INDUSTRIALIZATION

The process in which a society or a country(or world) transforms itself from a primarily
agricultural society into one based on manufacturing of goods and services .A period of social
and economic changes that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an
industrial society. Mechanized methods of mass production are an essential component of this
transition. Industrialization activities involve substantive economic re-organization with the
purpose of advancing manufacturing activities.

CHARACTERISTICS
[Link] allows modernizing the machinery and the processes carried out in the production
operations.

ii. Increases the production of goods

iii. Economic growth

iv. A more efficient division of labour

v. Mass production that leads to an ever increasing level of technological innovation

POSITIVE IMPACT ON EDUCATION

[Link] in the number of schools

ii. Improvement of transportation facilities

iii. Improvement of infrastructure

iv. Emergence of new courses

v. Professional development of teachers and students

vi. Access to a variety of teaching and learning materials

vii. Better facilities for field research and studies

NEGATIVE IMPACT ON EDUCATION

[Link] emphasis for vocational aim

ii. Degeneration of agriculture and manual works

iii. Shattered family system

iv. value crisis

v. mental depression and pressure

vi. unhealthy competition

vii. decreasing tendency of knowledge level

URBANISATION
It refers to the process of people migrating from rural areas to large cities. It is the increase in
the proportion of people living in towns and cities. It is the process whereby populations move
from rural to urban areas, enabling cities and towns to grow. It can also be termed as the
progressive increase of the people living in towns and cities and the ways in which each society
adapts to the change(census of India 2011).The migration of individuals from less industrialised
regions to more industrialised areas raises population density in urban centres. It is the gradual
concentration of people in urban areas.

If we talk about results of Urbanization no doubt they are positive as they

bought a tremendous change the literacy rate has increased among the rural
people. They have become more modernized, Change in Dress habits,
Adoption of modern Technology, Enlightenment of women, Modern transport
and communication. E.g.: Cell phones have become common even among
rural people, Active involvement in politics, Growth of infrastructure like
Banks, Post office, Awareness among rural consumers, increasing demand
for sophisticated products like cosmetics etc. Thus it can be noticed that
there are significant changes in the life style of village people.. These are the
changes which we received due to urbanization as a positive impact of
development due to urbanization.

Urbanization began during the industrial revolution, when workers moved

towards manufacturing hubs in cities to obtain jobs in factories
as agricultural jobs became less common. It had driven a wider section of
society towards the industrial areas in search of employment. This has
resulted in the growth of towns and cities. Various reasons have led to the
growth of cities. It can be noticed that there are significant changes in the
life style of village people they adopted urban culture and urban style of
living this also resulted increased in literacy rate among the rural people &
they become more modernized. In India 38% population reside in urban area
which mark a beginning of a era a process of concentration of population in a
particular territory, urbanization, when people living in rural areas move to
cities where there is more opportunity to earn a living, not only promote
villager to come to urban cities it also lead them to adopt better living
standard which resultant a need for education, survival for existence lead to
the development of education system which is entirely different from our
education system which we have in ancient , medieval Mughal & during
British rule in India.

POSITIVE IMPACT

I. Access to schools
Urbanisation give parents employment opportunities with a good source of income. Those who
enjoy a good income may have the financial resources to send their children to the best
schools.

ii. Digital learning

Due to the advancements in technology, education and learning are no longer limited to
textbooks or confined to the four walls of the classroom. Various e-learning platforms facilitate
learning from home and various digital devices that facilitate learning.
iii. Source of knowledge
Previously, the main source of knowledge for learners was books. The advent of the internet
has changed this scenario because they can Google anything these days and find the answer
they are looking for.

iv. Employment Opportunities

The main aim of education is to help learners become self-sufficient individuals by finding a job
and having a secure career. This is done through the provision of teaching skills and knowledge
that prepare the learners for the work front. Urbanization has increased employment
opportunities so learners can find employment through the education they have received.

[Link]-quality education
In urban areas, the quality of education is much better than in rural areas. They also have
higher educational institutions which cause the learners belonging to the rural areas to move to
the urban areas not just for educational opportunities but also for employment opportunities.

NEGATIVE IMPACT

 Overcrowding results in the development of slums

 Waste disposal problem
 Poor air and water quality with insufficient water availability(pollution)
 High energy consumption
 Urbanization causes housing problems
 Sanitation problem
 Unemployment, which sometimes leads to urban crime
 Traffic congestion
GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into
a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the
economic and social changes that have come about as a result. Globalization is the word used
to describe the growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations,
brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of
investment, people, and information.

Globalization is the free movement of goods, services and people across the world in a
seamless and integrated manner. Globalization is the process of increasing the
interconnectivity and interdependence of people and organizations around the world.

Impact of globalization on education:

 Globalization has improved the quality of education. Due to globalization, countries got
the opportunity to witness the best education systems worldwide and thus could
replicate them.
 New methods of learning such as e-learning, blended learning was quickly adopted by
many countries due to globalization.
 Knowledge sharing among the world countries resulted in teaching updated
technologies to students across the world.
 Due to globalization, foreign universities were established in developing countries.
These universities helped many students in getting a high-quality education. Moreover,
foreign investments in the education sector of developing and underdeveloped
countries also helped in improving the facilities and infrastructure.
 Now, more and more students are studying in colleges of other countries through e-
learning.
 As the number of foreign students is increasing at a rapid rate, several countries
are improving their quality of education and teaching practices continuously.
 Education should develop empathy and understanding in students. Globalization
enabled students to develop an understanding of other cultures, which is like a practical
education.
 Due to globalization, many realised the importance of education and hence literacy
rates have improved worldwide.
 Globalization made many people aware of human rights and the loopholes in the
governance of their own countries. This practical education helps students in taking part
in the development of their countries.
 Globalization encouraged many countries to adopt alternative learning systems such as
homeschooling, distance education, world schooling etc.
 Now, there is more emphasis on practical learning in many countries. For
example, internships have now become a common thing.
  English is turning into the main medium of instruction in many countries. There are
several debates going on about English dominance. Some people say that it is better to
teach in English in the era of globalization, and some others say that it negatively affects
the learning process of students.
 Many schools are now teaching global education. Moreover, in general, students are
more interested in learning and following modern blended culture due to globalisation.
So, some people have fears about the extinction of local languages and culture.
 Not everyone has access to quality education. The improved education due to
globalization is only beneficial for the rich and people of urban areas. There is a huge
gap between rich-poor and urban-rural areas in access to educational opportunities.
Globalization is further widening these gaps because those who utilized the
opportunities will improve their economic status.
 The positive impacts of globalization on education cannot be denied. With the advent of
new technology and increased communication, the world has become smaller and more
accessible. This has allowed for more exposure to different cultures and ways of life and
has led to a more open and understanding society. In terms of education, this has meant
that people are now able to learn about other countries and cultures without having to
leave their own homes. They can do this by watching documentaries, reading books,
and using the internet. Additionally, there has been an influx of foreign students coming
to study in universities all over the world. This has led to a more diverse and cultured
classroom and has increased the overall level of education.

The negative impacts of globalization on education are vast and far-reaching. Perhaps the most
significant effect of globalization on education is the way in which it has contributed to the
spread of educational inequality around the world. Poorer countries are now struggling to keep
up with the increasing demand for education, while the richest countries are able to further
invest in their educational systems. This has resulted in a widening gap between the wealthiest
and the poorest countries in terms of educational attainment.

All of these factors have combined to create a global education crisis. The negative impacts of
globalization on education are undermining the ability of schools to provide a quality education
for all students.

NEGATIVE IMPACT
[Link] of education: Globalization has made education more
standardized, as institutions strive to meet the same international standards.
This can lead to a loss of diversity and creativity in education.

ii. Pressure on educators: The pressure to prepare students for an

increasingly competitive global economy can put a lot of strain on educators.

iii. Widening of the achievement gap: The increased competition for jobs
and opportunities caused by globalization can lead to a widening of the
achievement gap between different groups of students.
[Link] degradation: Developed countries can take advantage of underdeveloped
countries’ weak regulatory laws in terms of environmental protection.

·[Link] working conditions: Many multinationals have been accused of social

injustice by exploiting labor in underdeveloped countries in order to cut costs. Labor are
provided unhealthy working conditions leading to health hazards. Many large companies have
also been accused of using child labor in their factories in underdeveloped countries. Nike’s
much publicized use of child labor along with poor working conditions and low wages in its
factories in Indonesia is a well-documented example.

· [Link] disparity among the rich and the poor: 86% of the world’s resources are said to be
consumed by the richest 20% of the world population. This means that the poorer 80% only
gets to consume 14% of the world’s resources. This is a direct result of globalization according
to some activists who believe that globalization only serves the rich whereas the poor have to
face its disadvantages.

·[Link] scale industries face extinction: Small scale industries which are indigenous to a
particular place face extinction as they do not have the resources or the power that the
multinational companies have. As a result, these small industries are unable to compete with
bigger companies and go out of business. An example is the bamboo furniture making industry
in India. The manufacturers work out of their homes and work hard to make furniture out of
bamboo. These workers cannot compete with large companies selling cheap plastic furniture
and as a result, their industry faces extinction.

viii. Rapid spread of deadly diseases: Deadly diseases such as AIDS or other
communicable diseases can spread at very fast pace via travelers or due to other means as a
direct consequence of globalization.

DIGITALIZATION

 Integration of digital technologies into everyday life by the digitization of

everything that can be digitized.
 The process of transforming something to digital.
 Digitalization in education refers to the use of desktop computers, mobile devices,
the Internet, software applications, and other types of digital technology to teach
students of all ages.

The term digitalization refers to the conversion of paper mode or typewritten information (text)
into the digital format .It shows all about the replacement of the old school system with the new
school system. Digital education helps one learn and understand everything quicker.

IMPORTANCE OF DIGITALIZATION
i) Customization of technology: We can use the technology depending on our needs.
Technology can be used to pictorially explain any complicated process in the best way possible.
When an average student watches ,s/he might not forget the concept explained. One can record
the session with the help of technology and reuse the information for better application.
ii) Opportunities: There will be many opportunities provided to a very large group of people.
With technology, the source of knowledge will be less restricted .Anyone from any part of the
world can access information and gain knowledge.
iii)Time consumption: The time consumed to implement and customize the digitalization of
education is high but they are equally impactful. One of the results of digitalization is online
classes. When the classes are held online, the time consumed is less, the cost is less, involvement
in teaching is more effective and understanding.

ADVANTAGES
i)Digital learning is making students self motivated and more accountable: It allows students
to better connect with the learning material .Further, they often offer a more interesting and
involving way to digest information. Also, when students can track their own progress it can
improve motivation and accountability.
ii)Digital learning tools involve educators and parents to a deeper extent: Parents can
explore online learning activities with their child which can serve as an extension to what they
are learning in their classrooms.
iii)Digital learning tools and technology is rapidly increasing information sharing: Enable
educators to rapidly share information with other educators in real –time.
iv) Accumulation of students on the same platform: With students coming in from various
regions, schools and colleges are finding ways to develop an integrated solution to meet the
educational needs of the students.
DISADVANTAGES
I) Misused internet
ii) Confusion due to multiplicity of information
III) Classroom environment are absent
iv) Side effects on health
v) Diminish the relevance of teacher

MODERNIZATION

 Modernization, a process of change with respect to the development in social, economical &
political systems.
 It refers to the change in the way of living (better life style), communication, urbanization,
literacy, change in residence, profession etc.
  In the word of Moore, “ It means a revolutionary change leading to the transformation of a
traditional society into an advanced economically prosperous and relatively politically stable
society”
In India, Modernisation occurred because of Colonialism. British introduced English Language which was
considered to be the sign of modernization.

The modernization helped us see and dream for better living, better house, better life style and it
directly directed towards education. Better and higher education is normally considered to be the base
to fulfil the dreams through a better job and hence better earning. It was so deeply inhibited among the
people that it transformed the way of thinking of people.

Distance education is the result of modernization. These institutes and universities provided
opportunities to many of those who used to waive of their dreams because of lack of education
institutes.

IMPACT OF MODERNISATION
 Institutions, seminars, platforms to talk, share and exchange the ideas and a thought
 Modernisation had developed the idea of privatization and gave a thought to the available
limited educational institutions. Due to lack of educational institutions, many had to wave off
their dreams and privatization –effect of modernisation provided them the opportunities to seek
the education.
 Due to modernisation, the number of educational institutions has increased. There were only 20
Universities and 500 colleges at the time of independence. At present the number of
Universities and University level institutions has raised to 504, number of state and state private
Universities is 243 and 53, number of central Universities and deemed Universities is 40 and
130. In addition, there are 25,951 colleges including 2,565 women colleges.
 Led to equal status of girls ’enrolment at all stages of education
 A transition from ascribed to achieved status that ytends to increase in material standard of
living
 International organization has also helped in improving the infrastructure, instructional facilities
as well as wide variety of human resources along with the various co-curricular activities for
overall development of a child.
 Modernisation has also brought changes in the way of thinking, behaving, dressing,
transportation and communication.
 The evolution of the technological faculties like computer, science and ICT are the results of
modernisation which is in highest demand and fastest one to help one to earn his bread-butter.
 Technology led smart class-rooms, computers, LCD s , projectors, e-learning, e-media, e-books,
moocs, e-journals and evaluation of teachers in terms of API used in education are the fruits of
modernisation which helped in the upgradation of teachers and quality of education.

NEGATIVE IMPACT
  Reckless use or abuse of internet via whatsapp and facebook by children, impact factor for
journals and API scores of for teachers are really a matter of research in terms of its use as well
as its consequences.
 Modernisation has developed in us a concept of dining table but left us without feelings and
love we had on mat which lacks socialism.
 Modernisation gave us the safety in our compound but created the walls of differences.
 Nuclear family has aroused the juvenile delinquency, competition, stress and fatigue. Nuclear
family failed to develop in the children the qualities like respect for elders, love and affection for
youngsters and other family members, loving and caring relation of brother and sister which has
resulted in the severe problems in the society which needs severe and sincere research.
 Suicide is also the result of the effect of modernisation on education

LIBERALIZATION

 Liberalization is the easing of government rules and restrictions of local trades and
businesses.
 Liberalization allows local businesses to grow freely and more profits.
 Increased foreign direct investment. Reduced the monopoly of the public sector.
o In the field of education, it means to promote educational opportunity to all the
people of country and provide new policy to open and investment in the field of
education.
o The country's education system is liberalised and decentralised in accordance with
the democratic principles. In introducing a liberalised education system, the
government has created an enabling environment for partners to come on
board. It has encouraged and strengthened partnerships in education
development.
 Liberalization is defined as making businesses free to enter the market and establish
their venture in the country.
 In Education, it means removing the restrictions on schools and colleges by removing
government control. Laws and Taxes that discouraged business men from opening
schools are removed or reduced. It also allows schools to use teaching learning methods
that is not used by public schools.

POSITIVE IMPACT
 More Funding
 LPG allowed funding from sources which were not available before (such as international
funding). Education was no longer confined to public sector enterprises. It became it
more easy for non-profit organisations to get involved in the financing of education.

 Educational Opportunity
 It increased the number of students receiving education due to opening of more schools
and colleges. Schools designed for diverse needs of the students started mushrooming all
across India. Private parties opened schools focused on specific vocational skills which
was of great benefit to students who wanted to grow academically yet don’t want to
pursue bachelor’s/master’s
degree.

 Reduce Brain Drain

. Brain drain refers to the immigration of talented and qualified persons to another
country. After liberalization, Indians no longer needed to go outside India for advanced
and higher level education as International standard of education is available in India.

 Independence of Education Institutions

Private colleges are almost independent of political interventions. Professional institutes
are autonomous in their administration and decisions. But they haveto follow necessary
guidelines notified by regulating agencies regarding admission, examination,recruitment
of staff etc.

Negative Impact

 Education became a Business:

The international higher education is largely an unregulated market. But there is no
shortage of mere sub-prime and low-end private institutions. These institutions are more
concerned with profits than providing meaningful educations. Private institutions have
their focus on quantity and not on quality which leads to poor education standards.
Private firms using the opportunity of liberalization to convert education into
a business and take the stocky amount of fee and provide low quality of education. So,
those colleges who supply education without efficient faculty and environment, having
very short future perspective.

 Fascination for Foreign Education

A foreign label in degree often tempts students. Uninformed or simply dubious
institutions in foreign countries may form partnerships with low-quality colleges and
universities in India. Sometimes, many of the foreign universities are inferior in quality
compared to Indian universities.

 Lead to Corruption:
Corruption is rampant in India. Liberalization policies on privatization and globalization
may lead to more bribes, false degrees, partial marking etc. There maybe unforeseen
outcomes which come to light only after the outcome occurs4.
 Unfair Competition:
Local and Small schools, colleges and institutes cannot compete with foreign institutes,
or institutes funded by big companies (like Tata, Birla and Wipro) Due to limited capital
these smaller institutions are not able to survive, leading to several jobless teachers. Even
the reputed ones will face competition as their national certificates will be less valued as
compared to the world recognized certificates.5.

 Unregulated Fees:
The Government has given too much independence to private institutes which has led to
the commercialization of education. This gives rise to many problems like increase in
students’ fees, exploitation of professors etc. Increase in fees does not guarantee better
quality education.