These hormones are
classed as water-soluble
hormones. These hormones bind to
membrane-bound receptors and
activate a second messenger
system. These hormones cannot
pass through the cell membrane.
Growth hormone and insulin are
examples of this type of hormone.
5. When a water-soluble hormone
binds to a cell membrane a G-
protein is activated. This can
ultimately cause ATP to be
converted to cAMP. This substance
can then activate the cell's
response to the hormone.
6. Most blood is delivered by a
circulatory system that has only
one capillary bed. A portal system
is special blood circulatory pathway
where there are two capillary beds
in two different organs. An example
is the hypothalamohyphyseal
portal system.
7. The hormones produced by the
hyothalamus pass to the anterior
pituitary through the
hypothalamohypophysial portal
system.
8. The adrenal gland has two layers,
the cortex and the medulla. The
cortex is composed of three distinct
layers. The outer layer of the cortex
, the zona glomerulosa produces
aldosterone.
9. The thyroid gland is made up of a
number of sperical structures called
thyroid follicles. The cells around
the follicles are called follicular
cells. These cells produce the
thyroid hormones T3 and T3.
Between the follicles are another
type of cell called the parafollicular
cells. These cells produce
calcitonin.
10. The hypothalamus produces
thyroid releasing hormone. This
stimulates the production of
thyroid stimulating hormone from
the anterior pituitary gland. This in
turn stimulates the production of
the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. T4
is commonly known as thyroxine.
MOD 1 - PRACTICAL ENDOCRINE FEEDBACK
QUESTION 1:
THIS DIAGRAM IS FROM THE POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE NECK.
A IS POINTING TO ONE OF THE parathyroid glands.
THE HORMONE PRODUCED BY THIS GLAND IS parathyroid hormone
B IS POINTING TO A lobeOF THE THYROID GLAND.
THIS GLAND PRODUCES T3 AND T4. THE FULL NAME OF T3 IS triiodothyronine
AND OF T4 IS tetraiodothyronine
THESE HORMONES INCREASE metabolic rate
THE OTHER HORMONE PRODUCED BY THIS GLAND IS calcitonin
QUESTION 2:
THIS IS A MID SAGGITAL SECTION OF THE BRAIN.
A IS POINTING TO THE pons
B IS POINTING TO THE medulla oblongata
C IS POINTING TO THE corpus callosum
D IS POINTING TO THE midbrain
E IS POINTING TO THE posterior aspect OF THE BRAIN.
QUESTION 3:
THIS IS OF A CROSS SECTION OF THE adrenal
gland
A REFERS TO THE zona glomerulosa
'A' PRODUCES MINERALOCORTICOIDS SUCH AS
aldosterone
THIS HORMONE HAS ITS ACTION ON THE
kidneys
'B' IS THE zona fasciculata
'B' SECRETES GLUCOCORTICOIDS SUCH AS
cortisol
C IS THE [G]. 'C' PRODUCES androgens
QUESTION 4:
THIS IS A SECTION FROM THE
PANCREAS.
A IS POINTING TOWARDS
pancreatic islet
'A' PRODUCES three HORMONES
Beta CELLS PRODUCE INSULIN
AlphaCELLS PRODUCE glucagon
AND DELTA CELLS PRODUCE
somatastatin
THE EXOCRINE CELLS ARE CALLED
acini CELLS
PRACTICAL FEEDBACK TEST
QUESTION 1:
QUESTION 2:
QUESTION 3:
QUESTION 4:
QUESTION 5:
QUESTION 6: