Senior High School
STATISTICS &
PROBABILITY
Random Variables and
Probability Distributions
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
Jumble the letters to identify the term being described in
each of the following:
Any activity which can be done repeatedly
under similar conditions
EXPERIMENT
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
Jumble the letters to identify the term being described in
each of the following:
The set of all possible outcomes in an
experiment
SAMPLE SPACE
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
Jumble the letters to identify the term being described in
each of the following:
A subset of a sample space
EVENT
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
Jumble the letters to identify the term being described in
each of the following:
The elements in a sample space
OUTCOME
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
Jumble the letters to identify the term being described in
each of the following:
The ratio of the number of favorable outcomes
to the number of possible outcomes
PROBABILITY
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
Answer the following questions as fast as you can.
1. In how many ways can two coins fall?
2. If three coins are tossed, in how many
ways can they fall?
3. In how many ways can a die fall?
4. In how many ways can two dice fall?
5. How many ways are there in tossing one
coin and rolling a die?
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
Answer the following questions as fast as you can.
1. In how many ways can two coins fall?
2. If three coins are tossed, in how many
ways can they fall?
3. In how many ways can a die fall?
4. In how many ways can two dice fall?
5. How many ways are there in tossing one
coin and rolling a die?
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
Mary Ann, Hazel,and Analyn want to know what
numbers can be assigned for the frequency of
heads that will occur in tossing three coins.
Can you help them? Thanks!
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
RANDOM VARIABLE
• a result of chance event, that you can
measure or count.
• a numerical quantity that is assigned to the
outcome of an experiment. It is a variable
that assumes numerical values associated
with the events of an experiment.
• a quantitative variable whose values depends
on chance.
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
RANDOM VARIABLE
• represented by an uppercase letter, usually X,
while its corresponding lowercase letter in this
case, x, is used to represent one of its values.
Example 1:
Let the variable X represent the number of heads.
The sample space for the possible outcomes is
𝑺 = {𝐇𝐇𝐇,𝐇𝐇𝐓,𝐇𝐓𝐇,𝐓𝐇𝐇,𝐇𝐓𝐓,𝐓𝐇𝐓,𝐓𝐓𝐇,𝐓𝐓𝐓}.
Note: (H – Heads T- Tails)
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
RANDOM VARIABLE
Example 1:
𝑺 = {𝐇𝐇𝐇,𝐇𝐇𝐓,𝐇𝐓𝐇,𝐓𝐇𝐇,𝐇𝐓𝐓,𝐓𝐇𝐓,𝐓𝐓𝐇,𝐓𝐓𝐓}
x = 3, x = 2, x = 1 or x = 0
That means X could be 3 heads, 2 heads, 1 head or no head.
Since the variable X can have values that could be obtained by
chance then X is a random variable
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
RANDOM VARIABLE
Senior High School
Example 2:
Suppose two coins are tossed and we are
interested to determine the number of tails that
will come out. Let us use T to represent the
number of tails that will come out. Determine
the values of the random variable T.
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
RANDOM VARIABLE
Senior High School
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
RANDOM VARIABLE
Senior High School
Example 3:
Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 5 orange
balls and 6 violet balls. Let V be the random
variable representing the number of violet balls.
Find the values of the random variable V.
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
RANDOM VARIABLE
Senior High School
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
RANDOM VARIABLE
Senior High School
Example 4:
A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white
balls. If three balls are taken from the basket
one after the other, determine the possible
values of the random variable R representing
the number of red balls.
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
RANDOM VARIABLE
Senior High School
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS
RANDOM VARIABLE
A discrete random variable has a countable number of possible
values. A continuous random variable can assume an infinite
number of values in one or more intervals or simply can be
measured through a measuring device.
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS
RANDOM VARIABLE
Discrete Random Variable
X = Number of students randomly selected interviewees
Y = Number of books casually chosen by some children
Continuous Random Variable
W = Weights of aimlessly selected pigs in kilograms
Z = Hourly temperatures last Saturday
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
IN-CLASS ACTIVITY 1:
Senior High School
A. Classify the following random variables as discrete or
continuous.
1. The weight of the professional boxers
2. The number of defective COVID-19 Rapid Antibody
Test Kit
3. The area of lots in an exclusive subdivision
4. The number of recovered patients of COVID-19 per
province
5. The number of students with Academic Excellence in
a school per district
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
IN-CLASS ACTIVITY 1:
Senior High School
B. Determine the values of the random variables in
each of the following distributions.
1. Two coins are tossed. Let H be the number of heads
that occur. Determine the values of the random
variable H.
2. A meeting of envoys was attended by 4 Koreans
and 2 Filipinos. If three envoys were selected at
random one after the other, determine the values
of the random variable K representing the number
of Koreans.
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
IN-CLASS ACTIVITY 1:
Senior High School
C. Look around. Name 5 discrete random
variables and 5 continuous random
variables.
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION FOR A
DISCRETE
RANDOM VARIABLE
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF DISCRETE
RANDOM VARIABLES
Steps in Constructing The Discrete Probability Distribution
1. Determine the sample space.
2. Determine the value of the random variable per outcome.
3. Count the number of outcomes per value of the random
variable.
4. Assign probability values to each value of the random
variable. Always reduce to the lowest term.
Note: The final Probability Distribution contains only possible
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III values of the random variable and their corresponding probability
Senior High School
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF DISCRETE
RANDOM VARIABLES
Example 1:
Let Z be a random variable representing the number
of heads that occur when you toss three coins. Find
the probability of each value of the random
variable.
S = {𝐇𝐇𝐇,𝐇𝐇𝐓,𝐇𝐓𝐇,𝐓𝐇𝐇,𝐇𝐓𝐓,𝐓𝐇𝐓,𝐓𝐓𝐇,𝐓𝐓𝐓}
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
Senior High School
Example 1:
𝑺 = {𝐇𝐇𝐇,𝐇𝐇𝐓,𝐇𝐓𝐇,𝐓𝐇𝐇,𝐇𝐓𝐓,𝐓𝐇𝐓,𝐓𝐓𝐇,𝐓𝐓𝐓}
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
Senior High School
Example 1:
𝑺 = {𝐇𝐇𝐇,𝐇𝐇𝐓,𝐇𝐓𝐇,𝐓𝐇𝐇,𝐇𝐓𝐓,𝐓𝐇𝐓,𝐓𝐓𝐇,𝐓𝐓𝐓}
Z 3 2 1 0
P(Z) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF DISCRETE
RANDOM VARIABLES
Example 2:
Suppose two coins are tossed and we are interested
to determine the number of tails that will come out.
Let us use T to represent the number of tails that will
come out. Determine the values of the random
variable T.
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
Senior High School
Example 2:
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
T (No. of Possible Frequency Probability
tails) Outcomes
0 HH 1 1/4
1 HT, TH 2 2/4 or 1/2
2 TT 1 1/4
TOTAL 4 4/4 or 1
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
Senior High School
Example 2: PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM
T = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
Senior High School
Example 3:
Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 5 orange
balls and 6 violet balls. Let V be the random
variable representing the number of violet balls.
Find the values of the random variable V.
S = {OO, OV, VO, VV}
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
Example 3:
S = {OO, OV, VO, VV}
V (No. of Possible Frequency Probability
violet balls) Outcomes
0 OO 1 1/4
1 OV,VO 2 2/4 or 1/2
2 VV 1 1/4
TOTAL 4 4/4 or 1
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
Senior High School
Example 3: PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM
S = {OO, OV, VO, VV}
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
Senior High School
Example 4:
Four coins are tossed. Let T be the random
variable representing the number of tails that
occur. Find the values of the random variable T.
S = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH, HTHT,
HTTH, HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTH, THTT, TTHH,
TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
Senior High School
S = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH, HTHT, HTTH, HTTT,
THHH, THHT, THTH, THTT, TTHH, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
T (No. of Tails) Possible Outcomes Frequency Probability
0 HHHH 1 1/16
1 HHHT,HHTH,HTHH,THHH 4 4/16 or 1/4
2 HHTT,HTHT,HTTH, 6 6/16 or 3/8
THHT,THTH,TTHH
3 HTTT,THTT,TTHT,TTTH 4 4/16 or 1/4
4 TTTT 1 1/16
TOTAL 16 16/16 or 1
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
TRY THIS!
Senior High School
A pair of dice is rolled. Let X be the random
variable representing the sum of the number of
dots on the top faces. Find the values of the
random variable X.
S= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2),
(2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4),
(3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2),
(6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
TRY THIS!
Senior High School X = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11,12
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
PROPERTIES OF THE DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Property 1: The probability of each value
of the random variable is between or
equal to 0 and 1 𝟎≤𝑷(𝑿)≤𝟏
Property 2: The sum of all probabilities of
all the values of the random variable is
equal to 1 𝜮𝑷(𝑿)=𝟏
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III
Senior High School
TAKE HOME TASK
Four cards are to be drawn in succession from
a set of cards. There are 4 red and 2 green
cards. Let X be the random variable
representing the number of red cards drawn.
Construct the probability distribution of the
random variable X.
Trinidad, Jasmin D.
Teacher III