Notes on the Nervous System
Overview:
The nervous system connects all parts of the body and regulates responses
to internal and external stimuli. It consists of specialized cells, tissues, and
organs working in coordination.
Major Divisions of the Nervous System:
1. Central Nervous System (CNS):
Components:
Brain:
Cerebrum: Controls thought and activity.
Cerebellum: Maintains balance, posture, and coordination.
Brainstem: Regulates automatic functions (e.g., breathing, heart rate).
Spinal Cord: Transmits signals between the brain and body and manages
reflexes.
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects CNS to limbs and organs.
Divisions:
Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements.
Autonomic Nervous System: Manages involuntary functions.
Sympathetic System: Activates “fight or flight” response.
Parasympathetic System: Promotes “rest and digest” state.
Structure of a Neuron:
Components:
Cell Body: Contains the nucleus.
Dendrites: Carry impulses toward the cell body.
Axons: Carry impulses away from the cell body.
Synapse: Gap between neurons where neurotransmitters transfer signals.
Functions:
Nerve Impulses:
Carried as electrochemical signals along neurons.
Neurotransmitters bridge the synapse to stimulate adjacent neurons or
muscles.
Sensory Neurons: Transmit signals from receptors to CNS.
Motor Neurons: Send commands from CNS to muscles or organs.
Notes on the Endocrine System
Overview:
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into
the bloodstream. These hormones regulate growth, metabolism, mood, and
reproduction.
Functions of the Endocrine System:
1. Regulates long-term bodily processes like:
Growth and development.
Metabolism.
Reproductive functions.
Mood regulation.
2. Works with the nervous system for maintaining homeostasis but
operates slower as it relies on hormones.
Major Glands and Their Functions:
Feedback Mechanisms:
Hormonal production is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms to
maintain balance.
Example: High levels of one hormone can inhibit further production (e.g.,
thyroid hormones regulating pituitary release of TSH).
Notes on the Reproductive System
Overview:
The reproductive system is responsible for producing gametes (sperm and
egg cells) and supporting the development of offspring.
Male Reproductive System:
Female Reproductive System:
Role of Hormones in Reproduction:
Male:
Testosterone: Regulates sperm production and male secondary sexual
characteristics.
Female:
Estrogen and Progesterone: Regulate the menstrual cycle, prepare the uterus
for pregnancy, and support fetal development.
The Menstrual Cycle:
Average length: 28 days.
Phases:
1. Follicular Phase: Egg matures; estrogen levels rise.
2. Ovulation: Release of the mature egg (Day 14).
3. Luteal Phase: Uterus prepares for potential pregnancy.
4. Menstruation: Shedding of the uterine lining if no fertilization occurs.