Pre Lab Document
EEP 112
Experiment 1
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Elements are either sources or components
Sources provide energy to a circuit. There are two basic types:
• Voltage source
• Current source
Components come in three basic types, each characterized by a different voltage-current relationship.
• Resistor
• Capacitor
• Inductor
Voltage Sources:
Voltage source is an active circuit element which delivers energy to the electrical circuit with a specified
terminal voltage.
Ideal voltage source
• Ideal Voltage source is independent of the current due to the absence of internal resistance it is said to an
ideal voltage source.
Practical Voltage Source:
Practically, all the voltage sources have some internal resistance in series with an ideal voltage source. Due to the
presence of the internal resistance, the voltage delivered by a practical voltage source is no more constant
Current sources:
Ideal/Practical current source:
If a current source maintains constant current for any voltage then it is called as an ideal current source.
Resistor:
The voltage across a resistor is proportional to the current flowing through it.
R, is a constant of proportionality, representing the resistance. Resistance has units of ohms, denoted by the
Greek capital Omega symbol, Ω.
Ohm's Law can be written a number of ways, all of them useful,
Active and Passive Elements
Active Components: An active component supplies energy to an electric circuit, and hence has the ability to
electrically control the flow of charge.
Examples:
Voltage Sources
Current Sources
Transistors
Diodes
Operational Amplifier
Passive Components:
“A passive component is an electronic component which does not required external source to operate in a circuit.”
It can either dissipate, absorb or store it in the form of electric field or a magnetic field. Passive elements do not
need any form of electrical power to operate. Examples:
• Resistors
• Inductors
• Capacitors
• Transformer
Resistances in Series and Parallel
The same current I will pass through resistance R1, R2 and R3. Applying Ohm’s law, it can be found that voltage
drops across the resistances will be V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2 and V3 = IR3. Now, if total voltage applied across the
combination of resistances in series, is V.
Now, if we consider the total combination of resistances as a single resistor of electric resistance value R, then
according to Ohm’s law,
Now, comparing equation (1) and (2), we getIf there were n number of resistances instead of three resistances, the
equivalent resistance will be
This combination is called resistances in parallel. If electric potential difference is applied across this
combination, then it will draw a current I (say). As this current will get three parallel paths through these hree
electrical resistances, the current will be divided into three parts. Say currents I1, I2 and I3 pass through resistor
R1, R2 and R3 respectively
Where total source currentNow, as from the figure it is clear that, each of the resistances in parallel, is connected
across the same voltage source, the voltage drops across each resistor is the same, and it is same as supply voltage V
(say).
Now, if we consider the equivalent resistance of the combination is R. Then