CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION 1.1
MOTIVATION Cultural property management is entrusted with the responsibility of protecting
and preserving an institution's buildings, collections, operations and occupants. Constant
attention is required to minimize adverse impact due to climate, pollution, theft, vandalism,
insects, mold and fire. Because of the speed and totality of the destructive forces of fire, it
constitutes one of the more serious threats. Vandalized or environmentally damaged structures
can be repaired and stolen objects recovered. Items destroyed by fire, however, are gone
forever. An uncontrolled fire can obliterate an entire room's contents within a few minutes and
completely burn out a building in a couple of hours. Hence it has become very necessary to
control and cease the fire to protect the Life and costlier things. For that we purposed to design
and fabricate the fire-fighting robot. Autonomous robots can act on their own, independent of
any controller. The basic idea is to program the robot to respond in a certain way to outside
stimuli. The very simple bump-and-go robot is a good illustration of how this works. This sort of
robot has a sensor to detect obstacles. When you turn the robot on, it zips along in a straight
line. When it finally hits an obstacle, the impact is on sensors, i.e, sansors may get damaged.
Using Ultrasonic sensor and programming logic, the robot is guided to turn right and move
forward again, when the robot finds an obstacle in its way. In this way, the robot changes
direction any time it encounters an obstacle. Advanced robots use more elaborate versions of
this same idea. Roboticists create new programs and sensor systems ,to make robots more
smarter and more perceptive. Today, robots can effectively navigate in a variety of
environments. 1.2 PROJECT OVERVIEW The project is designed to develop a fire fighting robot
using Arduino uno . The robotic vehicle is loaded with water pump which is controlled by
servos. An ATMega 328 microcontroller is used for the desired operation. At the transmitting
end using commands are sent to the receiver to control the movement of the robot either to
move forward, and Department of ECE, VBIT 1 Arduino based fire fighting robot left or right
etc. At the receiving end tow motors are interfaced to the microcontroller where two of them
are used for the movement of the vehicle and the one to position the robot. The ultrasonic
sensor adequate range with obstacle detection, while the receiver driver module used to drive
DC motors via motor driver IC for necessary work. A water tank along with water pump is
mounted on the robot body and its operation is carried out from the microcontroller output
through appropriate command from the transmitting end. The whole operation is controlled by
an ATmega 328 microcontroller. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the microcontroller through
which the controller drives the motors,three ir flame sensors are fixed on robot chassis to sense
the fire and to reach the destination to putoff the fire. 1.3 COMPONENTS OVERVIEW This
system uses the following components. 1.3.1 Microcontroller Microcontroller can be described
as a computer embedded on a rather small circuit board. To describe the function of a
microcontroller more precisely it is a single chip that can perform various calculations and task
and send/receive signals from other devices via the available pins. Precisely what tasks and
communication with the world it does, is what is governed by what instructions we give to the
Microcontroller. It is this job of telling the chip what to do, is what we refer to as programming
on it. However, the microcontroller by itself, cannot accomplish much, it needs several external
inputs, power, for one, a steady clock signal, for another. Also, the job of programming it has to
be accomplished by an external circuit. So typically, a microcontroller is used along with a circuit
which provides these things to it; this combination is called a microcontroller board. The
Arduino Uno that you have received is one such microcontroller board. The actual
microcontroller at its heart is the chip called Atmega328. The advantages that Arduino offers
over other microcontroller boards are largely in terms of reliability of the circuit hardware as
well as the ease of programming and using it.