ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

Reinforced concrete structures-II Mini –Project

1
DATA AND ALLOCATION OF PROJECT FOR GROUP-6
Group No. 6

Functionof Building Office

Room height (m) 3.4

Concrete Grade C30/37

Steel Grade S-400

C/C distance of all beams (except cantilever beams) Actual Length+0.8m

Floor Finish for all floors (Except for given parts on DWG) PVC

The following major types of loading are considered in design of slabs

Dead load: - it includes
✓ Slab self-weight ✓ Floor finish

✓ Plastering ✓ Cement screed

✓ Partition

for the Floor Finishing is PVC

PVC 0.03 16 0.48

cement screed 0.03 23 0.69

plastering 0.02 23 0.46

TOTAL DEAD LOAD 1.63

for the Floor Finishing is ceramic tile

ceramic tile 0.03 21 0.63

cement screed 0.03 23 0.69

plastering 0.02 23 0.46

TOTAL DEAD LOAD 1.78

2
Dead load of partition wall

length
of Dead load
partitio unit weight height of partition
n of of Area of wall on
Pane wall(M thickness(M HCB(KN/m wall(M panel(M2 slab(KN/m2
l ) ) 3 ) Ly Lx ) )

4.2 6. 1.93454545
S1 5.7 0.2 14 3.4 5 6 28.05 5

6. 2.63811802
S4 6.95 0.2 14 3.4 3.8 6 25.08 2

4. 1.87894736
S7 3.6 0.2 14 3.4 3.8 8 18.24 8

6. 2.33136011
S8 6.95 0.2 14 3.4 4.3 6 28.38 3

LOAD ON BEAM

unit weight of Partition load on

thickness(M) HCB(KN/m3 height of wall(M) beam(KN/m)

0.2 14 3.4 9.52

The analysis can be done by using ETABS software

By using the analysis from software output the column can be design
Design the highly stressed interior, edge and corner columns
FOR THE INTERIOR COLUMNS
TABLE:
Element
Forces -
Columns

Story Column Unique Name Output Case P M2 M3

kN kN-m kN-m

Story2 C10 48 ULTEMAT -761.4535 -8.3357 -15.8905

Then to use the highly stressed interior column for Design C10
P=-761.4535kN-m M2= -8.3357kN-m M3=-15.8905kN-m
Step 1: Determine the second moment of area, I for the beams and columns
stiffness of Column EI/Lc=bh^3/12L

stiffness of beam EI/L=bh^3/12L

3
 X-SECTIONAL DATA

Depth 'h' (Y-dxn)

Element (mm) width 'b' (X-dxn)(mm) length 'L' (mm)

column 300 400 3400

top beam

B1 (x-x) (continous) 300 200 4300

B2 (x-x) (continous) 300 200 3800

B1 (y-y) (continous) 300 200 6600

B2 (y-y) (continous) 300 200 6300

Bott beam

B1 (x-x) (continous) 300 200 4300

B2 (x-x) (cantilever) 300 200 3800

B1 (y-y) (continous) 300 200 6600

B2 (y-y) (cantilever) 300 200 6300

Step 2: Calculate stiffness for beams and columns under consideration

stiffness of Column EI/Lc=bh^3/12L

Kc,y 264705.9

Kc,x 470588.2

stiffness of beam EI/L=bh^3/12L

Top Bottom

B1x 104651.16 B1x 104651.16

B2x 118421.05 B2x 0.00

223072.22 104651.16

4
 B1y 68181.82 B1y 68181.82

B2y 71428.57 B2y 0.00

139610.39 68181.82

Step 3: Calculate rotational stiffness k at the joints for the columns under consideration

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

K1x (top)= 2.110 K1y (top)= 1.896

K2x (bott)= 4.497 K2y (bott)= 3.882

Step 4: Determine effective length of the column being considered Braced members

L_0=0.5L√(1+k_1/0.45+k_1)∗ (1+k_2/0.45+k_2)

Effective length

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

K1x (top)= 2.110 K1y (top)= 1.896

K2x (bott)= 4.497 K2y (bott)= 3.882

Lo,x(mm)= 3172.42 Lo,y(mm)= 3147.78

Step 5: Determine slenderness ratio of the column being considered

λ=L_0/i
Check slenderness x-x

second moment of
Columan 1600000000

area columan 120000

i 115.4700538

Lo 3172.41798

27

Check slenderness Y-Y

second moment
of Columan 1600000000

area columan 120000

i 115.4700538

Lo 3147.782

27

5
Step 6: Determine limit slenderness ratio ���� Slenderness criterion for isolated members Limit
Slenderness ratio ���� (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section [Link])

���� = 20 ∗ � √ ∗ � � ∗ �

� = 1 (1 + 0.2���) ⁄ (If ��� is not known, � = 0.7 may be used)

� = √1 + � (If � is not known, � = 1.1 may be used)

� = 1.7 − �� (If �� is not known � = 0.7 may be used)

��� Effective creep ratio; see 5.8.4

� = ����� ����� ; Mechanical reinforcement ratio;

�� is the total area of longitudinal reinforcement

� = ��� ����� ; relative normal force

�� = �01 �02 ; moment ratio �01, �02 are the first order end moments �02 beingalways positive and
greater in magnitude than �01, |�02| ≥ |�01|�01being positive if member is bent in single
curvature and negative if bent in double curvature

design actions

NED(KN)= 761.4535

Mx-x, T(KN-M)= -8.3357

Mx-x, B(KN-M)= 9.174

My-y, T(KN-M)= -15.2675

My-y, B(KN-M)= 18.0404

First order moment Check slenderness

Axis x-x Axis y-y Axis x-x Axis y-y
M01(KN- la= 27.441 36.304
-8.3357 -15.2675
m)=
la, lim-= 65.754 65.754
M02(KN-
9.174 18.0404 Rmark Not slender Not slender
m)=

M0e(KN-
3.6696 7.21616
m)=

∴ The column is Not slender column in the x −direction. Second order effects not considered in
design

∴ The column is Not slender column in the y −direction. Second order effects not considered in
design

Imperfaction ecentricity

ex-x (mm)= 20

ey-y (mm)= 20

6
 Check second order effect for Buckling

A= 0.7 lim= 32.96893468

B= 1.1 x= 28.18715738

C= 2.243534713 y= 27.56702249 M2= 0

Neglect second order effect

Msd,x= 58.83469

Msd,y= 78.80729

Concrete data Reinforcement data

fcu(Mpa)= C30/37 fyk(Mpa)= 400

mc  1.5 ms  1.15

Ecm(Gpa)= 33 Es(Gpa)= 210

cover (mm)= 30 main barø(mm) 16

tie barø(mm) 8

Using ℎ′ /ℎ = �/ � ′ = 0.1 read the mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart �0. 35 for

Main reignforcement

Vsd= 0.432

ed,x= 0.030

ed,y= 0.054

7
 Main reignforcement Tie reinforcement

Vsd= 0.432

ed,x= 0.030 as 200.96

ed,y= 0.054

ω 0

8 ø (mm)= 8mm

Provide
spacing=
As,tot(mm2) 240.00 8∅ 16 300mm

Remark Revise

Scritical from Shall be provided at

earth quake critical regions of the
As,min(mm2) 240 consideration 128mm column!

As,max(mm2) 4800 ∅
the length of
use atleast critical regions of
∅ of 6.18 16 the column = 566.67

for the area near supports

Provide ∅ 8 C/C128mm to a distance of 566.67

For intermidate length of

Provide ∅ 8 C/C300mm 2266.67

FOR THE EDGE

Then to use the highly stressed EDGE column for Design C19

TABLE:
Element
Forces -
Columns

Story Column Unique Name Output Case P M2 M3

kN kN-m kN-m

Story2 C19 93 ULTEMAT -298.050 2.9283 -22.044

P=298.050kN-m M2= 2.9283kN-m M3=-22.044kN-m

Step 1: Determine the second moment of area, I for the beams and columns
stiffness of Column EI/Lc=bh^3/12L

stiffness of beam EI/L=bh^3/12L

8
 X-SECTIONAL DATA

Depth 'h' (Y-dxn)

Element (mm) width 'b' (X-dxn)(mm) length 'L' (mm)

column 300 400 3400

top beam

B1 (x-x) (continous) 300 200 4800

B2 (x-x) (pin) 300 200 4800

B1 (y-y) (continous) 300 200 4250

B2 (y-y) (continous) 300 200 4300

Bott beam

B1 (x-x) (continous) 300 200 4800

B2 (x-x) (pin) 300 200 4800

B1 (y-y) (continous) 300 200 4250

B2 (y-y) (continous) 300 200 4300

Step 2: Calculate stiffness for beams and columns under consideration

stiffness of Column EI/Lc=bh^3/12L

Kc,y 264705.9

Kc,x 470588.2

stiffness of beam EI/L=bh^3/12L

Top Bottom

B1x 93750.00 B1x 93750.00

B2x 46875.00 B2x 46875.00

140625.00 140625.00

9
 B1y 105882.35 B1y 105882.35

B2y 104651.16 B2y 104651.16

210533.52 210533.52

Step 3: Calculate rotational stiffness k at the joints for the columns under consideration

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

K1x (top)= 3.346 K1y (top)= 1.257

K2x (bott)= 3.346 K2y (bott)= 1.257

Step 4: Determine effective length of the column being considered Braced members

L_0=0.5L√(1+k_1/0.45+k_1)∗ (1+k_2/0.45+k_2)

Effective length

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

K1x (top)= 3.346 K1y (top)= 1.257

K2x (bott)= 3.346 K2y (bott)= 1.257

Lo,x(mm)= 3198.49 Lo,y(mm)= 2951.93

Step 5: Determine slenderness ratio of the column being considered

λ=L_0/i
Check slenderness x-x

second moment of Columan 1600000000

area columan 120000

i 115.4700538

Lo 3198.493587

28

Check slenderness Y-Y

second moment of Columan 1600000000

area columan 120000

i 115.4700538

Lo 2951.927

26

Step 6: Determine limit slenderness ratio ���� Slenderness criterion for isolated members Limit
Slenderness ratio ���� (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section [Link])

���� = 20 ∗ � √ ∗ � � ∗ �

� = 1 (1 + 0.2���) ⁄ (If ��� is not known, � = 0.7 may be used)

10
� = √1 + � (If � is not known, � = 1.1 may be used)

� = 1.7 − �� (If �� is not known � = 0.7 may be used)

,��� Effective creep ratio; see 5.8.4

� = ����� ����� ; Mechanical reinforcement ratio;

�� is the total area of longitudinal reinforcement

� = ��� ����� ; relative normal force ,�� = �01 �02 ; moment ratio �01, �02 are the first order end
moments �02 beingalways positive and greater in magnitude than �01, |�02| ≥ |�01|�01being
positive if member is bent in single curvature and negative if bent in double curvature

design actions

NED(KN)= 298.05

Mx-x, T(KN-M)= -22.044

Mx-x, B(KN-M)= 25.6436

My-y, T(KN-M)= 2.928

My-y, B(KN-M)= -3.4483

First order moment Check slenderness

Axis x-x Axis y-y Axis x-x Axis y-y
M01(KN- la= 27.667 34.046
-22.044 -2.928
m)=
la, lim-= 103.126 103.126
M02(KN-
25.6436 3.4483 Rmark Not slender Not slender
m)=

M0e(KN-
10.25744 1.37932
m)=

∴ The column is Not slender column in the x −direction. Second order effects not considered in
design

∴ The column is Not slender column in the y −direction. Second order effects not considered in
design
Check second order effect for Buckling
Imperfaction ecentricity A= 0.7 lim= 103.1260494
ex-x (mm)= 20
B= 1.1 x= 36.93302267
ey-y (mm)= 20
C= 2.549114056 y= 25.56443512 M2= 0

Neglect second order effect

Msd,x= 31.6046

Msd,y= 9.4093

11
 Concrete data Reinforcement data

fcu(Mpa)= C30/37 fyk(Mpa)= 400

mc  1.5 ms  1.15

Ecm(Gpa)= 33 Es(Gpa)= 210

cover (mm)= 30 main barø(mm) 16

tie barø(mm) 8
Using ℎ′ /ℎ = �/ � ′ = 0.1 read the
mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart �0. 35 for

Main reignforcement

Vsd= 0.173

ed,x= 0.039

ed,y= 0.015

Main reignforcement Tie reinforcement

Vsd= 0.173

ed,x= 0.039 as 200.96

12
 ed,y= 0.015

ω 0

6 ø (mm)= 8mm

Provide spacing=
As,tot(mm2) 240.00 6∅ 16 300mm

Remark Revise
Scritical from
earth quake Shall be provided at critical
As,min(mm2) 240 consideration 128mm regions of the column!

As,max(mm2) 4800 ∅
the length of
use atleast critical regions
∅ of 7.14 16 of the column = 566.67

for the area near supports

Provide ∅ 8 C/C128mm to a distance of 566.67

For intermidate length of

Provide ∅ 8 C/C300mm 2266.67

FOR THE CORNER

Then to use the highly stressed CORNER column for Design C20

TABLE:
Element
Forces -
Columns

Story Column Unique Name Output Case P M2 M3

kN kN-m kN-m

Story2 C20 98 ULTEMAT -148.604 -9.5369 -16.377

P=148.604kN-m M2= -9.5369kN-m M3=-16.377kN-m

Step 1: Determine the second moment of area, I for the beams and columns
stiffness of Column EI/Lc=bh^3/12L

stiffness of beam EI/L=bh^3/12L

13
 X-SECTIONAL DATA

Element Depth 'h' (Y-dxn) (mm) width 'b' (X-dxn)(mm) length 'L' (mm)

column 300 400 3400

top beam

B1 (x-x) (continous) 300 200 4800

B2 (x-x) (pin) 300 200 4800

B1 (y-y) (pin) 300 200 4250

B2 (y-y) (continous) 300 200 4250

Bott beam

B1 (x-x) (continous) 300 200 4800

B2 (x-x) (pin) 300 200 4800

B1 (y-y) (pin) 300 200 4250

B2 (y-y) (continous) 300 200 4250

Step 2: Calculate stiffness for beams and columns under consideration

stiffness of Column EI/Lc=bh^3/12L

Kc,y 264705.9

Kc,x 470588.2

stiffness of beam EI/L=bh^3/12L

Top Bottom

B1x 93750.00 B1x 93750.00

B2x 46875.00 B2x 46875.00

140625.00 140625.00

14
 B1y 52941.18 B1y 52941.18

B2y 105882.35 B2y 105882.35

158823.53 158823.53

Step 3: Calculate rotational stiffness k at the joints for the columns under consideration

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

K1x K1y
3.346 1.667
(top)= (top)=

K2x K2y
3.346 1.667
(bott)= (bott)=

Step 4: Determine effective length of the column being considered Braced members

L_0=0.5L√(1+k_1/0.45+k_1)∗ (1+k_2/0.45+k_2)

Effective length

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

K1x (top)= 3.346 K1y (top)= 1.667

K2x (bott)= 3.346 K2y (bott)= 1.667

Lo,x(mm)= 3198.49 Lo,y(mm)= 3038.58

Step 5: Determine slenderness ratio of the column being considered

λ=L_0/i
Check slenderness x-x

second moment of Columan 1600000000

area columan 120000

i 115.4700538

Lo 3198.493587

28

Check slenderness Y-Y

second moment of Columan 1600000000

area columan 120000

i 115.4700538

Lo 3038.583

26

15
Step 6: Determine limit slenderness ratio ���� Slenderness criterion for isolated members Limit
Slenderness ratio ���� (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section [Link])

���� = 20 ∗ � √ ∗ � � ∗ �

� = 1 (1 + 0.2���) ⁄ (If ��� is not known, � = 0.7 may be used)

� = √1 + � (If � is not known, � = 1.1 may be used)

� = 1.7 − �� (If �� is not known � = 0.7 may be used)

��� Effective creep ratio; see 5.8.4

� = ����� ����� ; Mechanical reinforcement ratio;

�� is the total area of longitudinal reinforcement

� = ��� ����� ; relative normal force

�� = �01 �02 ; moment ratio �01, �02 are the first order end moments �02 beingalways positive and
greater in magnitude than �01, |�02| ≥ |�01|�01being positive if member is bent in single
curvature and negative if bent in double curvature

design actions

NED(KN)= 148.604

Mx-x, T(KN-M)= -16.377

Mx-x, B(KN-M)= 18.8276

My-y, T(KN-M)= -9.5369

My-y, B(KN-M)= 11.284

Check slenderness

First order moment Axis x-x Axis y-y

Axis x-x Axis y-y la= 27.667 35.045

M01(KN- la, lim-

-16.377 -9.5369 = 146.631 146.631
m)=

M02(KN- Not
18.8276 11.284 Rmark slender Not slender
m)=

M0e(KN-
7.53104 4.5136
m)=

∴ The column is Not slender column in the x −direction. Second order effects not considered in
design

∴ The column is Not slender column in the y −direction. Second order effects not considered in
design
Check second order effect for Buckling
Imperfaction ecentricity A= 0.7 lim= 146.6312859
ex-x (mm)= 20 B= 1.1 x= 36.93302267
ey-y (mm)= 20

16
 C= 2.545170152 y= 26.3148979 M2= 0

Neglect second order effect

Msd,x= 21.79968

Msd,y= 14.25608

Concrete data Reinforcement data

fcu(Mpa)= C30/37 fyk(Mpa)= 400

mc  1.5 ms  1.15

Ecm(Gpa)= 33 Es(Gpa)= 210

cover (mm)= 30 main barø(mm) 14

tie barø(mm) 8

Using ℎ′ /ℎ = �/ � ′ = 0.1 read the mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart �0. 35 for

Main reignforcement

Vsd= 0.086

ed,x= 0.027

ed,y= 0.023

17
 Main reignforcement Tie reinforcement

Vsd= 0.086

ed,x= 0.027 as 153.86

ed,y= 0.023

ω 0

4 ø (mm)= 8mm

As,tot(mm2) 240.00 Provide 4∅ 14 spacing= 300mm

Remark Revise

Scritical from Shall be provided

earth quake at critical regions
As,min(mm2) 240 consideration 128mm of the column!

As,max(mm2) 4800 ∅
the length of
use atleast critical regions of
∅ of 8.74 14 the column = 566.67

for the area near

supports to a
Provide ∅ 8 C/C128mm distance of 566.67

For intermidate
Provide ∅ 8 C/C300mm length of 2266.67

Design of Column

First order moment calculation including Check for

Column sizing
geometric imperfection slenderness

Colu
2nd
mn
Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo λli order
b\n h b L L0x L0y P λ
1,x 2,x e,x 1,y 2,y e,y m effec
elev
t
ation

C
2nd 3 4 - 3
- 34 319 303 148. 18. - 11. 14 Negl
Floo 0 0 16. 7.5 4.5 6.
1 00 8.5 8.6 604 8 9.5 3 6.6 ected
r 0 0 4 9
0

C
2nd 3 4 - 3
- 34 319 295 298. 25. 10. - 10 Negl
Floo 0 0 22. 3.4 1.4 6.
1 00 8.5 1.9 05 6 3 2.9 3.1 ected
r 0 0 0 9
9

C
2nd 3 4 - 2
- 34 302 298 170 33. 76. 58. 96. 38. 47. Negl
Floo 0 0 60. 0.
2 00 0.2 1.8 8 0 0 8 0 4 3 ected
r 0 0 9 9
0

18
 Design of Longtudnal Reinforcement

Colum
n b\n Msd Msd Vs μsd, μsd, As,re As,m As,ma As,us Provi
ω ∅
elevati ,x ,y d x y q in x ed de
on

C Provi
- 2nd 0.0 0.0 0.0 16. 240. 4800. de
21.8 14.3 0.1 240.0 240.0
1 Floor 3 2 0 0 0 0 4∅ 1
0 4

C Provi
- 2nd 0.0 0.0 0.0 16. 240. 4800. de
31.6 9.4 0.2 240.0 240.0
1 Floor 4 2 0 0 0 0 6∅ 1
9 6

C Provi
- 2nd 110. 130. 0.0 0.0 0.1 20. 1018 14400 1018. de
0.5 500.0
2 Floor 2 2 6 7 0 0 .2 .0 2 10∅
0 16

Design of Lateral Reinforcement

For critical Length of Earth

Under normal Length
quake effect

Colum
n b\n Spacin Spacin Critical Length from Both ends Provid
∅ Provide ∅
elevati g g of column e
on

C Provide
Provide
- 2nd 300m ∅ 8
8 8 128mm 566.67 ∅ 8
1 Floor m C/C300m
C/C128mm
0 m

C Provide
Provide
- 2nd 300m ∅ 8
8 8 128mm 566.67 ∅ 8
1 Floor m C/C300m
C/C128mm
9 m

C Provide
Provide
- 2nd 400m ∅ 8
8 8 160mm 513.33 ∅ 8
2 Floor m C/C400m
C/C160mm
0 m

19
2. Analyze and design the flat slab system
For analysis of flat slabs use Equivalent Frame Method
Step 1: Determine the flat slab thickness from deflection requirement [Refer ES EN 1992: 2015
section 7.4.2 (2)]

 Provided that reinforced concrete beams or slabs in buildings are dimensioned so that they
comply with the limits of span to depth ratio.

 The appearance and general utility of the structure could be impaired when the

calculated sag of a beam, slab or cantilever subjected to quasi-permanent loads

exceeds ����/250. Therefore, their deflections may be considered as not exceeding the limits
����/250 .For the deflection after construction, ����/500 is normally an appropriate limit for
quasi-permanent loads [Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 section 7.4.1 (4&5)].

 The limiting span-to-depth ratio may be estimated from expressions and

multiplying this by correction factors to allow for the type of reinforcement used, for the span
length and other variables.

 Pre-camber may be used to compensate for some or all of the deflection but any upward
deflection incorporated in the formwork should not generally exceed

����/250. But in this problem, no allowance has been made for any pre-camber.

� /� = � [11 + 1.5√��� � � 0 + 3.2√��� ( � � 0 − 1) 3⁄2 ]�� � ≤ �0 (7.16�)

� /� = � [11 + 1.5√��� � � − 0 �′ + 3.2√���√ ��0 ]�� � > �0 (7.16�)

Where: � � is the limit span-to-depth ratio

� is the factor to take into account the different structural systems

from Table 7.4N

�0 is the reference reinforcement ratio = √��� ∗ 10−3

� is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the design
loads (at support for cantilevers)

�′ is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to design
loads (at support for cantilevers)

��� is characteristics cylindrical compressive strength of concrete in ��� units

Assumption: Slab is lightly reinforced (ρ = 0.5%) (From Table 7.4N)

 � = 1.2 for Slab supported on columns without beams (flat slab) based on longer

span (From Table 7.4N)

 �0 = √��� ∗ 10−3 = √37 ∗ 10−3 = 0.00608 > � = 0.005

� /� = � [11 + 1.5√��� �/ � 0 + 3.2√��� ( � � 0 − 1) 3⁄2 ]�� � ≤ �0 is used.

Substitute the value in the above equation:

� /� = 24.0≤ ( � /� ) ���=24.0 … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … … . .��!

Correction factors for the type of reinforcement used

20
Expressions (7.16�) and (7.16�) have been derived on the assumption that the steel stress under
the appropriate design load at SLS at a cracked section at the mid-span of a beam or slab or at the
support of a cantilever is 310��� (corresponding roughly to ��� = 500���). Where other stress
levels are used, the values obtained using

Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 310⁄�� . It will normally be conservative to assume

that: 310/�� = (��� ��, 500 ���⁄��,���)

Initially, taking ��,��� = ��,���, 310/�� = 500/���

Where:

�� is the tensile steel stress at mid-span (at support for cantilevers) under the design load at SLS

��,��� is the area of steel provided at this section

��,��� is the area of steel required at this section for ultimate limit state

∴ 310/�� = 500/��� = 500/400= 1.25

Correction factors for the span length

For flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8.5�, and which support partitions liable to be
damaged by excessive deflections, the values of �/� given by Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 8.5 ���� ⁄ (���� �� ������). But, in our case the

longer span of flat slab 5.5� which is not greater than 8.5�.

Therefore, correction for the span length is not needed.

∴ ( �/� ) �������� = 24 ∗ 1.25= 30

In case of flat slabs, the larger magnitude of loads are transferred in the longer

direction and the maximum deflection also occurred in this direction.

Therefore, � = �� = 6.3� = 5300��. � = ��/30 = 6300/30 =210��

Assume ϕ12�� as longitudinal reinforcement and 15�� concrete cover:

�′ = �� + ϕ�/2 = 15 + 12/2 = 21��

Overall thickness of flat slab D

D = � + � ′ =210+ 21 = 231�� ∴ ��� � = 240��

Step 2: Determination of design load

 Self-weight of slab = 0.24� ∗ 25 ��⁄�3 = 6 ��/�2

 Dead Load from floor finishing and others = 1.2 ��/�2

Total characteristics dead load �� = 6 + 1.2= 7.2 ��/�2

 Live load �� = 2.0 ��/�2

Design load, �� = 1.35�� + 1.5�� = 1.35 ∗ 7.2 + 1.5 ∗ 2 = 12.72 ��⁄�2

calculation of loads on the ETABS software

3.1. Check whether the Equivalent Frame Method is applicable for this analysis problem
Limitations on the use of the Equivalent Frame Method as per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 (Annex I)

21
1) Rectangular panels must have a long span-to-short span ratio not greater than 2.

→ ��⁄�� = 6.3⁄4.3 = 1.46 ≤ 2.0… … … … … … … .��!

2) The width of slab used to define the effective stiffness of the slab

will depend upon the aspect ratio of the panels and the type of loading, but the following
provisions may be applied in the absence of more accurate methods:

 In the case of vertical loading, the full width of the panel and for lateral loading,

40% the width of the panel may be used to calculate the stiffness of the slab. In

this Project, we have only considering the dead loads and live load which are

gravity loads. Thus, we will take the full width of the panels are used to define

the effective stiffness of the slab

3) The moment of inertia of any section of slab or column used in calculating the relative stiffness
of members may be assumed to be that of the cross section of the concrete alone.

4) Moments and forces within a system of flat slab panels may be obtained from analysis of the
structure under the single load case of maximum design load on all spans or panels simultaneously
provided that the ratio of the characteristic imposed load to the characteristic dead load does not
exceed1.25 and the characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5.0 �� �2 excluding partitions.

In this Project, the characteristic imposed load is 2.0 ��/�2 < 5.0 ��⁄�2 ��� ��/ �� = 4⁄ 6.7 =
0.597 ≤ 1.25 … … .��!

5) Each frame may be analysed in its entirety by any elastic method. Alternatively, for

vertical loads only, each strip of floor and roof may be analysed as a separate frame with the
columns above and below fixed in position and direction at their extremities. In either case, the
analysis shall be carried out for the appropriate design ultimate loads on each span calculated for a
strip of slab of width equal to the distance between centre lines of the panels on each side of the
columns. In our case, there is only vertical load; hence each strip of floor can be analysed as a
separate frame with the columns above and below fixed in position and direction at their

22
extremities.

Determine distribution factors

�� at each joints Note: �� = { 0.0 �� ����� ������ 1.0 �� ������ �������
�� = � /∑ k
Joints Members k ∑k = /∑ k

Slab S-1 3549333.333 0.055200158

A columan 30375000 64299333.33 0.472399921

columan 30375000 0.472399921

Slab S-1 3549333.333 0.052312499

B columan 30375000 0.447687501

columan 30375000 67848666.67 0.447687501

SlabS-3 3549333.333 0.052312499

slab S-3 3549333.333 0.052312499

C columan 30375000 0.447687501

columan 30375000 67848666.67 0.447687501

Slab SLAB-5 3549333.333 0.052312499

Slab SLAB-5 3549333.333 0.055200158

D columan 30375000 64299333.33 0.472399921

columan 30375000 0.472399921

23
Determine Fixed End Moments ��� for each members

����� = − �� 2 /12
Fixed End
PANEL W L �� 2 /12
Moments

���AB S-2 80.136 6.3 504.8568

���BA S-2 80.136 6.3 504.8568

���BC S-6 80.136 6.3 504.8568

���CB S-6 80.136 6.3 504.8568

���CD S-9 80.136 6.3 504.8568

���DC S-9 80.136 6.3 504.8568

Support Moments for the longer span direction Frames

joi
nt A B C D

m
e colu colu colu colu colu colu colu colu
m ma ma AB BA ma ma BC CB ma ma CD DC ma ma
ba n n n n n n n n
r

0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.05 0.47 0.47
723 723 552 523 476 476 523 523 476 476 523 231 239 239
DF
999 999 001 124 875 875 124 124 875 875 124 249 992 992
21 21 58 99 01 01 99 99 01 01 99 9 1 1

- - -
126 207
126 207 115 115.
FE .81 .18
0 0 .81 0 0 .18 0 0 .79 793 0 0
M 562 715
562 715 362 625
5 83
5 83 5

- - - - - - -
59. 59. 7.0 4.2 35. 35. 4.2
4.7 40. 40. 4.7 6.05 54.7 54.7
Ba 907 907 002 044 981 981 044
810 915 915 810 745 008 008
l 691 691 424 357 330 330 357
241 742 742 241 393 993 993
26 26 86 88 88 88 88
56 51 51 56 7 3 3

- - -
2.1 3.5 2.1
2.3 3.0 2.39
Co 022 001 022
905 287 051
M 178 212 178
120 269 207
94 43 94
78 68 8

Ba - - - - - - - 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.12 1.12 1.12

l 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 484 147 147 484 505 927 927
930 930 160 580 967 967 580 680 865 865 680 366 771 771

24
 875 875 427 464 581 581 464 05 32 32 05 2 7 7
68 68 59 29 54 54 29

- - - - - -
117 134 35. 35. 204 107.
117 205 40. 40. 123 107.
to .82 .46 484 484 .55 470
.82 .43 500 500 .55 143
tal 920 213 572 572 682 712
920 128 955 955 490 243
74 56 72 72 01 6
74 11 98 98 81 2

Span moments
Determine reaction forces by using EQE
Determine
reaction Support
PANEL W L reaction
forces Moments
forces

Rab S-2 80.136 6.3 -117.8292074 165.3912937

Rbal S-2 80.136 6.3 134.4621356 113.0227571

Rbcr S-6 80.136 6.3 -205.4312811 234.7164926 347.7392498

Rcbl S-6 80.136 6.3 204.5568201 157.1952545

Rcdr S-9 80.136 6.3 -123.5549081 165.3130106 322.5082651

Rdc S-9 80.136 6.3 107.4707126 215.2993886

Interior panel s-6 and Exterior panel s-2 and Exterior panel s-9
Interior panel s-6

x(m) 2.651864113

Mx(max) 106.6613017

Exterior panels S-2

x(m) 2.200815618

Mx(max) 47.5357356

Exterior panels S-9

x(m) 2.199773926

Mx(max) 74.35491254

The negative moments greater than those at a distance ℎ�⁄ 2 from the center-line of the column may be
ignored provided the moment �0 obtained as the sum of the maximum positive design moment and the
average of the negative design moments in anyone span of the slab for the whole panel width is such
that:

25
�0 ≥ (�� + 2 �� )�2/ (�1 − 2/3 ℎ�) 2

Where
�1 is the panel length parallel to span measured from centers of columns
�2 is the panel width measured from centers of columns
ℎ� is the effective diameter of a column or column head
When the above condition is not satisfied, the negative design moments shall be
increased by providing the drop panels or column heads.
�0=200.5 KNm
The effective diameter of the capital should be taken as the diameter of the circle at
the point at which a 45° line form the base of the capital intersects the bottom of the
slab or dropped panel.
The effective diameter of a column or column head �� is the diameter of a circle
whose area equals the cross-sectional area of the column or if column heads are used,
the area of the column head based on the effective dimensions. In no case shall be
taken as greater than onequarter of the shortest span framing in to the column.
���� = 450�� ∗ 450�� = 202500��2
� 4 ℎ� 2 = ���� → �� = √ �� � ��� = √ �∗������ /� = ����� �1 =5.3m �2 =5.3 �
(��+ 2 ��)�2 (�1 − 2/3 ℎ�) 2 = 184.159KNm
= 184.159KNm ≤ �0 = 200.5 KNm … … … … … … … … … … … … ��!
Hence reduce the moment at center of support to a moment at ��⁄ 2=0.254m
� (@� = ℎ�⁄ 2 ���� ������ �� �������) =-67.91KN/m

Step 4: Compute positive and negative moments in the slab

The moment obtained from the analysis of the equivalent frame are the total moments
on the slab strip. However, the distribution of moment across the width of the strip is
quite obviously not uniform, since the slab is only supported in the center of the strip.
To ensure that the distribution of reinforcement corresponds approximately to the
distribution of moments arising from a rigorous analysis of the slab system, the slab
strip is divided into a column strip and middle strip, thus apportionment of bending
moment to them. 4.1. Apportioning moments in to column strips and middle strip
Simplified apportionment of bending moment for a flat slab as per ES EN 1992: 2015
Annex I Table I.1.
Table I.1: Simplified apportionment of bending moment for a flat slab (Source:
Adopted from
ES EN 1992-1-1:2015Annex I)
Strips Negative moments Positive moments

26
Column Strip 60 − 80% 50 − 70%
Middle Strip 40 − 20 50 − 30%
Note: Total negative and positive moments to be resisted by the column and middle
strips together should always add up to100%.
Where the width of the column strip is different from 0.5�� and made equal to width
of drop, the width of middle strip should be adjusted accordingly.
Exterior panels s-2
BM on Column BM on Middle
Direction of span Total BM
strip strip
Long direction -67.90539666 -50.9290475 -16.97634917

106.6613017 58.66371593 47.99758576

Short direction -67.90539666 -50.9290475 -16.97634917

106.6613017 58.66371593 47.99758576

Step 5: Check thickness of the slab for both shear and flexure
5.1. Check thickness of the slab for flexural design
Concrete data

fcu(Mpa)= C30/37

mc  1.5

Ecm(Gpa)= 33

cover (mm)= 30

Reinforcement data

fyk(Mpa)= 400

ms  1.15

Fcd(Mpa)= 17.00
Fyd(Mpa)= 347.83

 The largest moment, ���� =106.6613017 ���

 � = �2���� (for a column strip)

 Minimum effective depth to avoid any compression steel (singly reinforced) is
given by: �� / ����� 2 < ���� = 0.295

27
����. ≥ √ �� /0.295���� = 97.225
Assuming 15�� concrete cover, �12�� diameter bars:
The overall depth of the slab �:
� = 97.225 + 15 + 6 =118.225�� < ����� = ����� … ��!
5.2. Check thickness of the slab for punching shear (refer ES EN 1992-1-1: 2015
section 6.4) Punching shear can result from a concentrated load or reaction acting on
a relatively small area, called the loaded area ����� of a slab or a foundation. An
appropriate verification model for checking punching failure
at the ultimate limit state is

Figure 6.12: Verification model for punching shear at the ultimate limit state (Source:
Adopted from ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section 6.4) The shear resistance perimeter . If
shear reinforcement is required a further perimeter should be checked at the face of
the column and at the basic control ����,�� should be found where shear
reinforcement is no longer required. The basic control perimeter �� may normally be
taken to be at a distance 2.0� from the loaded area and should be constructed so as to
minimize its length.

�� = 220 − 15 − 6 = 199�� �� = 220 − 15 − 12 − 6 = 187��

28
��� = ��+�� /� = ���+ � ��� = �����
Where �� and ��
are the effective depths of the reinforcement in two orthogonal directions. Perimeter
of critical section
adjacent to face of the exterior column
�0 = 2(�1 + �2 ) = 2(450 + 450) = 1800�

Basic control perimeter

�� at 2� from the face of the interior column
�1 = 2(�1 + �2 ) + ���� = 2 ∗ 900+ � ∗ 193 = 2406.02��
Punching shear calculation
The following checks should be carried out:
(a) At the column perimeter, or the perimeter of the loaded area, the maximum
punching shear stress should not be exceeded:
��� ≤ ���,���
Where:
��� is the design punching shear force due to applied load along the control section
considered.
���,��� is the design value of the maximum punching shear resistance along the
control section considered limited by crushing of the compression struts.
(b) Punching shear reinforcement is not necessary if:
��� ≤ ���,?
���,� is the design value of the punching shear resistance of a slab without
punching shear reinforcement along the control section considered.
(c) Where ��� exceeds the value ���,� for the control section considered, punching
shear reinforcement should be provided according to 6.4.5.
���,�� is the design value of the punching shear resistance of a slab with punching
shear reinforcement along the control section considered.
Design punching shear force due to applied load ���
��� = �� ∗ �� where At is the tributary areas or influence areas for the column

29
Punched area, ��
�� = (�1 * 2���)+(�2 * 2���) + �/ 4 (2���) 2 ]
=473426.24��2
Tributary area,
�� for balancing the critical shear
�� = �� ∗ �� − �� = 4500 ∗ 4500 −473426.24= 19776573.76��2
= 19.7765�2
��� = �� ∗ �� = ��. 7 ��⁄�2 ∗ 19.7765�2 =330.268��
Effective shear force (Equivalent Punching shear adjacent to columns)
[ES EN 1992-1- 1:2015 section 6.4.2]
Generally, moment is transferred to the columns so the shear distribution is not
uniform and a factor, � is used to obtain effective of shear stress by taking into
account of local concentrations. For a slab-column connection the design is based on
the total shear force, ��� at the column face. ��� = � (���/U�d

Figure 6.19: Shear distribution due to an unbalanced moment at a slab internal column
connection (Source: Adopted ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section 6.4.3)
For structures where the lateral stability does not depend on frame action between the
slabs and columns, and where the adjacent spans do not differ in length by more than
25%, simplified values of � may be used. In this example, this criteria fulfilled

5.2.1. Check critical shear stress at perimeter of column

Equivalent Punching shear adjacent to exterior columns (� = �. 5)
���,��� = 0.5 (1 − ��� 250) ��� = 0.5 (1 − 37/ 250) ∗ 17 = 7.242���
��� = � ���/ �0�= 0.67Mpa = ≤ ���,��� … … … … … ��!

30
5.2.2. Check shear stress at control perimeter ( from face of column)
��� = � ��� /�1� = 1.0668Mpa = 1.0668Mpa≤ ���,�
Punching shear resistance of slabs and column bases without shear reinforcement,
���,� may be calculated as follows:
���,� = ���.{ ���,��(100����) 1⁄3 0.035� 3 2 ⁄ ��� 1⁄2 + �1��� + �1���
Where: � = 1 + √ 200 � = √ 200 193 = 1.018 ≤ 2.0 … . .��! � �� ��
� = √�� ∗ �� ≤ 0.02 ��, �� relate to the bonded tension steel in x- and y- directions
respectively. �� = � �� �� & �� = � �� ��
 Both are unknown since flexural reinforcement has not been determined and
assume concrete lightly stressed � = 0.5%. 0.005 ≤ 0.02 … .��!
��� = ��� + 2 ��� ���, ��� are the normal concrete stresses in the critical section in
� − and � −directions (���, positive if compression):
��� = ���,� ��� & ��� = ���,� ���
���,�, ���,� are the design axial compression load in y- and x-directions. In our case,
it is not specified. ��� = 0 The recommended value for ���,� = 0.18
�� ⁄ = 0.18 1.5 ⁄ = .12 and �1 = 1.0.
∴ ���,� = ���. { 0.12 ∗ 2(100 ∗ 0.005 ∗ 37) 1⁄3 = 0.629���
0.035(2) 3 2 ⁄ (37) 1 2 ⁄ = 0.601���
���,� = 0.629��� < ��� … … … … … ��� ����!
If ��� > ���,� several design options are available to increase the shear resistance of
the slab, such as:
Solution 1: Providing the drop Panel or column head/capital
Solution 2: Design Punching shear reinforcement
Solution 3: By increase the concrete strength
Solution 4: By increase the column dimension
Solution 3: By increase the concrete strength
Let increase the strength class to
�50/60 m���,��� = 0.5���� = 3.4��� � = 0.6 (1 − ��� 250) = 0.48
���,��� = 3.4��� > ��� = 0.67��� … … … ����
���,� = ���.{ ���,��(100����) 1 3 ⁄ 0.035� 3 2 ⁄ ��� 1 2 ⁄ + �1��� + �1���
The recommended value for ���,� = 0.18 �� ⁄ = 0.18 1.5 ⁄ = 0.12 and �1 = 1.0.

31
∴ ���,� = ���. { 0.12 ∗ 2(100 ∗ 0.005 ∗ 50z1 3 ⁄ = 0.71��� 0.035(2) 3 2 ⁄ (50) 1 2 =
0.7��� ���,� = 0.71��� > ��� = 0.67��� … … … … … …����
Flat slab at internal columns (ES EN 1992-1-1: 2015 section 9.4) At internal columns
top reinforcement of area 0.5�� should be placed in a width equal to the
sum of 0.125����� the panel width on either side of the column. �� represents the
area of reinforcement required to resist the full negative moment from the sum of the
two half panels each side of the column.
Bottom reinforcement (≥ 2����) in each orthogonal direction should be provided at
internal columns and this reinforcement should pass through the column.
Flat slab at edge and corner columns Reinforcement perpendicular to a free edge
required to transmit bending moments from the slab to an edge or corner column
should be placed within the effective width �� .

]
3. Analyze and design the floor slab system by using Yield Line Method.

Using the Work Method, analyse and design a 150 mm thick reinforced concrete slab
spanning 6.3 x 4..25 m(PANEL 3(‘S-2’)) The slab occupies a corner bay of a floor, which has
columns at each corner connected by stiff beams in each direction. The slab can be regarded
as being continuous over two adjacent sides and simply supported on the other two. Assume
isotropic reinforcement with equal ‘m’ in each direction . Concrete is C30, cover 15 mm T&B.
Analyze and design the
floor slab system by
using Yield Line
Method.

Unit
t=(mm) 150 24
weghti(KN/m^3)

LIVE DEAD ON
2 6.5
LOAD(SLAB)(KN/M^2) SLAB(KN/M^2)

Ly(m)= 4.25 ��K= 30 �YK= 400

Lx(m)= 6.3 ���= 17 ����= 2.929493208

total ultimate load 11.775 �Y�= 347.83

32
Assume isotropic reinforcement with equal ‘m’ in
each direction.
Let all yield lines bisect the corners at 45o
Expenditure of energy by the external loads
� = 2∆/L
� = ∆ /3
External Work done �E �� = ∑ ��∆
��= 124.344
Internal Work done �I �� = ∑ ���� =
�� 13.5
Apply principle of virtual work method �� = ��
Positive moments at bottom reinforcements:M(Mp) 9.210666667
Negative moments at top reinforcements: M’(Mn) 18.42133333

Design for flexure

Assuming

diameter bars 12

cover, 15

the effective depth d of the inner layer is: 117

For span Reinforcement Mp = 9.210666667

For no moment redistribution, Mu = 0.2952 bd2 ���

Check adequacy of depth

d = (�/ 0.2952� ���)^0.5 = 42.85584514 < d,min

33
Reinforcement
��,��� = ������� ,

���� = 0.26���� /��� 0.001692596

��,��� =( 0.26���� /���) ���, 198.0337408

�� = width of tension zone = Take 1m width d = effective depth the slab

��,��� = 0.4�� �� = area of concrete = b*h 46800

k = M�� /��^ 2 ��d 3.95795E-05

Z = (�/2) (1 +(1 − 2�)^ 0.5≤0.95� 116.9976846

�� = ��� /���� , 201.1866343

Provide ϕ 561.8663507

Provide ϕ12 C/C 560mm

For support Reinforcement Mn 18.42133333

k = M�� /��^ 2 ��d 7.9159E-05

Z = (�/2) (1 +(1 − 2�)^ 0.5≤0.95� 116.995369

�� = ��� /���� , 402.3812322

Provide ϕ 280.9276153

Provide ϕ12 C/C 280mm

[Link] and design at least one continuous edge beam for torsion only (edge
beam which supported by cantilever slab).
The 9.5m span beam carries a monolithic slab cantilevering 1.8 m past the beam
center line, as shown in the section. Beam Load calculation

DEAD ON
LIVE LOAD(SLAB)(KN/M^2) 2 BEAM(KN 8.91
/M)

Unit
slab beam weghti(KN/m^ 24
3)

t=(mm) 200 h=(mm) 500 L=(m) 9.5

L=clear(m) 1.8 b=(mm) 200

Dead load due to self wt. of slab 8.64

Live load on the slab 3.6

Design load on the slab PD 17.064 @= 1

34
Associated twisting moment on the
17.064
beam

Self-weight of beam 2.4

15.268
Design load on the beamPD
5

32.332
Total design load on the beam PD
5

Determination of design torsion and shear

d= 0.55 L/2 4.75

153.579
The design shear force at the face of the column:
375

The design torsional moment at the face of the column: 81.054

The values of ��� and ��� at the critical design section a
distance d from the column face are:

135.796
���@d
5

��� = ���@d 71.6688

Torsional resistance of concrete fro pure torsion:

128.571
fck= 30 xo
4286

2.28805 428.571
fctd= yo
7367 4286

71.4285
hef=
7143

55102.0
Aef = xoyo=
4082

10.8065
Tc= 1.2*fctd*Ae*fhef(KN/m)
6832
Resistance of concrete for pure direct shear:

Assume k1 = 1+50*gmin 1.073

K2 = 1.6 - d > 1.0 1.05

70.8905
Vc = 0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
954

35
 0.288840
The reduction factors for
191

0.960726
(i) Torsion:btc =
657

0.077004
(ii) Shear : bvc=
291

10.38215
Torsional shear resistance :
825

Hence torsional reinforcement is required. Torsional resistance

for diagonal compression.

fcd= 17

53.52769
For pure torsion, T Rd = 0.80* fcd* Aef *hef
679

For pure direct shear:

VRd = 0.25 fcd bwd 467.5

0.216947
The reduction factors:
867

0.977266
For torsion, bt =
233

0.212015
For direct shear, br =
825

TRd =bt* 52.31081

Torsional resistance fro diagonal compression
TRd 06

Since TRd < Tsd (52.3108106 < 71.6688) the cross section is Not adequate size for the given
concrete strength.

Assuming   stirrups
fyk= 400

Additional stirrups required due to torsional

shear

347.82608
Assuming stirrups 8 fyd=
7
Aleg =mm^2 50.24

Assume  = 450

Spacing of stirrups, 30.22956175

36
Use  8 stirrups c/c 50mm (additional stirrups used to resist torsional shear).

Additional longitudinal bars due to torsional shear.

Additional longitudinal bars due to torsional

shear.

Along = 1851.8864

# bar= 18

as= 254.34

no of bar= 7.281144924

Use 8 18 bars placed on mid-sides of the beam

37