Vectors are orthogonal if their dot product is zero. For u = (-1, 0, 1) and v = (2, 4, 2), the dot product is calculated as (-1)(2) + (0)(4) + (1)(2) = -2 + 0 + 2 = 0. This confirms their orthogonality. The Euclidean norm of each vector is calculated separately and can show magnitude, but does not affect orthogonality directly, which depends solely on the zero dot product condition .

Vectors are orthogonal if their dot products with each other are zero. To verify orthogonality among u = (-1, 0, 1), v = (2, 4, 2), and w = (3, -3, 3), we calculate the dot products: u·v = (-1)(2) + (0)(4) + (1)(2) = 0; u·w = (-1)(3) + (0)(-3) + (1)(3) = 0; v·w = (2)(3) + (4)(-3) + (2)(3) = 6 - 12 + 6 = 0. All dot products are zero, confirming the vectors are orthogonal .

To compute 3u - 4v with vectors u = (2, -7, 1) and v = (-3, 0, 4), perform scalar multiplication on each vector first: 3u = (3*2, 3*(-7), 3*1) = (6, -21, 3) and -4v = (-4*(-3), -4*0, -4*4) = (12, 0, -16). Combine these transformed vectors by addition to get 3u - 4v = (6 + 12, -21 + 0, 3 - 16) = (18, -21, -13).

The Euclidean norm or L2 norm measures the magnitude of a vector as the square root of the sum of the squares of its components, while the 1-norm is the sum of the absolute values of its components. For the vector v = (3, 2, 1), the 1-norm is computed as |3| + |2| + |1| = 6 .

The scalar multiplication distributive property states that for a scalar k and vectors u and v, k(u + v) = ku + kv. Let u = (u1, ..., un) and v = (v1, ..., vn). Then, k(u + v) = (k(u1 + v1), ..., k(un + vn)) which expands to (ku1 + kv1, ..., kun + kvn). Separately, ku = (ku1, ..., kun) and kv = (kv1, ..., kvn). Adding these, we get (ku1 + kv1, ..., kun + kvn), which matches the expansion of k(u + v).

The Euclidean norm of a vector, also known as the L2 norm, is computed as the square root of the sum of the squares of its components. For the vector u = (-1, 0, 1), the Euclidean norm is calculated as √((-1)^2 + 0^2 + 1^2) = √(1 + 0 + 1) = √2 .

Different norms emphasize various aspects of vector geometry. The Euclidean norm (L2) provides insights into distance and length with geometric interpretations like circle or sphere predominance. The 1-norm emphasizes sums of components, highlighting features like spread and balance. Infinity-norm focuses on peaks by taking the largest component, revealing outlier influence or directionality. Each norm offers distinct dimensional reductions and structural analyses. For example, using u = (1, 2, 3) and v = (3, 2, 1), L1 reveals equal spread (u,v both sum to 6), L2 shows their relative scale and angles at √14 each, and L∞ indicates the dominating axis .

To solve a matrix equality, equate corresponding elements from both sides of the equation. For 3[x y z w] = [x 6 -1 2w] + [4 x+y z+w 3], expand both sides to get respective expressions of each element. This results in a system of equations: 3x = x + 4, 3y = 6 + (x + y), 3z = -1 + (z + w), and 3w = 2w + 3. Solve each equation step-by-step to find x, y, z, and w .

To demonstrate the associative property of vector addition in Rn, we consider vectors u = (u1, ..., un), v = (v1, ..., vn), and w = (w1, ..., wn). The associative property states that (u + v) + w = u + (v + w). Expanding both sides, we have ((u1 + v1) + w1, ..., (un + vn) + wn) = (u1 + (v1 + w1), ..., un + (vn + wn)). Since addition of real numbers is associative, each component on both sides of the equation is equal, proving the property .

Concatenating vectors tends to change the norms unless special cases apply. For the 1-norm, ∥[u, v]∥1 generally equals ∥u∥1 + ∥v∥1 because it sums all components, but this also depends on alignment or symmetry. Evaluating the statement with examples or formal proofs reveals its truth value . While calculating infinity-norm, ∥u∥∞ + ∥v∥∞ ≠ ∥[u, v]∥∞ typically because the max operation does not distribute over addition .