Science

Presentation
BY: Joel Buah, Jojo Ampah & Shiloh Aryee
Table of Content

EXCRETION IN
01 HUMANS & KEEPING A
FOETUS

FORMATION OF THE
02 MOON, NEBULAE &
TECTONIC PLATES
 01
EXCRETION IN
HUMANS & KEEPING A
FOETUS
This part presentation explores
the human excretory system and
its role in maintaining a healthy
foetus.
Distinguishing between Models and Analogy

Analogy
An Analogy is a comparison between two things to highlight their similarities, often
used to explain or clarify an idea and make a concept easier to understand.

Model
Models are representations that mimic the real thing (sometimes with high precision)
and they also focus on real-world processes.
 The structure of the Human Excretory
(Renal) System and and excretion
The human excretory system is crucial for maintaining internal balance
by removing metabolic waste and excess substances from the body.
This system primarily involves the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
and urethra, which work together to filter blood, produce urine, and
eliminate waste.
Excretion

Excretion is the biological process by which organisms remove

waste products and excess substances from their bodies. This
process is essential for maintaining homeostasis and overall health.
Parts of the renal system
Excretory organs and their functions
Excretory Organs Their excretions/functions

Skin Sweat

Large intestines Faeces

Kidney Urine and also filters blood

Lungs Carbon dioxide

Bladder Holds urine

Ureters Transports urine from kidney to

bladder
Diseases that can affect the renal system

Kidney Stones Chronic Kidney Disease Acute Kidney Injury

Hard deposits that A gradual loss of A sudden decrease in
kidney function over
form in the kidneys, kidney function due
time, often due to
causing pain and to various factors
diabetes or
potential blockages.
hypertension. such as dehydration.
Male & Female Reproductive Systems
 Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is responsible for producing and

delivering sperm to the female reproductive [Link] penis is an
organ that delivers sperm, which is produced by the testes, to the
female reproductive system. The key functions include:

● Sperm Production: The testes generate sperm cells

● Hormone Production: The testes produce testosterone, which
influences male secondary sexual characteristics and overall
reproductive health.
● Transport of Sperm: Sperm travels from the testes to the epididymis
for maturation, then through the vas deferens to the urethra for
ejaculation during sexual intercourse.
 Female Reproductive System

Various functions of the male and female reproductive system:

The female reproductive system is responsible for producing egg

cells, providing a place for fertilization, and nurturing a developing
fetus.

The ovaries produce eggs. The uterus provides a space for the
fertilized egg to implant and grow.
 Teenage
Teenage refers to the period from ages 13 to 19, marked by significant
physical, emotional, and social changes as individuals develop identities,
seek independence, and navigate relationships and peer influences.

Teenagers often struggle with identity exploration,

peer pressure, academic stress, family dynamics, and
mental health issues. These challenges can impact
their emotional well-being and highlight the need for
supportive relationships.
 Puberty

Puberty is the developmental stage during which

adolescents undergo physical, hormonal, and emotional
changes, leading to sexual maturity and the development
of secondary sexual characteristics.

During puberty, individuals may experience mood swings, increased sensitivity,

and changes in body image. These effects can influence self-esteem, relationships,
and overall emotional health, requiring support from peers and adults.
 Adolescence
Adolescence is the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood,
characterized by significant physical, emotional, and cognitive changes.

During this phase, individuals develop identities, explore relationships, and gain
independence, shaping their future selves and roles in society.
 Some Secondary Characteristics of Young
Individuals
Females Males

Increased muscle mass, facial and

Breast development, widening of hips,
body hair growth, deepening voice,
onset of menstruation, body fat changes in skin texture, and
redistribution, and changes in skin enlargement of genitalia
texture are key secondary sexual characterize male secondary sexual
characteristics in females during characteristics during puberty,
reflecting hormonal changes and
puberty, signaling reproductive
maturity.
capability and hormonal shifts.
 Human Reproduction and Pregnancy

Human reproduction involves the fertilization of an egg by sperm, leading to

the formation of a zygote. This zygote undergoes several developmental
stages as it travels to the uterus, where it implants into the uterine
[Link] is the period during which one or more offspring develop
inside a woman's uterus
Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters:
1. First Trimester: Basic structures form, including vital organs.
2. Second Trimester: Continued development of organs; mother may
begin to feel fetal movements.
3. Third Trimester: Rapid growth of the fetus; preparation for birth occurs
What Growth During a Pregnancy can look
like:
 Zygote and Foetus
Zygote
A zygote forms when a sperm fertilizes an egg,
initiating cell division and early development.

Foetus
A fetus develops from the embryo after eight
weeks, growing organs and preparing for birth.
 Ways of maintaining a healthy pregnancy

Regular physical
01 Have a healthy Diet 02 activity

Avoiding harmful
03 Stress management 04 substances
Impact of Lifestyle Choices on Pregnancy and Birth Weight

Caffeine

Caffeine consumption during pregnancy can lead to

increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure. It may
also contribute to lower birth weight and preterm delivery
risks.

Smoking

Smoking during pregnancy is linked to reduced oxygen

supply to the fetus. This can result in low birth weight,
premature birth, and increased risks of developmental
issues.

Drinking

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause fetal

alcohol syndrome (FAS), a condition that affects the baby's
brain and development.
Pica behaviour in pregnant women and
how to avoid it
Pica behaviour is a ● Ways to avoid pica behaviour:
○ Regular Medical Check-up
condition where pregnant ○ Education on Risks
women crave and eat ○ Behavioral Strategies:
non-food items like dirt, ○ Develop negative associations
clay, or chalk. This behavior with non-food items.
● Find Alternatives:
is often linked to nutritional ○ Substitute non-food items with
deficiencies, particularly safe alternatives (e.g., chew on
iron deficiency anemia, and ice or crunchy vegetables).
can occur at any stage of ○ Distraction Techniques:
pregnancy, though it ○ Engage in activities that keep
your mind and hands busy
frequently starts in the first (e.g., hobbies, exercise).
trimester.
 02
FORMATION
OF THE
MOON,
NEBULAE &
TECTONIC
PLATES
 Consequences Of Asteroid collision with
Earth
Asteroid collisions with Earth have had significant consequences
throughout geological history, particularly in relation to climate
change and mass extinctions. Some effects include:
Climate change Mass extinction Geological effects
Large asteroid impacts can The most notable event is
The impact can cause immediate
inject massive amounts of dust the Chicxulub impact, which is
believed to have contributed destruction in the vicinity,
and debris into the
to the mass extinction of the generating shockwaves, fires, and
atmosphere, blocking sunlight dinosaurs around 66 million tsunamis. The energy released can
and leading to a "nuclear years ago. The combination of be equivalent to millions of
winter" effect. This can cause a climate change, wildfires, and
acid rain can lead to the nuclear bomb. Impacts can create
rapid drop in temperatures,
disrupting ecosystems and collapse of food chains and craters, trigger volcanic activity,
weather patterns. the extinction of numerous and alter landscapes, affecting
species. both terrestrial and marine
environment
 Evidence for the Collision Theory for the
Formation of the Moon
The theory regarding the formation of the Moon is known as the
Giant Impact Hypothesis, which posits that a Mars-sized body
(referred to as Theia) collided with the early Earth around 4.5 billion
years ago. Evidence supporting this theory includes:¬

Composition Computer simulations

The Moon's composition is Models simulate how such an
similar to Earth's crust, impact could result in a debris
disk around Earth that
suggesting a common eventually merged to form the
origin. Moon.
 Nebulae & its types
What are Nebulae? Types of nebulae
Nebulae are vast clouds of gas ● Emission Nebulae: These glow
and dust in space, primarily brightly due to ionized gases
composed of hydrogen, emitting light as they are
helium, and other ionized energized by nearby hot stars.
● Reflection Nebulae: These do
gases(gases with a charge).
not emit their own light but
They are often considered reflect light from nearby stars.
stellar nurseries because they ● Dark Nebulae: Dense regions
are regions where new stars that block light from objects
are born. behind them, appearing as
dark patches against the
background stars.
Nebulae’s connection with formation of
stars and stellar nurseries?
Movement of Tectonic Plates

The movement of tectonic plates is primarily driven by convection

currents in the mantle. These currents arise from the heat generated
by the Earth's core, causing hot mantle material to rise towards the
lithosphere while cooler material sinks back down. This process creates
a cycle where heated material rises, cools, and then descends, similar
to boiling water in a pot. As these convection currents flow, they drag
the tectonic plates along with them, leading to various types of plate
boundaries: convergent, divergent, and transform.
 Evidence For Tectonic
Plates
The jigsaw-like fit of continental coastlines,
particularly between South America and Africa,
supports the theory of plate tectonics. This
observation suggests that these continents were
once part of a larger landmass (Pangaea) that has
since drifted apart. Alfred Wegener first proposed
this idea in his theory of continental drift in 1912
 Evidence For Tectonic Plates
Fossil records
The Location of Volcanoes
Fossil evidence provides significant
support for plate tectonics. Similar fossils and Earthquakes
have been discovered on continents that The distribution of volcanoes and
are now widely separated by oceans. For earthquakes aligns closely with tectonic
instance, fossils of the Mesosaurus, a plate boundaries. Most seismic activity
freshwater reptile, have been found in occurs along these boundaries due to
both South America and Africa, indicating the interactions between colliding or
that these land masses were once sliding plates. For example, the Pacific
connected. Additionally, identical plant Ring of Fire is an area with a high
fossils have been found across different concentration of volcanoes and
continents, further suggesting they were earthquakes, coinciding with the edges
once part of a unified landmass. of several tectonic plates
 Evidence For Tectonic Plates

Alignment of Magnetic Materials in the Earth Crust

The alignment of magnetic minerals in oceanic crust provides compelling
evidence for plate tectonics through a process known as seafloor
spreading. As magma rises at mid-ocean ridges and solidifies into new
crust, iron-rich minerals within it align with Earth’s magnetic field at that
time. Over geological time, as tectonic plates move apart, this creates
symmetrical patterns of magnetic orientation on either side of the ridge.
These patterns serve as a record of past magnetic field reversals and
confirm that new oceanic crust is continuously formed at these divergent
boundaries
Thank
you!