Climate Change

Group members: Tutor:

Tej , 187 Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj Paudel
Ujjwal , 188 Department of Civil Engineering
Ujwal , 189 IOE, Tribhuvan University
Usmita , 190
Utsav , 191 2018-06-08
Yugesh , 192 1
Objectives of the Presentation
In this presentation, students will learn following things

 Climate change, its causes, impacts and mitigation

measures.

 International and national efforts made to mitigate

impacts of climate change.

 Use of renewable energy sources promoting bio-gas and

organic farming.

 Ill effects of deforestation and promotion of forestation

along with importance of National parks and Conservation
area.
2
Presentation outline
6.1 Definition, causes, impacts

6.2 Mitigation measures

6.3 International efforts to mitigate its problem

6.4 Bio-gas, organic farming

6.5 Deforestation and its consequences

6.6 Importance of national parks, conservation

areas and forestation programs in Nepal

3
6.1 Definition
First of all you should know weather and climate are not
same thing

Weather: Climate:
• State of atmosphere at • Long term pattern of
any instant weather in a particular
• Short term area
• Can change rapidly • Seasonal change
• Difficult to predict

4
6.1 Definition of climate change
Climate Change
• Climate change refers to seasonal changes over a
long period of time.

• Besides natural causes, competition for economic

growth and development, industrial revolution and
technological advancement and most of all
population growth is the genesis of climate change.

5
Causes of climate change

Natural causes Artificial causes

1. Volcanic eruptions 1. Human activities

2. Wind and Ocean current 2. Emission of

greenhouse gases
3. Earth orbital changes

4. Forest fire

5. Impacts of larger
meteors

6
 Natural causes
• Volcanic eruption releases
greenhouse gases, ashes &
dust which are responsible
for the global warming and
climate change.
• Ocean and wind current act
as conveyor belt to
transport heat and
precipitation from equator
to poles of the Earth which
7
thus affects the climate.
Natural causes contd…

• Changes in the tilt of Earth’s axis and

• A wildfire is any uncontrolled fire
the shape of its orbit causes climate
in a combustible vegetation that
change
occurs in a wilderness area.
• Rotates from elliptical to circular in
• As forest are the consumers of
every 100000yrs.
CO2, destruction of it affects
• Tilt fluctuates from 21.5º to 24.5º in a
climate.
period of 41000 yrs.

8
Natural causes contd.

• Meteor send millions of tons

of debris into atmosphere
which blocks sun’s rays and
makes cold and dark.

• It’s impact changes the

rotational behavior of the
Earth.

9
Artificial causes
Human activities:
 Deforestation for agricultural land
 Burning of fossil fuels in factories
 Excessive use of automobiles and
 Suburbanization
 These activities havs been the highest contributor of the
greenhouse gases.

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Greenhouse Effect working

11
Artificial causes
Emission of greenhouse gases • The greenhouse effect
happens when CO2,
water vapor and other
greenhouse gases
absorb the sun’s heat
which is radiated back
from the surface of the
Earth.
• Without GH gases : life
on earth would freeze to
death.
• With excessive GH
gases : intensifies
greenhouse effect and
makes earth excessively
12
warmer.
Table: Major G.H.G. and Their Characteristics
Atm. Annual Relative Current GH Principal sources
concn concn GH contribution of gas
(ppm) increase efficiency (%)
Gas (%) (CO2=1)
Fossil fuels,
CO2 351 0.4 1 57 deorestation
Foams, aerosols,
refrigerants,
CFCs 0.00225 5 15000 25 solvents.
Wetlands, rice,
livestock, fossil
CH4 1.675 1 25 12 fuels
Fuels, fertilizer,
deforestation
N2 O 0.31 0.2 230 6
13
Level of CO2 In Atmosphere
The time series below shows global distribution and
variation of the concentration of mid-tropospheric
carbon dioxide in parts per million (ppm).

14
Effects of Climate Change

 Global Warming

• The major effect of climate change is global warming

so climate change is often referred to as “global
warming”.

• Global warming is the gradual increase in

temperature generally attributed to greenhouse
effect.

15
Effects of Global Warming
• Global Temperature Rise And Warming Ocean

• Rise of Sea Level And Flooding of Coastal regions

• Melting Down of Himalayan Snow, Polar Icebergs &

Glacier

• Arctic Sea Ice Loss

• Extreme Events and low crop production

• Acid Rain And Ocean Acidification by Greenhouse gases

• Migration of Population Centers

• Health Risk 16
 Effects of Global Warming Contd.
• Avg temp of Earth has
increased by about 1.1ºC since
3.2 and may warm up
19th century
mm/yr83 yrs.
by 4ºC within
• As much of the heat is
absorbed by ocean, its top
700m shows temp rise of
0.302ºF since 1969.
• Global sea level rose about 8
inches in last century.
• Rate is higher in the past two
decades
• Coastal areas and low lying
islands are in threat of being
flooded soon.
17
 Effects of Global Warming Contd.
• Glacial retreat is observed
in Himalayas, Alps, Andes,
Rockies, Alaska and Africa.

• Threatening by glacial lake

outburst flood which can
be catastrophic to lives.

• Extent and thickness of Arctic

sea has decreased.
• Greenland lost 150 to 250
km3 of ice per year between
2002 & 2006.
• Antarctic lost about 152km3 of
ice between 2002 to 2005. 18
Melting of Ice

19
 Effects of
Rainfall globaltrend
pattern warming contd. District
of Rautahat
The image part with relationship ID rId4 was not found in the file.

• Extreme events or severe

weather patterns such as
droughts, short but intense
rainfall, floods & hurricanes
are observed.

• This extreme events cause

problems in crop yield.
• After industrial revolution
acidity of surface ocean • Desertification can also
waters has increased by 30%. occur.
• GHs mixes with the ocean
water or rain and acidifies • Higher rate of
ocean. Evapotranspiration during
• Amount of CO2 in ocean is droughts .
20
increasing by 2 billion tons/yr.
 Effects of Global Warming Contd.
• Due to climate change
animals, plants or habitat
are in threat of extinction.
So, they either become
extinct or migrate to
favorable environment for
better survival.

• As Earth warms,
microbes & insects
migrate as well which
accompanies tropical
diseases like malaria,
dengue, West Nile virus
and Yellow fever. 21
Advantages of Climate Change

• Climate change would cause increase in winter

temperature which economizes heating cost in winter and
decreases expenses in health care cost during cold.

• Creation of job opportunities and research field.

• Arctic, Siberian and other frozen regions may experience

more plant growth and milder climates. This regions can
also be habitable for men.

• Next ice age may be prevented from occurring.

• Longer growing seasons could mean higher crop

production in some areas.
22
 Mitigation Measures Of Climate Change

• Climate Change Mitigation refers to actions for

reducing the sources or enhancing the sinks of GHGs.

• Goal of climate change mitigation :

 To stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas

concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

23
 Carbon production 2016

Why
Mitigation
?

24
 Mitigation Measures Of Climate Change

Carbon Capture Energy Sources International

Agreements

25
Mitigation Measures Of Climate Change
Carbon Capture
Tree plantation
 Trees , young and fast growing ones, soak up a great
deal of co2 storing in new woods.

A single tree
can absorb
CO2 at a
rate of 48 lb.
per year.

26
Overview of Carbon Capture and Storage
(CCS)
What is CCS?
• A mitigation technology in which CO2 is captured, channeled
and stored permanently in a geological formation to prevent it
from reaching the atmosphere.
The CCS Chain
Capture
 Pre-combustion capture
 Post-combustion capture
 Oxy-fuel combustion capture
Transport
 Storage

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2) Carbon capture and storage (CCS)

Capture CO2

Transportation

Injection into
wells

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CCS PROCESS
The image part with relationship ID rId3 was not found in the file.

29
 2) Ocean Sequestration

Dissolving CO2 at mid depths

Inserting liquid CO2 at depth>3km so that

liquid CO2 is densier than sea water.

Salah CO2 injection, Algeria

Examples of CCS Slipner , Snehvit CO2 injection ,Norway

Midale project , Canada

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 Some key points:-
• CCS helps in slowing down the increase of CO2
concentration in the atmosphere.

• This is a proven technology used by oil and gas

industries for many years.

• However , this a new concept and not accepted by

most laws and regulations . Favourable laws and
regulations support its commercialization.

• It invokes “moral hazard” dilemma as it does not

address efficiency and root cause of the problem
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 B) Energy Sources

1) Shift from high CO2 releasing fuel to less CO2 releasing

fuel .Example biodiesel (from vegetable oils),ethanol (a
plant-based gasoline additive).

2) Use of natural gas than oil which produce less CO2.

3) Newer technology for coal burning power plants .

32
Contd..

4) Switching away from fossils fuel energy sources.

5) Development of alternative sources of energy like solar

power , wind power ,hydrogen fuel cells .

6) Use of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) , emitting less co2

than conventional automobiles .

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 C) International Agreements

• International cooperation for reduction of greenhouse gases .

• Economic development in sustainable manner .

• Promulgation of International laws regarding climate and

sustainable manufacturing and economic development .

34
Selected examples of key sectoral mitigation
technologies
Sector Key mitigation technologies
.
Renewable heat and power (hydropower,
Energy solar, wind, geothermal and bioenergy),
CHP, CCS, advanced nuclear power.

Transport More fuel efficient vehicles, hybrid

vehicles, cleaner diesel vehicles, bio
fuels.
Industry CCS, heat and power recovery.
Efficient lighting and daylighting, efficient
Building electrical appliances and heating and
cooling devices, solar design.
Livestock and manure management to
reduce CH4 emissions, improved
Agriculture fertilizer application techniques to
reduce N2O emissions. 35
3. International Efforts to mitigate its
Problems
3.1 United Nations Framework Convention of
Climate Change

3.2 The Kyoto Protocol

3.3 Cancun Adaptation Framework

3.4 The Green Climate Fund

3.5 The Adaptation Fund

3.6 COP 17 Durban (2011), COP 18 Doha (2012)

and COP 19 Warsaw (2013)
36
3.1 United Nations Framework
Convention of Climate Change
1. What is the overall goal?
To protect the climate system for the benefit of
present and future generations of mankind.

2. What are the further objectives?

To achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system.

3. A global legal instrument (international agreement)

on the control and management of greenhouse
gases (GHG).
37
3.1 United Nations Framework
Convention of Climate Change
(Contd.)
4. Adopted in 1992, entered into force in 21st march
1994.
Status of participation: 196 countires
Affiliated instruments: Kyoto Protocol.

5. Works
 Through annual conferences of parties (COP) the
convention has established measures to address
issus of climate change.
 It provides varieties of support mechanisms
including provision of funding, insurance and
technology transfer.
38
Fig.1 The Rio Convention, also known as the “Earth Summit”
39
Source:The Koyoto Protocol History, [Link]
3.2 The Kyoto Protocol
1. Negotiated in December 1997 at the city of Kyoto,
Japan and came into force February 16th, 2005.

2. Bringing UNFCCC into action with Individual goals

for each country

3. Commited developed countries to reduce GHG

emissions by 5.2% by 2012 compared to 1990.
Note: Compared to the emissions levels that would
be expected by 2010 without the Protocol, this
target represents a 29% cut.

4. The goal is to lower emissions of six greenhouse

gases - CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs, SF6
40
 1st implementation: 2008-
2012

2nd implementation: 1/1/13-

12/31/20

Fig.2 Increased and Decreased emissions in 2003 (1990 baseline)

41
Source: ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol
3.2 The Kyoto Protocol (Contd.)
5. Mechanisms to help countries to reach their
commitments
> ETS - Emissions Trading System
> CDM - Clean Development Mechanism
> JI - Join Implementation

Mechanisms Overview:

1. ETS - Emissions Trading System

 Can be used supplementary actions to meet
reduction commitments.
 One AAU (Assigned Amount Units) represents
the tradable unit.

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3.2 The Kyoto Protocol (Contd.)

2. CDM - Clean Development Mechanism

 Allows public or private entities to invest in
greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigating activities in
developing countries.

3. JI - Joint Implementation
 Emission reduction projects implemented jointly
between developed countries and transition
economies.

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 3.2 The Kyoto Protocol (Contd.)

Limitations of CO2 emissions in

developed countries

4 options for companies

1. Pay expensive 2. Carry out 3. Buy emissions 4. Carry out carbon

fines. carbon credits on the reduction through
reduction through CO2 market technology transfers
processes (ETS). in CDM or JI
improvement. project.

Source: ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol 44

3.2 The Kyoto Protocol Sectors:
1. Energy supply (24 to 48% of total GHG)
 Fuel combustion (energy production,
manufacturing, transport, etc.)

2. Industrial processes (5 to 36% of total GHG)

 Production (metal production, mineral products,
chemical industry etc.)

3. Waste management (primarily CH4)

 Solid waste disposal on land, incineration,
wastewater handling etc.

4. Land use (0.3 to 9% of total GHG)

 Agriculture (prescribed burning of savannas,
field burning of agricultural residues, etc.)
45
The Kyoto Protocol finally came into
effect 7 years after it was first
negotiated with the signature of Russia
ratifying the document

Fig.3 The Koyoto Protocol History

46
Source:The Koyoto Protocol History, [Link]
3.3 Cancun Adaptation Framework
1. The COP 16 established the Cancun Adaptation
Framework −Adaptation to be addressed with the
same level of priority as mitigation

2. Principles:

 Follow a country-driven, gender-sensitive

participatory and fully transparent approach
 Based on and guided by the best available science
and, as appropriate, traditional and indigenous
knowledge
 Integrate adaptation into relevant social, economic
and environmental policies and actions

47
 CO2 concentration, temperature, and sea level
continue to rise long after emissions are reduced
Fig.3 Long term effect of CO2 concentration
48
Source: ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol
3.3 Cancun Adaptation Framework
(contd.)
3. Key goals include

 Enhance action on adaptation through international

cooperation and coherent consideration of matters
relating to adaptation
 Planning, prioritizing and implementing adaptation
plans like National Adaptation Programme of
Action (NAPA)
 Building reliance of socioeconomies and ecological
systems in most vulnerable i.e. developing
countries
 Enhance climate change related disaster risk
reduction strategies
49
Fig.4: Nepal and NAPA
Source : [Link], Nepal holds cabinate meeting at Mt. Everest, Dec. 4 2009 and50
: [Link], NAPA launched, Nov 4, 2010
3.4 The Green Climate Fund
1. Objective: Paradigm shift towards low-emission
and climate-resilient development pathways by
providing support to developing countries to limit
or reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and to
adapt to the impacts of climate change.

2. Established at Cancun agreement COP 16 in 2010

and made operational at COP17 in Durban 2011

3. It prioritizes financing mechanisms by which the

developed countries can support projects (CDM),
programmes, policies and other activities related
to adaptation and mitigation measures

51
3.4 The Green Climate Fund

4. It includes:

 The Adaptation Fund

 The Global Environment Facility (GEF) Trust Fund
 The GEF managed Least Developed Countries
Fund (LDCF)
 The GEF managed Special Climate Change Fund
(SCCF)

52
 3.5 The Green Climate Fund

Fig.5 Clean sources of Energy

53
Source: Presentation on Private Sector Projects,GFC
3.5 The Adaptation Fund
1. Set up under the of the Green Climate Fund of
UNFCCC

2. Goal: To address the unequal positions between

the developed and the developing countries by
supporting the adaptation programmes and
projects in developing countries

3. Financed from Clean Development Mechanism

(CDM) project activities and other sources of
funding. Primarily the donations come from
developed countries

4. Operational procedures development 2008-09 and

fully operational in 2010.
54
 January 2011: launch of first project
Fig.3 AFB Project Cycle

55
Source: Presentation on AF Project Cycle and Approval Process, Saly, Senegal, 2011
3.6 COP 17 Durban (2011), COP 18
Doha (2012) and COP 19 Warsaw
(2013)…COP 23 Bonn (2017)

1. It addressed climate change in developing

countries require building low-carbon society to
support sustainable development based on
innovative.

2. Discussion on deadlock on agriculture including

how to improve soil fertility, creation of better
livestock management systems.

3. COP established the Warsaw International

Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with
Climate Change Impacts
56
3.6 COP 17 Durban (2011), COP 18
Doha (2012) and COP 19 Warsaw
(2013))…COP 23 Bonn (2017)

4. The Loss and Damage Mechanism will:

 Facilitate support of actions to address loss and

damage
 Improve coordination of the relevant work of
existing bodies under the Convention
 Convene meetings of relevant experts and
stakeholders
 Promote the development of, and compile,
analyse, synthesize and review information
 Provide technical guidance and support
57
Biogas
 A production made from the fermentation of
biodegradable materials such as sewage, manure,
waste water from live stock farms and industrial
plants.
 Biogas is a renewable energy.

Components of Biogas
Component Percentage
Methane (CH4) 50-70
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 30-40
Hydrogen (H2 ) 5-10
Nitrogen (N2) 1-2
Water Vapour 00.3
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) traces

58
Salient Features of Biogas

Specific gravity 0.55

Critical temperature 82.5⁰C
Pressure for liquidation 500 psi
Digestion temperature 20⁰C-35⁰C
pH 6-7
Retentation period 40-100 days
Air requirement for 9.33
combustion(m3/m3)
Energy content 6 kWh/m3
Ignition temperature 650⁰C

Source: NBPA

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60
61
Biogas can be used to

 Generate electricity and heat.

 Fuel vehicles (highly pure only).
 Organic fertilizer(fully digested output of plant).

Advantages

1. Positive impact on deforestation.

2. Improvements in the living and health standards.
3. End-products are non-polluting and cheap.
4. System pays itself.
5. Decentralized power generation.
6. Better hygienic conditions.
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63
Risk associated with biogas

 Potential for gas leaks, tires and

explosions.
 Compressed biogas can become corrosive
to metals.
 Maintain positive pressure in the system.
 Difficult to use on a large scale.

Safety measures for biogas plants

 Regularly check the whole system for leaks.

 Provide ventilation around all gas lines.
 Maintain positive pressure in the system.

64
• Introduced in 1974/1975 by United Missions to
Nepal.

• In 1977, Agriculture Development Bank and

UMN, Gobar Gas Company was founded.

• Jan 6, 2018-Envipower Energy and Fertilisers Pvt

Ltd, Nepal’s first-ever biogas plant commercially
producing bottled compressed natural gas (CNG)
has begun operations.

65
66
67
Organic Farming
• An agricultural method in which vegetables and farm
animals are produced using natural sources of nutrients
like: manure , compost , crop residue,etc.
• Natural methods of weed and crop control are
implemented instead of artificial synthetic or inorganic
agrochemicals and fertilizers.
• Also known as low input farming.

Need of Organic Farming

 Use of high input has reached the
plateau.
 A natural balance needs to be maintained.
 Green Revolution.
68
69
70
Characteristics
• Protecting the long term fertility of soils by maintaining
organic matter levels and encouraging soil biological
activity.
• Providing crop nutrients indirectly using relatively insoluble
nutrient sources which are made available to the plant by
the action of soil micro-organisms.
• Nitrogen self-sufficiency through the use of legumes and
biological nitrogen fixation, as well as effective recycling of
organic materials including crop residues and livestock
manures.
• Weed, disease and pest control relying primarily on crop
rotations, natural predators, diversity, organic manuring,
resistant varieties and limited (preferably minimal) thermal,
biological and chemical intervention.

71
72
Advantages

 Keeps and build good soil structure and fertility.

 Control pests, diseases and weeds.

 Long-term benefits to people.

 Produce nutritious food.

 Decrease water and soil pollution.

73
 6.5 Deforestation and Its Consequences
 FOREST – land spanning more than 0.5ha with trees
higher than 5m & canopy cover of more than 10% or
trees able to reach these thresholds in situ – FAO,2006
 Deforestation - Conversion of forest to an alternative
permanent non-forested land use such as agriculture,
grazing or urban development – Van Krooten and Bulte,
2000
 A concern for developing countries of tropics (Myers,
1994) as it is shrinking areas of the tropical forests
(Barraclough and Ghimire, 2000) causing loss of
biodiversity and enhancing the greenhouse effect
(Angelsen et al., 1999)

74
 Deforestation Facts
• Original forest cover estimated – approx. 6 billion hectares
(Bryant et al., 1997)

• Present forest cover – 30% of World’s land area ~ 3.9

billion hectares (National Geographic)

• Earth loses 18.7 million acres of forest each year ~ 27

football fields/min (World Wildlife Fund, WWF). At this
rate, NO MORE RAINFOREST in 100 years

• In 2016, Global tree cover loss reached a record of 73.4

million acres (29.7 million hectares) - University of
Maryland 75
 Contd…
• Deforestation is the 2nd largest Anthropogenic (human-
caused) source of CO-2 to the atmosphere (after fossil fuel
combustion)
• 1.5 billion tons of CO-2 - released into the atmosphere
every year
• 15% of all Green house gas emissions come form
deforestation- WWF
• Habitat Loss - a main threat to 85% of all species
described in the IUCN's Red List (species officially
classified as "Threatened" and "Endangered")
• Palm Oil plantation – a major reason for deforestation in
Malaysia and Indonesia – threatened the survival of
Orangutans in the region
76
 What About Nepal ?
 Trend of deforestation throughout the years since 1960s –
DFRS 1999a
Change in Forest and Shrub Cover
Year
Type 1966 1978-1979 1985-1986 1994
Forest 45 38 37.4 29
Shrub - 4.7 4.8 10.6
Total - 42.7 42.2 39.6

 Highest rate of deforestation – from 1947 to 1980 @ 2.7%

p.a. ( 57% to 23% Forest Cover)
 From 1980 to 2000 @ 1.8% p.a. – UNEP,2001
 Recent study by DFRS, 2015 shows Nepal Forest Cover at
40.36% of total area ( 5.96 million ha )
77
Causes of Deforestation

78
 Contd…
Agriculture/Expansion of Farming Land
Clearing of forests for growing the crops
A major cause of deforestation throughout the World and
also in Nepal

79
 Contd…
Logging and Fuel Wood
• Over- harvesting of wood as fuel for domestic as well as
industrial and commercial purposes
• Logging of wood required for paper, match-sticks, furniture
etc.
• 2.6 billion people today still use biomass—mainly wood
and charcoal—for cooking
• To meet the fuel requirements, industries resort to illegal
logging of timber

80
 Contd…
Overgrazing
The image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file.

Associated with livestock

Between 1985 – 1998, 20% rise in number of livestock

like cattle, sheep, goats, pigs) despite constant grazing
area

Raut (1997/1998) – about 10% of fodder comes from

forest

81
 Contd…
Fire
Each year, fire lead to huge loss in forest throughout the
world
Both natural fire and fire due to humans for clearing forest
area for agriculture and other land use
An avg. of 19.8 million ha or 1% of all forest is significantly
affected each year by forest fires – Anon., 2010
Mining
Mining require fuel in large amount which is usually met
through wood
Guyana – 2.77 times increase in deforestation rate due to
mining – WWF, 2010
82
 Contd…
Urbanization and Infrastructural Development
Vast stretches of forest are destroyed each year for
acquiring urban land and for infrastructural development
Mechi-Mahakali Electric Railway – permission to cut
11,123 trees has been sought by DoR
Similarly, for construction of roads, irrigation works and
other developmental works, trees are cut down
Between 1986-1999, 0.155 million ha of forest area were
consumed for settlement, institutional buildings, roads,
agriculture – DFRS,1999a
Fig: Civil Work for Railway in Terai

83
 Contd…
Illegal timber harvesting and trade
Though commercial logging is banned in Nepal, timber
smuggling is being done by influential people in an
organized manner
Timber smuggling along Nepal-India border has led to
deforestation in Nepal, which is also a trend along Nepal-
China border
Trees worth Rs. 10m ‘illegally cut down’ in Morang forest-
May 16, 2018 (Kathmandu Post)

Fig: Timber
Fig: IllegalCut downSmuggling
Timber in MoranginForest
Himalayas

8
4
 Contd…
• Tourism : hotels along the trekking routes
• Political and Non-political Use and Misuse of forest
• Cultural use
Cultural practice of fixing flag poles in foreyard in the
Mountainous region
Hundreds of immature poles of Conifers with clear boles are
cut for this purpose
• Forest policy
• Air Pollution
• Wars
• Natural Calamities

85
 Impacts of Deforestation
• Climate Change
Deforestation affects wind flows, water vapor flows and
absorption of solar energy – local and global climate
influenced
Water cycle and weather patterns are disrupted
Increases the concentration of CO-2 (greenhouse gas)
in the atmosphere
Increased CO-2 concentration causes rise in
temperature, melting of polar ice caps
About 300 billion tons of Carbon, 40 times the annual
greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels is stored in
trees
Almost 1.054 billion tons of Carbon is contained in
Nepal’s Forest
86
 Contd…
• Decreased Biodiversity, habitat loss and conflicts

Around 80% of World’s documented species can be

found in tropical rainforest
Deforestation leads to loss of flora and fauna
worldwide
Palm Oil Plantation in Malaysia and Indonesia –
habitat loss of Orangutan
Deforestation
News of conflictsConversion
involving to
Elephant Habitat loss of
is frequently
of existing
heard – due to forest Palm Oil
encroachment by locals – loss of
Orangutans
forest Plantation
crops, property and even human life
• Water resources in the deforestation areas dry up
causing scarcity of water
87
 Contd…
• Social consequences
Loss of ecological services provided by forest such as
erosion prevention, flood control, water treatment,
fisheries protection and pollination function - important
to poor people who rely on natural resources for
everyday survival
Many native tribes live in the rainforests of the world.
Destruction of rainforest - destruction of these peoples'
homes and way of life

• Quality of life
Reduction of drinking water quality
Green environment is affected
88
Contd…

• Soil erosion and landslides

• Economic losses

• Oceanic acidification
Oceans become more acidic when more carbon
dioxide is present killing off many species of plant
and animal life.

89
 Mitigation Measures
• Reduce population growth and increase per capita income
• Increase the area and standard of management of
protected areas
• Increase the area of forest permanently reserved for timber
production
• Increase the perceived and actual value of forests
• Promote sustainable management
• Encouraging substitutes
• Strengthen government and non-government institutions
and policies

90
 Contd…

• Paraguay, for example, reduced the rate of deforestation in

their country by 85% in the years just following enactment
of its 2004 Zero Deforestation Law

• Bonn Challenge—a global effort to restore 150 million

hectares of the world’s deforested and degraded lands by
2020 and 350 million hectares by 2030—would capture
about a sixth of the carbon necessary to close the
emissions gap

91
 Contd…

• Participatory forest management and rights

• Improve the information base and monitoring

• Increase investment in research, education and extension

• Policy, legislative and regulatory measures – enforcement

and compliance

92
Well, It Isn’t

93
 6.6 Importance of National Parks,
Conservation Areas and Forestation programs
in Nepal
• What are National Park and
Conservation Areas ?
• National Parks and
Conservation Areas in Nepal
• What is Forestation Program ?
• What are they needed?

Image: Landscape in Makalu Barun National Park

94
National parks
• an area of special scenic, historical, or
scientific importance.
• Park in use for conservation purposes.
• Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-
natural, or developed land. Image: Chitwan national park

• set aside and maintained by a national government.

Image: Shey Phoksundo National Park – 3,555 km2 95

Conservation Areas
• Locations which receive protection because of their
recognized natural , ecological or cultural values.
• essential for biodiversity conservation, often providing
habitat and protection from hunting for threatened
and endangered species.

Image: Annapurna Conservation Area Image : Flora and Faunas 96

 • 10 national parks
• 6 conservation areas
• 3 wild life reserve

Source: [Link]

97
Need Of National parks & Conservation areas
• Help protect the natural environment
including native plants and animals
• Peoples’ enjoyment and recreation.
• Economic value: to attract tourists,
visitors spending in the nearby towns.

98
• Maintaining a healthy environment
• Protect river and water catchments
• Protect signs of human history
• Therapeutic recreation
• Preserving public lands
• Leisure activities in parks improve moods , reduce stress and
enhance a sense of wellness.
• Sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets
• Parks preserve critical wildlife habitat.
• Intrinsic value and for future generations to enjoy and learn
from.
99
Forestation Program

• Forestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees

in an area where there was no previous tree cover.

• Many government and non-

governmental organizations
directly engage in programs
of afforestation

100
Importance of Forestation Program
• Afforestation program maintain forest resources and wildlife
resources in a long run
• Pleasant climate with adequate rainfall.
• Availability of ground water resources.

101
• to create forests, increase carbon capture and carbon
sequestration, and
• help to anthropogenically improve biodiversity.
• Balance in the cycle of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 102
REFERENCES

1. Chaudhary, R. P., 2015. Deforestation in Nepal:

Causes, Consequences and Responses, Hazards
and Disaster Series.
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]

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