English for Academic and

Professional Purposes
author has in the topic he or she is writing.
Module 1: Differentiating 9. Explicit – means that the information should
be precise and clear.
Language Used in Academic Academic Writing is a kind of writing that can
Texts from Various be used in academia or school. It has a process
that starts with posing a question,
Disciplines
Language Used in Academic Text from conceptualizing a problem, evaluating an
Various Disciplines opinion and ends in answering a question posed,
clarifying a problem or arguing for a stand. The
Writing is one of the Four Macro Skills that a
specific purposes of academic writing are to
student should possess. It is one of the media of
inform, to persuade and to argue that address
communication in order for us to pass
specific audience or the teacher. To inform
information to people. One of these writings that
means supplementing a lot of information about
a student should know is Academic Writing. In
the topic. To persuade means having the
this module you as a student will learn Academic
credibility to make your audience or readers
Writing and the language that should be used in
believe in you. To argue means making your
writing academic text.
readers or audience respond on the information
Let us define key terms you will meet in this you are telling them.
discussion. Academic writing also requires formal
language or word that does not contain
Academic Writing - is a kind of writing that can colloquial or jargon words. It usually uses
be used in academia or school. layman’s term or the term that is easy to
1. Subject – pertains to the topic of the text. understand. It avoids the use of hifalutin words
2. Tone – pertains to the attitude of the or words that have deep meaning. Academic
writer about the text. It can be writing is all about thinking:
distinguished through the words used by the ✓ It follows certain rules and standards.
author. ✓ Language to be used in writing academic
3. Purpose – is information that an author text should be formal.
wants to imply to the reader. ✓ Audience should be first taken into
4. Language – are the words used by the consideration.
author in writing an academic text.
Academic writing requires formal language. What is Jargon?
5. Audience – pertains to the reader in writing.
Layman’s Terms are simple language that
6. Point of View – refers to how the writer tells
anyone can understand. However, among
the information in the reading text.
the natural sciences and technical fields,
An academic text is always in the third person
specific terminologies of those disciplines
point of view.
are used; and, these words are classified as
7. Style – refers to how the author arranges his
jargon. Jargon is defined as special words
or her writing.
or expressions that are used by particular
8. Knowledge – is the amount of information
profession or group that are difficult for
that an author knows about his or
others to understand.
her topic. The reader is the one who can
distinguish how much knowledge an
Types of Writing Styles novels/novellas, poetry (specifically, epic sagas
There are four main types of writing: or poems), short stories, and anecdotes
expository, descriptive, persuasive and
narrative. Each of these writing styles is used
for a specific purpose. A single text may include Module 2: Using Knowledge
more than one writing styles.
of Text Structure to Glean
Expository. This means that the author is trying
to explain a concept, imparting information to Information
the audience. It is not subjective but rather
(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-4)
focuses on facts that are supported by evidence.
Examples of Expository Writing: Using Knowledge of Text Structure to
•textbooks Glean Information Text Structure
•articles • recipes
Every student should understand that a text
•news stories (not editorials or op-eds) should present its details and main ideas. Text
•business, technical or scientific writing structure helps them to organize a written text,
giving its cause and effect, or its different views.
Descriptive Writing. Descriptive style means Text structure refers to organization of
painting a picture of a person, place, or thing information in a passage.
through words. It is often found in fiction, though
it can make an appearance to non-fiction as well Common Types of Text Structure
Memoirs, first-hand accounts, and events or Spatial or Description gives a reader a
travel guides are examples of descriptive detailed feature that creates a picture on his/her
writing. The author might employ metaphor or mind about a topic. Spatial organization is when
other literary devices in order to describe the information in a passage is organized in order of
author’s impressions using their five senses. space or location. Spatial organization can also
be called as descriptive writing. If you are about
Persuasive Writing. It is the main style of to describe how something looks, you are
writing you will use in academic papers. When describing it spatially. It can also be used in
an author writes in a persuasive style, he/she is fiction and non-fiction. Even if narration style of
trying to convince the audience of a position or writing is usually arranged chronologically, if the
belief. Persuasive writing contains the author’s author is describing a setting of a certain scene,
opinions and biases, as well as justifications or the author is describing it spatially.
reasons given by the author as evidence of the
Example: Volcanoes can be a source of fear
correctness of their position. Any
and destruction. Even though volcanoes are like
“argumentative” essay you write in school
pressure valve in the inner earth, they are very
should be in the persuasive style of writing. The
beautiful sights. One of the parts of the
examples of persuasive writing include cover volcanoes that cannot be seen all the time is its
letters, op-eds and editorial newspaper articles, magma chamber. It is beneath the earth’s
reviews of items, letters of complaint, bedrock and is very hot. Conduit is the one that
advertisements, and letters of recommendation. runs from the magma chamber to the crater,
which can be seen at the top of the volcano. The
Narrative Writing. Narrative writing is used in
crater is where the magma exits. Volcanoes are
almost every longer piece of writing, whether very scenic yet very dangerous.
fiction or non-fiction. When an author writes in a
narrative style, he/she is not just trying to Cause and Effect presents the relationship
convey information, rather tries to construct and between specific events, ideas, or concepts.
communicate a story, complete with characters, Cause and effect is one way of organizing
conflict and settings. The examples of narrative information in a text. It explains reasons why
writing include oral histories, something happened.

It can be ordered as cause to effect or vice

versa.
It is generally used in expository and
persuasive
writing modes. It can be cause to effect wherein distinct stench while mangoes have sweet smell,
it explains why something happened and the but both fruits are delicious.
effect of it. It can be also effect to cause wherein
it explains the result of things that happened Chronological order explains a text by the
and its reasons. This structure is commonly time an event occurs. Chrono means time and
used, most of the time writers do not notice that logic means order. The events occur along a
they use this kind of text structure. timeline even if the author uses flashbacks, or
flash forwards. All stories are organized
Example: Many people think that they can chronologically, therefore, every story has a
acquire illness by going into cold weather beginning, middle, and end. Non-fiction stories
improperly dressed. However, illnesses are not organized chronologically usually contain dates
caused by temperature. They are caused by while fiction passages or narratives usually have
germs. So, trembling outside in the cold no dates. A narrative or story is a journey
probably won’t strengthen your immune system, through time, and all of the events are arranged
but you are more likely to acquire illness in order of time. Stories require the passage of
outdoors because you will greatly be exposed to time. Sometimes, time will stop in a narrative.
germs. Certain passages in a story may focus on
In the previous example, the paragraph explains describing scenery or spaces, and use a
how germs cause illnesses. The germs are the descriptive or spatial method of organization.
cause in the paragraph and the illness is the The conflict of a story may be discussed in terms
effect. of problem and solution or cause and effect, but
the text in a story is still mainly organized
These are the signal words that may indicate chronologically.
that information in a paragraph is organized as
cause and effect: because, as a result, resulted, Example: This morning was pretty crazy. I woke
caused, affected, since, due to, effect. up really late because of wrong setting of my
alarm. It was set PM instead of AM. I just wore
Comparison and Contrast gives the any clothes and ran out the door. I rode my bike
similarities and differences between two or more as fast as I could with the thought that I was
people, events, concepts, ideas, and the like. going to be late for sure, but when I got there
everyone was outside and there were fire trucks
Comparison and Contrast is a text structure or
all lined up in front of school. I guess somebody
pattern of organization that discusses
pulled the fire alarm before class started. It
similarities and differences. You should bear in
worked out though, because nobody really
mind that this kind of structure should discuss
noticed or minded that I was tardy. Problem-
both comparing (similarities) and contrasting
Solution mentions a problem or problems,
(differences). If you will only discuss comparing
identifies some possible solutions and discusses
and not contrasting, it cannot be called as
the effect of the solution.
comparing and contrasting but comparing alone
and vice versa. Problem – Solution is a pattern of organization
that explains a problem or issue and an
This pattern is generally easy to recognize.
attempted solution in the issue. This type of text
Writer who is comparing and contrasting will
is usually interchanged with cause and effect
bounce back and forth between two subjects.
type of structure but the only thing that they
Here are some signal words that may indicate
should remember is that cause and effect text
that the text is written using the compare and
structure do not offer a solution. This mentions a
contrast organizational pattern: like, unlike,
problem and then offers a solution plus the
both, neither, similar, and different.
possible effect of a solution.
Example: Mangoes and durians are both fruits. Example: Bullying has been prevalent these
They both have seeds inside of them. Each has a days. These encounters make it hard for
skin, but durian skins are thick and difficult to children to develop confidence and high self-
peel. Mango skins are thinner and peel esteem. Fortunately, bullying has been noticed
easily. Durians have and is being addressed by many sectors of
the community.
 However, these efforts are not enough. The
most effective way to stop bullying is by
nurturing and inculcating good manners and
right conduct within families. 1. Read the original passage or text very
carefully.
Module 3: Using Various 2. Highlight or underline what you take to
be the main point of the original text, or
Techniques in Summarizing make notes in the margins or on another
sheet of paper.
a Variety of Academic Texts 3. When summarizing an entire essay,
(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c- outline the writer’s argument.
5) 4. Now tell your audience what the original
A summary is a brief statement or restatement
source argued.
of main points. Summarizing a text, or distilling
its essential concepts into a paragraph or two, is 5. Ask the following framework questions:
a useful study tool as well as good writing a. What is the main idea?
practice. b. What are the crucial details
necessary for supporting the ideas?
A summary has two aims: (1) to reproduce the 6. Use key words or phrases to identify the
main idea and the key points of a text and (2) to
main points from the text.
restate these in as few words as possible. The
7. You can also summarize a reading text
main idea is what the text is about while key
by getting the main events and arranging
points are arguments or information that is used
the events in chronological order.
to support the main idea. Also, it may be
developed or elaborated with supporting details.
However, your summary should only include Example paragraph 1:
main ideas and key points, not supporting
details. Another important thing you must A typhoon is powerful, twisting hurricane. It
remember is that summaries are not a place for begins high in the air, among the winds of a
your opinions, background knowledge and giant storm cloud. People who have watched a
personal information. typhoon’s howling winds reach down from the
sky have said it’s the most frightening thing
Summaries can range in length from two they have ever seen. In some parts of the
sentences to several pages. In any case, use Philippines, these tropical storms are called
complete sentences to describe an author's cyclones.
general points to your reader. Do not quote
extensively. If you quote, use quotation marks Sentence summary: Typhoons are frightening,
and document the quotation. If you fail to powerful, twisting hurricanes sometimes called
document the quotation, even one word that the cyclones that start in giant clouds.
author used, you are plagiarizing material.
Example paragraph 2: Tornadoes are not the
Summarizing helps students learn to identify only windstorms that move through earth’s air.
key ideas of a text and ignore irrelevant Dust devils, hurricanes and typhoons all have
information. Summarizing improves students’ twisting winds. But these windstorms differ from
memory for what they read and by extension tornadoes in important ways.
comprehension. By learning and practicing how
to summarize, one can develop reading Sentences summary: Dust devils, hurricanes
comprehension and long-term retention of and typhoons also have twisting winds, but they
information. It is also an effective tool to self- are different from tornadoes.
evaluate what they understood and what they
do not.
Here are some techniques on how we summarize.
 Genres and Types of Thesis Statements
Module 4: Stating the Thesis Topic
Position
Statement of an Academic Reason
Text Argumentative essay (Making a claim)
What(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-
is a thesis statement? states the topic of your paper, your position
A thesis statement is a statement or theory on the topic, and the reasons you have for
that is put forward as a premise to be taking that position.
maintained or proved. It also tells the reader
Example: Death penalty should be implemented
what will be in the paper. It identifies and
in the judicial system in our country because of
proved the topic being discussed, or it
increasing rate of heinous crimes in the
summarizes the main point of the paper. It is a
Philippines.
1-2 sentence or about 30 to 40 words long. It is
found at the end of the introduction, and it Analytical essay implies the breaking
presents an argument to the reader. down of something into parts, or the
It is a road map that tells the reader what to discussion of something in a way that it
expect to the rest of the paper. The other parts becomes a dissection of the whole. It differs
of the paper such as body and conclusion gather from other types of essays in that its
and organize evidences that persuade the primary goal is to explain something bit by
reader the logic of interpretation. It often bit to enhance understanding.
reflects an opinion or judgment that a writer has
made about a reading or personal experience. Example: The company’s advertising campaign
for children reveals serious issues regarding the
misrepresentation of the nutritional content of
its products.
Characteristics of an Effective Thesis
Statement (Rex 2016) Expository essay is a genre of essay that
1. A strong thesis statement usually contains requires the student to investigate an idea,
an element of uncertainty, risk, or challenge, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea,
meaning that it should offer a debatable claim and set forth an argument concerning that
that can be proven or disproved in the essay. idea in a clear and concise manner. This can
2. An effective thesis statement is not just a be accomplished through comparison and
statement of fact or a description of a topic. contrast, definition, example, the analysis of
Instead, it describes for the reader what the cause and effect, etc.
particular position of the writer is on an issue,
or his/her interpretation of the significance of a Example: The typical college student of the
particular idea. twenty- first century utilizes technology in a
3. A thesis statement should not merely variety of ways, to complete academic
announce something or state a fact. Rather, it assignments, to interact socially with peers and
should give an essay tension by introducing family, and to access information.
ideas that may challenge the reader’s views.
4. It is important that a thesis statement is not
Narrative essay is telling a story. This
too general because the writer will not have essay is often anecdotal, experiential, and
enough space to cover every possible aspect personal— allowing students to express
of the thesis statement. themselves in a creative and, quite often,
Example: general idea - gadget moving ways.
narrow idea - wired Example: My positive experiences with reading
headphones and writing throughout my childhood led to an
intense interest in literary pursuits throughout
my lifetime.
 main idea. This will also create a visual picture of
Steps to Formulate a Thesis Statement what you have read.

When you write, you need to organize your

1. State your topic. ideas, in an order that makes sense. Order
Example: Regulating children’s mobile refers to your choice of what to present first,
gaming second, third, and so on, in your writing. For
2. State your opinion/main idea about example, when telling a story, it may be
this topic. This will form the heart of important to first describe the background of the
your thesis. An effective statement will setting to help your readers visualize the setting
and the scene. On what ways can you organize
express one major idea.
your writing?
Example: Parents should regulate the
amount of time their children spend on Let’s take a look at the table below:
mobile gaming. ORDER PURPOS
3. Give the strongest reason or E
assertion that Chronological ⮚ to explain the history
support your opinion. order of
Example: It is not always an event or a topic
intellectually stimulating. ⮚ to tell the story or
relate an experience
4. Give another strong reason or ⮚ to explain how to do
assertion or make something
that support your opinion. ⮚ to explain the steps in
Example: It inhibits social interaction. a
5. Give another strong assertion. process
Example: It shortens children’s Spatial Order ⮚ to help readers
visualize something as
attention span. you want them to see
6. Include an opposing viewpoint to it
your ⮚ to create main
impression using
opinion/main idea, if applicable. This senses
should be an argument for the opposing (sight, touch, taste,
view that ad mist, even if you do not smell and sound)
agree with over all view point. Order of ⮚ to persuade or
Example: Mobile gaming can be Importance convince
educational ⮚ to rank items by
their importance,
benefit, or
significance
Module 5: Outlining Why and How to Create an Outline?
Reading Texts • For research, an outline may help you keep
track of large amounts of information.
An outline is a blueprint or plan for your paper.
Outlines are in the form of a list divided into •For creative writing, an outline may help
headings and subheadings that distinguish main organize the various plot threads and help
points from supporting points to organize your
keep track of character traits.
ideas about a thesis into a logical order.

An outline is a written plan that serves as a Primary reasons for creating an outline:
skeleton for the paragraphs you write. It is a ✓ aids in the process of writing
summary that gives the essential features of the ✓ helps you organize your ideas
information that will be included in a paper, ✓ presents your material in a logical
book, speech or any other similar document. It form
shows how the parts of a text are related to one ✓ shows the relationships among
another or parts that are of equal importance, or ideas in your writing
sections that are subordinate to the
 ✓ constructs an ordered overview of
your writing
✓ defines boundaries and groups

How do I create an outline?

•Set the objective of your paper
•Know your audience
• Construct the thesis or the main idea of
your paper Afterwards…
• Brainstorm: List the ideas that are relevant
to your paper
• Organize: Group ideas related together
• Order: Arrange the material into
subsections: general to specific or abstract to
concrete.
• Label: Create main and sub- headings.

REMEMBER!

Creating an outline before writing your

paper will make your writing process
smooth. It organizes your thoughts and
arguments in detailed and in logical
manner.
The decimal outline is similar in format to
the alphanumeric outline. The added benefit
TYPES OF OUTLINE is a system of decimal notation that clearly
shows how every level of the outline relates
to the larger whole.
The most common type of outline is an [Link] topic
alphanumeric outline, or an outline that 1.1 Subtopic 1
uses letters and numbers in the following 1.2Subtopic 2
order: 1.2.1 Supporting
I. Roman Numerals Detail
A. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, etc.
B. Represent main ideas to be covered in
the paper in the order they will be
presented Note: Both topic outline and sentence outline
II. Uppercase Letters usethese two systemsofoutlining
A. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, etc.
(Alphanumericand Decimal). The only
B. Represent subtopics within each main
idea difference between topic outline and sentence outl
III. Arabic Numbers sentences.
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc.
B. Represent details or subdivisions
within subtopics
IV. Lowercase Letters
A. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, l, m, etc.
B. Represent details within subdivisions
 EXAMPLES:

Topic Outline in in Alphanumeric System

Thesis: Cigarette smoking and alcohol
beverages drinking can affect a person
economically, psychologically, and physically.

I. Economic Effects (Main Topic)

A. Cigarette Smoking (Sub-topic)
[Link] of cigarette purchase
2. Daily consumption
B. Alcoholic Beverages drinking
[Link] of cigarette purchase
2. Daily consumption

Sentence Outline in Alphanumeric

System
Thesis: Causes of Global Warming

I. Man- made pollution is the primary cause of

global warming.
There are two types of formal outline, the A. Greenhouse gas emissions are widely
(1) topic outline and (2) sentence identified by the scientific community to be
outline. harmful.
1. The burning of coal and fossil fuels are
A topic outline is the same as sentence the primary releasers of hazardous
outline except you use words or phrases greenhouse gases.
instead of complete sentences. It
summarizes the main topics and subtopics Topic Outline in Decimal System
in words and phrases to keep the outline Thesis: Cigarette smoking and alcohol
short and easier to comprehend. All the beverages drinking can affect a person
headings, however, must be written in economically, psychologically, and physically.
parallel structure, in other words, be
[Link] Effects (Main Topic)
consistent. If you use phrase, stick with the
1.1 Cigarette Smoking (Sub-
phrase until the end, do not use sentence in
Topic)
the middle of the writing.
1.1.1 Cost of Cigarette purchase
A sentence outline is the same as topic 1.1.2 Daily Consumption
outline except you use a complete 1.2Alcoholic Beverages drinking
sentences instead of words or phrases. 1.2.1. Cost of cigarette purchase
Complete sentences create clarity and can 1.2.2. Daily Consumption
advance you one step closer to a draft in
the writing process. This is commonly used
when the topic being discussed is
END OF FIRST QUARTER
complicated and requires details.