Module 3: Intellectual and Scientific Revolution: Impact to human thinking

Lesson Age of Enlightenment: The Scientific Revolution

1

The Man who moved the Sun

The way people think about the Solar System has changed many times throughout
history. Before the development of telescope astronomy beliefs were based on what can be
seen by the naked eye.
One of the earliest ideas on how the Solar System was structured was introduced by
Claudius Ptolemy. He posited that planets as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a
circular motion around the Earth, a concept which is known as geo-centrism. This geocentric
model, considered to be one of the greatest discoveries of all time, was widely accepted by
the people and became the astronomical dogma in Western civilization for 1,400 years.
In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model by putting
the sun at the center of the solar system, known as the concept of heliocentrism. This idea
was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many since their religious belief had taught
them that the Earth was created first before all other things. Copernicus was even persecuted
as a heretic.
 Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied variation in plants, animals and
fossils during a five-year voyage around the world in the 19th century. Darwin's theory of
evolution challenged the idea that God made all the animals and plants that live on Earth in
a single day, which contradicted the commonly held Christian views of his era. He did not
publish his scientific work and ideas until 28 years after his voyage.
Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations, which were enhanced by
many years of experimentation, his discussions with like-minded scientists and his developing
knowledge of geology and fossils, he proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Darwin proposed that: individual organisms within a particular species show a wide range of
variation for a characteristic, individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment
are more likely to survive to breed successfully; and the characteristics that have enabled
these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation. This is called Theory
of Evolution by Natural Selection

THE TREE OF EVOLUTION

The Father of Psychoanalysis
In the past, the field of Psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology
was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud
was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of
psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior. In his theory, Freud explained
that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and
emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego
and superego.

Theory of Psychoanalysis

Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since

concepts were viewed as philosophical and supernatural. Many believed that Freud’s theory
has no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it.
Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and in fact tried
to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorders.
Soon enough, people were able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis, which
eventually resulted in classifying psychology as a science.

Galileo Galilei Intellectual Revolution

•Italian scientists who were the early practitioners of the experimental method or the
scientific method.
•Contributed to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and
mathematics.
•The telescope he invented was used to see magnified, upright images on the earth and
published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in 1610 in a brief treatise entitled
"Sidereus Nuncius".
 Isaac Newton Intellectual Revolution
•English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author.
•One of the widely recognized as the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in
the scientific revolution.
•Wrote the book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1687.
•Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Application 1A

Instruction: Research on the life and times of a specific scientist during the Age of
Enlightenment and highlight his/her significant contribution to human thinking.

Picture of the
Scientist
Name of the Scientist

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 Lesson
2 Information Technology

Information Theory as part of Intellectual Revolution

The information theory examines the storage, quantification and communication of

the information. In 1948, Claude Shannon (an American electrical engineer, mathematician,
and cryptographer) proposed this theory finding the basic limits on the processing of signals
and the operations of communication like data compression.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Pre – Colonial Period

Even before Spain colonized the country, some indigenous science and technology has
already existed with regards to agriculture like farming, animal – raising, and the utilization
of plants and herbs as medicines. The use of technology is evident in handicrafts, pottery,
weaving, and tools used by ancient Filipinos in their everyday life. Innovation and ingenuity
were unmistakable by the way native Filipinos built the rice terraces by hand. They also
developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, fishing, and also for fighting enemies during
tribal conflicts. They used indigenous technology in building houses, irrigation and
transportation, both on land and on waterways. The ancient practices in science and
technology by our ancestors are now considered as indigenous science or folk science.

Colonial Period

Spanish colonization paved the way to modern means of construction. Roads, bridges,
churches, and other large infrastructures were built with more sophistication using some
engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, Spanish colonizers
developed a health and education system in the [Link] American colonial rule
modernized almost all aspects of life in the country. They established the Bureau of Science
to initiate the development in the field of science and technology.

Post – Colonial Period

After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines, under
different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each
leadership had its own S&T agenda. However, it is important to note that some Philippine
presidents introduced more developments in the field than others, which you will find out
soon as you course through this topic
 Filipino Presidents and their Contributions in the Development of Science and Technology
in the Philippines
Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration

Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961)

 Lack of support of experimental work -marginal

budget for scientific research
 low salaries of scientists employed by the
government
 established the National Science Development
Board Pres.

Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986)

 directed the Department of Education to

revitalize the science courses in public high
schools
 channelled additional funds to support projects
in applied sciences and science education
 he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig,
Rizal as the site of the Philippine Science
Community
 scholarships for graduate and undergraduate
science scholars, and workshops on fisheries and
oceanography
 added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute
to the NSDB to modernize the coconut industry.
 he established the Mindanao and
 support for the promotion of scientific research
Visayas campuses of the
and invention with Presidential Decree No. 49, s.
Philippine Science High School to
1972
encourage careers in science and
technology  he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No.
 established other research 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the National
institutes like PAGASA, National Academy of Science and Technology
Grains Authority, Philippine
Council for Agricultural Research,  He enacted a law on the completion of the
National Agriculture and Life Sciences Research
Philippine National Oil Company
Complex at the University of the Philippines at
among others.
Los Baños (Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982).
 Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992)

 National Science and Technology Authority was

replaced by the Department of Science and
Technology
 science and technology's role in economic recovery
and sustained economic growth was highlighted
 created the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science and
Technology Master Plan or STMP
 Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also
known as the “Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.”
 gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving
 R.A. 6655 or the Free Public
financial aid, patent application assistance, legal
assistance, and to help inventors market their
Secondary Education Act of 1988
products domestically and abroad.
opened doors to free education
up to the secondary level
 “Science for the Masses
Program” which aimed at  significant increase in personnel specializing in the
scientific and technological science and technology field
literacy among Filipinos.
 addition of Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas
and Mindanao
Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998)  government provided 3,500 scholarships for
students who were taking up professions related to
S&T
 Schools were becoming more modernized and
updated with the addition of hightech equipment for
student
 Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna
Carta for Science and Technology Personnel
(Republic Act No. 8439) was established
 enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of
high schools specializing in the field of science and
engineering (Science and Technology Scholarship
Law of 1994)
 award was published in order to give incentives and
 enacted the Intellectual Property rewards for people who have been influential in the
Code of the Philippines (Republic field of S&T (Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
Act No. 8293). or Republic Act No. 7459)
 programs such as National Program for Gifted
Filipino Children in Science and Technology
 Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001)

 launched a full-scale program based on cost-

effective irrigation technologies
 establishment of one science high school in every
province
 advancement of industries and schools into the
Internet age,
 passage of the e-Commerce Act

Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001

- 2010)

 the science and technology sector of the

Philippines was dubbed as the "golden age“
during her term
 Numerous laws and projects that concerns
both the environment and science to push
technology as a tool to increase the country's
economic level
 the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined
term used in helping the Philippines to be an
innovation hub in Asia
 Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was
developed further by strengthening the
schools and education system such as the
Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which
focuses in science, technology and
mathematics in their curriculum
 imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves
the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through
Mechanization (AFMech).
 Application 1B

Instruction: Create a collage presentation showing different science and technological

advancement during each period: Pre- Colonial, Colonial and Post-Colonial.

Pre- Colonial

Colonial

Post- Colonial