Introduction Description of Human Cancer Cells Difference between healthy and cancer cells Cancer cell division Causes of Cancer Cancer types- Symptoms, Prevention Cancer Treatment Acknowledgement BibliographyIntroduction Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolanged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans. These diseases are characterized by a cellular malfunction, Healthy cells are programmed to ‘know what to do and when to do it’. Cancerous cells do not have this programming and therefore replicate and grow out of control. Cancerous cells in together are called Neoplasm.Neoplasm HUMAN CANCER CELLS Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells. Cancer cells have distinguishing histological features visible under the microscope. The nucleus is often large and irregular, and the cytoplasm may also display abnormalities. The shape, size, protein composition, and texture of the nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The nucleus may acquire grooves, falds or indentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and the nucleolus can become enlarged. Different combinations of abnormalities are characteristic of different cancer types, to the extent that nuclear appearance can be used as a marker in cancer diagnostics and staging.Cancer ceil formation Cancer celi multiplication DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Normal AND CANCER CELLS Normal! Celis Cancer Cells Cell Reproduction Cell reproduction is needed to replenish the cell population that ages or becomes damaged or destroyed. Normal cells reproduce properly. These cells may have gene mutations or chromosome mutations that affect the reproductive properties of the cells. They don’t experience biological aging and maintain their ability to replicate and grow Cell_Cominunication Cells communicate with other cells through chemical signals, These signals help normal cells to know when to reproduce and when to stop reproducing. Cell signals are usually transmitted into a cell by specific proteins. Cancer cells lose the ability ta communicate with other cells through chemical signals, They also lose Sensitivity to anti-growth signals from surrounding cells. These signals normally restrict cellular growth. Gell Specialization Normal cells have the ability to differentiate or develop into specialized cells. For example, cells can develop into heart cells, brain cells, lung ceils or any other cell of a specific type Cancer cells are unspecialized and do not develop into cells of a specific type. Similar to stem cells, cancer cells proliferate or replicate many times, for long periods of time. Cell DeathNormal cells have the ability to self destruct when they became damaged or diseased. Cells break down and are disposed of by white blood cells. When the genes in a normal cell are damaged beyond repair, certain DNA checking mechanisms signal for cell destruction. Morphological DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Normal AND CANCER CELLS Normal Cells Cancer Cells Large cytoplasm Single nucleus Small cytoplasm Multiple nuclei Single nucleolus Multiple and large nucleoliFine chromatin Coarse chromatin CANCER CELL DIVISION Ceil division is a normal process used by the body for growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to build new tissue, or to replace cells that have died as. a result of ageing or damage. Heaithy ceils stop dividing when there is no longer a need for more daughter celis, but cancer cells continue to produce copies. Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes can cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on the system, such as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As a mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a tumor. (Gncer DevelopmentTumor formation Cancer Development Four Basic Stages of Cancer ‘enough felt asa lump Cellwith Cancer cells genetic MicroscopicDifferentiating between normal cell division and cancer cell division Causes of CANCER ¢ Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. @ Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol. @ Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants, @ In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis € and human papillomavirus (HPV). @ Approximately 5-10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents. These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops.Causes of Cancer %, z i wy Tynes of cancer and toms Most Common types of Cancer: + Lung Cancer A cancer that begins in the lungs and mest often occurs in people who smoke. Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain, Wheezing and weight loss. Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work, Eat diet full of fruits and vegetables, Exercise most days of the week. + Breast Cancer Acancer that forms in the cells of breasts. Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort, inverted nipple, lump formation nearbreasts. Prevention- Keep weight in check and be physically fit. Avoid alcohol and smoking. Avoid birth control pills and regular screening, Avoid post-menopausal hormones. + Prostate Cancer A cancer ina man's prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid. Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and semen. Pain in the hips, pelvis, spine or upper leg. Pain or discomfort during ejaculation. Prevention- Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy anda Balanced diet. Ensuring regular ejaculation. Having green tea regularly. + Throat Cancer Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice box, the vocal cards, and other parts of the throat, such as the tonsils and oropharynx. Symptoms: Respiratory symptoms like coughing, Blood wheezing, or shortness of breath, weight loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice, ‘Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness swollen lymphnodes in the neck, difficulty in swallowing. Prevention: Don't smoke, check for radon at home, regular exercise; eat variety of fruits and vegetables, limit the intake of alcohol, have a cup of green Lung Cancer Breast CancerProstate Cancer Throat Cancer CANCER TREATMENT Cancer can be treated in the following ways: * Surgery Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which a surgeon removes cancer from the patient's body. + Radiation Therapy It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. + ChemotherapyIt is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. + Immunotherapy It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer. neer treatment Acknowledgement T would like to express my thanks of gratitude to our Principal [Link] Raj sir for giving me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “Cancer Biology” which has helped me in doing a lot of research,IT would extend my heartiest thanks to my Biology teacher Mrs. Praneetha Dugar ma'am for providing me with all the support I required at all times. I would like to gratefully thank my parents for providing me with all the facilities and a favourable environment at home. T would alse thank my friends who have given me support and helped me in finalizing the project in the given time frame. THANK YOU BIBLIOGRAPHY [Link] [Link] [Link][Link] [Link] [Link] www. [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]