Current is said to be alternating if it
is change continuously in magnitude Represented by a sine curve or
and periodically in direction with cosine curve
time
Alternating
Current
Condition to be Alternating:
• Amplitude is constant
• Alternate half cycle is positive and or
half negative
Average Value or Mean Value
The value of DC equivalent to
the same charge transfer as AC
over a given time. Root Mean Square (rms) Value
Formula (Half Cycle): Equivalent DC value producing the
same heat as AC in a resistor.
For Sinusoidal AC (Positive Half
Cycle):
For sinusoidal current:
Over Full Cycle:
`
SOME Maximum
IMPORTANT WAVE
Value FORMS
(Peak AND THEIR RMS AND AVERAGE VALUE
Value):
For I =I 0 sin ω t
peak value: I max=I 0 .
PHASE RELATION BETWEEN e AND I (R, L, C TAKEN INDIVIDUALLY)
(
I =I 0 sin ωt +
π
2 )
ε 0 sin ωt
a) I 0=ε 0 / X L (
I =I 0 sin ωt−
π
2 ) a) I 0=ε 0 / X C
I =I 0 sin ω t
a) I 0=ε 0 /R [
[ X ¿¿ L(Inductive reactance)=ωL]¿
X C (capacitive reactance)=1/ωC ¿
b)i , ε in phase
π
b)ilags by π
c) R does not depend on ω 2 b)ileads by
2
c) At ω = 0, At X L =0
c) At ω = 0, At X c =∞
ω = ∞ , X L=¿∞ ¿
RESISTANCE (R) It is the opposition offered • PHASE: The physical quantity which represents
both the instantaneous value and direction of A.C. at
by a conductor to the flow of direct current. any instant is called its phase. It is dimensionless
IMPEDANCE (Z) It is the opposition offered quantity and its unit is Radian.
by a conductor to the flow of alternating • Phase Difference: The diffrerence between the
current. phases of current and voltage is called Phase
difference.
ADMITTANCE(Y): Reciprocal of
impedance of a circuit is called INDUCTIVE REACTANCE (XL): The opposition
admittance of the circuit. admittance offered by an inductor to the flow of ac is called an
(Y) = inductive reactance
S.I. Unit: ohm-1 i.e. mho or siemen. CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (XC): The resistance
L-R CIRCUIT R-C CIRCUIT
L-C L-C -R CIRCUIT
OSCILLATION
RESONANCE IN SERIES LCR CIRCUIT
A transformer works on the Voltage Ratio:
principle of mutual
induction.
It is a static device used to
increase or decrease AC
Current Ratio:
voltage.
Constructed with a
laminated iron core and
insulated copper coils
For ideal Transformer: V1I1=
V2I2
Transformer
Efficiency of Transformer
(η)
For ideal Transformer:
η=100%
POWER IN AC CIRCUIT