Work in Mechanics

s
Work & Heat m m
−F F −F F ∆F
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq ΣF H = 0 ΣF H = ∆F : acceleration

TikZ001
Ï if ∆F → 0 : quasi-static process
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
The product, W = Fs of force F and displacement s is defined as
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh the work done by the force F and against the force −F .
The scalar quantity, work, is defined as the scalar product of force
zahurul@[Link]
[Link] and displacement:
W =F·s
ME 203: Engineering Thermodynamics Thermodynamic work is limited to mechanical work but can be
generalized to include all forms of work (i.e. mechanical,
electrostatic, electrical, magnetic, etc.)
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 1 / 13 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 2 / 13

Thermodynamic Work & Heat

Work
is performed by a system on its surroundings during a process if the
only effect external to the system could be the raising of a weight.

Heat
is energy in transition from one body or system to another solely
because of a temperature difference between the systems.

The magnitudes of heat and work depend on the arbitrary

selection of boundaries between interacting systems. These are not
properties, and it is improper to speak of heat or work ’contained’
in a system.
Heat and work transfers are the only mechanisms by which energy
can be transferred across the boundary of a closed system.
T010
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 3 / 13 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 4 / 13
Comparison of Heat & Work An energy transfer can be heat or work, depending on system selection.

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An example of the difference between heat and work.

Heat and work are both transient phenomena. Systems never T080
T081
possess heat or work.
Both heat and work are boundary phenomena. Both are observed Energy generated in the heating Energy transfer is not caused by
only at the boundary of the system, and both represent energy element is transferred due to temperature difference between the
temperature difference between the oven and the surroundings, rather is
crossing the boundary.
heating element and the air inside caused by electrons crossing
Both heat and work are path functions and inexact differentials. oven heat interaction boundary work interaction
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 5 / 13 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 6 / 13

Work Work

Wb
General Work Expressions

Thermodynamic work is generalized to include all forms of work,

and a generalized force Fk and generalized displacement dδk can
be identified: Z P
Vi +Q
Wk = Fk dδk P

A general system could have many possible work modes, so a si Ve

general work expression is: P System
−W +W
X se
W = Ws + Wb + Wf + · · · = Wk Ws
−Q
TikZ002 TikZ003
Ws ≡ shaft work: rotary useful work
Wb ≡ boundary work: due to expansion/compression of system Flow work, Wf is associated with mass crossing the CS.
Wf ≡ flow work: interaction required for the mass to cross CS Wf ,i = −(PAi )si : as displacement against PAi
WI ≡ electrical work Wf ,e = +(PAe )se : as displacement along PAe
··· ⇒ Wf = Wf ,i + Wf ,e = −P(Vi − Ve )
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 7 / 13 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 8 / 13
 Work Work

Moving System Boundary Work

Expansion & Compression Work

P
dA

dx

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Force acting on an element dA of CS = PdA T064

Work performed as dA recedes by a distance dx = (PdA)dx −→ δW = Fdx

RR RR = PAdx
Work done = δWb = PdAdx = P dAdx = PdV
A A = ZPdV
R2
δWb = PdV ⇛ Wb = 1 PdV =⇒ W12 = PdV
dV is the change in volume represented by the volume enclosed between the
T011
full and the broken curves in figure.
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 9 / 13 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 10 / 13

Work Work

i a
2P 0

P0
b f

V0 2V0 V T067
TikZ005

 P = Patm
 Wif = 23 Po Vo Z2
Wi →f = Wia + Waf = 2Po Vo + 0 = 2Po Vo W12 = PdV = Patm (V2 − V1 )
 1
Wib + Wbf = 0 + Po V o = Po V o
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Work done by a system depends not only on the initial and final states
but also on the intermediate states =⇒ path function. P = f (V ): not specified.
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 11 / 13 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 12 / 13
 Work

Process involving a change in volume with W = 0

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Work can only be identified at the system boundary.

If gas & vacuum space is considered as system: no work is done as
no work can be identified at the system boundary.
If the gas is the system: there is a change in volume, but no
resistance at the system boundary as the volume increases, and so
no work is done in the process of filling the vacuum.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2017) 13 / 13