PHYSICS
Q1. Describe the production and propagation of sound waves. Explain how sound waves travel
through different mediums.
• Production of Sound: Sound is produced when an object vibrates. Vibrations create
compressions and rarefactions in the medium (air, water, or solid).
• Propagation: Sound travels in waves through a medium. It requires a medium (solid, liquid,
or gas) and cannot travel in a vacuum.
o Solids: Molecules are close together, so sound travels faster.
o Liquids: Medium density allows moderate speed.
o Gases: Molecules are spread out, so sound travels slower.
Q2. What is the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves? Explain with examples.
How do sound waves fall under one of these categories?
• Longitudinal Waves:
o Particles move parallel to the direction of wave propagation.
o Example: Sound waves, seismic waves.
• Transverse Waves:
o Particles move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
o Example: Light waves, waves on a string.
• Sound Waves are longitudinal waves, as particles move in the same direction as the wave.
Q3. What do you mean by the terms:
• (i) Frequency: The number of complete oscillations per second (Hz).
Example: 50 Hz means 50 oscillations per second.
• (ii) Wavelength: Distance between two consecutive points in phase (crest to crest or trough
to trough).
Example: Longer wavelength means lower pitch.
• (iii) Speed: Distance traveled by the wave per unit time (m/s).
Example: Speed of sound in air is 343 m/s.
• (iv) Amplitude: Maximum displacement of particles from their rest position.
Example: Higher amplitude means louder sound.
• (v) Pitch: Perceived highness or lowness of sound, related to frequency.
Example: A flute has higher pitch than a drum.
• (vi) Loudness: Perceived strength of sound, related to amplitude.
Example: A shout has higher loudness than a whisper.
Q4. What is the audible range of human hearing? Explain the limitations of human hearing.
• Audible Range: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz).
• Limitations:
o Infrasonic: Below 20 Hz.
o Ultrasonic: Above 20 kHz.
o Upper limit decreases with age; older adults may hear up to 15,000 Hz.
Q5. Make a list of different types of musical instruments and discuss which part of the instrument
vibrates to produce sound.
• String Instruments: Strings vibrate (e.g., guitar, violin).
• Wind Instruments: Air column inside vibrates (e.g., flute, trumpet).
• Percussion Instruments: Surface vibrates (e.g., drums, tambourine).
• Keyboard Instruments: Strings or air columns inside vibrate (e.g., piano, organ).
CHEMISTRY
Q1. Make a flow chart of the first 20 elements along with their symbol, atomic number, atomic
mass, and valency.
Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass Valency
Hydrogen H 1 1.008 1
Helium He 2 4.002 0
Lithium Li 3 6.94 1
Beryllium Be 4 9.012 2
Boron B 5 10.81 3
Carbon C 6 12.01 4
Nitrogen N 7 14.01 3
Oxygen O 8 16.00 2
Fluorine F 9 19.00 1
Neon Ne 10 20.18 0
Sodium Na 11 22.99 1
Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass Valency
Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 2
Aluminium Al 13 26.98 3
Silicon Si 14 28.09 4
Phosphorus P 15 30.97 3
Sulfur S 16 32.07 2
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 1
Argon Ar 18 39.95 0
Potassium K 19 39.10 1
Q2. Write the valencies of various monoatomic and polyatomic ions and build up the formula of
various compounds.
Monoatomic Ions and Their Valencies:
Monoatomic ions are ions formed from a single atom that has gained or lost electrons.
Ion Symbol Valency
Sodium Na⁺ 1
Chlorine Cl⁻ 1
Magnesium Mg²⁺ 2
Calcium Ca²⁺ 2
Aluminum Al³⁺ 3
Polyatomic Ions and Their Valencies:
Polyatomic ions are ions formed from multiple atoms bonded together, with an overall charge.
Ion Formula Valency
Hydroxide OH⁻ 1
Nitrate NO₃⁻ 1
Sulfate SO₄²⁻ 2
Carbonate CO₃²⁻ 2
Ion Formula Valency
Ammonium NH₄⁺ 1
Examples of Compounds Formed:
1. Sodium Chloride (NaCl):
o Formed by Na⁺ (valency 1) and Cl⁻ (valency 1).
2. Magnesium Chloride (MgCl₂):
o Formed by Mg²⁺ (valency 2) and Cl⁻ (valency 1).
3. Calcium Sulfate (CaSO₄):
o Formed by Ca²⁺ (valency 2) and SO₄²⁻ (valency 2).
4. Ammonium Nitrate (NH₄NO₃):
o Formed by NH₄⁺ (valency 1) and NO₃⁻ (valency 1).
5. Potassium Carbonate (K₂CO₃):
o Formed by K⁺ (valency 1) and CO₃²⁻ (valency 2).
Q3. Draw the diagrams depicting the discovery of electron, proton, and neutron.
• Electron: J.J. Thomson's Cathode Ray Tube experiment.
• Proton: Ernest Rutherford's Gold Foil experiment.
• Neutron: James Chadwick’s experiment.
Q4. Explain the characteristics of cathode rays and anode rays.
• Cathode Rays:
o Negatively charged particles (electrons).
o Deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
• Anode Rays:
o Positively charged particles (protons or other positive ions).
o Deflected in the opposite direction of cathode rays.
BIOLOGY
Q1. Differentiate between:
• (a) Macronutrients and Micronutrients:
Macronutrients Micronutrients
Required in large quantities. Required in small quantities.
Provides energy for the body (e.g., Do not provide energy but are essential for
carbohydrates, proteins, fats). proper functioning (e.g., vitamins, minerals).
Examples: Carbohydrates, Proteins,
Examples: Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Iron, Zinc.
Fats.
Deficiency leads to visible symptoms Deficiency leads to specific diseases (e.g.,
like weakness or fatigue. scurvy, anemia).
Major sources include grains, Major sources include fruits, vegetables, and
vegetables, meat, and dairy. fortified foods.
• (b) Manures and Fertilizers:
Manures Fertilizers
Organic substances (animal or
Chemical substances (inorganic compounds).
plant origin).
Improves soil structure and water Provides specific nutrients like nitrogen,
retention. phosphorus, and potassium.
Prepared naturally through
Manufactured chemically in factories.
decomposition.
Nutrient content is low but
High nutrient content, but may be unbalanced.
balanced.
Eco-friendly, improves soil health. Can lead to soil degradation if overused.
Q2. Write the advantages of the following:
• Vermicomposting:
• • Improves soil fertility by adding essential nutrients.
• • Eco-friendly: Reduces organic waste and prevents landfill growth.
• • Increases soil aeration and drainage.
• • Reduces chemical fertilizer use by providing organic nutrients.
• • Enhances plant growth with nutrient-rich compost.
Q3. Compare Capture Fishing, Mariculture, and Aquaculture.
Capture Fishing Mariculture Aquaculture
Catching fish from natural Cultivating marine organisms Farming aquatic organisms in
water bodies. in seawater. controlled environments.
No control over fish Controlled environment in sea Controlled ponds, tanks, or artificial
population. cages. habitats.
Includes both freshwater and marine
Fish are wild. Focuses on marine species.
species.
Dependent on fish More sustainable than Can lead to resource depletion if not
availability. capture fishing. managed.
More controlled production of Can be more sustainable with proper
May cause overfishing.
species. management.
Q4. Draw a flowchart showing various fields of animal husbandry.
• Fields of Animal Husbandry:
o Dairy farming → Poultry farming → Fish farming → Beekeeping (apiculture) →
Animal breeding.
Q5. Green revolution in the 1960s and 70s increased food production; however, it also has certain
demerits. Why?
Merits:
• Increased food production and crop yield.
• Modern agricultural techniques introduced.
• Boosted the economy and improved food security.
• Made the country self-sufficient in food production.
Demerits:
• Overuse of chemical fertilizers led to soil degradation.
• Environmental pollution from excessive pesticide use.
• Water depletion due to overuse of irrigation.
• Benefits were unevenly distributed, disadvantaging small farmers.
Q6. Draw well-labelled diagrams of the following:
• (a) Plant and Animal Cells:
o Plant cell: Contains cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole.
o Animal cell: Lacks cell wall and chloroplasts, smaller vacuole.
• (b) Structure of Neuron:
o Parts: Dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals.
• (c) Breeds of Bees used for Apiculture:
o Apis mellifera (Italian bee variety).
o Apis cerana (Indian bee)
o A. dorsata (the rock bee)
o A. florae (the little bee)