4/10/24, 9:03 AM Plug-Flow Digester - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Plug-Flow Digester
Plug flow digester: Plug flow digesters are engineered,
heated, rectangular tanks that treat scraped dairy manure
with a range of 11 to 13per cent total solids.
From: Advanced Renewable Energy Systems, 2014
Chapters and Articles
Economic Aspects of Food Waste-to-
Energy System Deployment
Somik Ghose, Matthew J. Franchetti, in
Sustainable Food Waste-To-energy Systems, 2018
11.7.3 Outcomes and Challenges
• Mixed plug-flow concrete tank digester with electricity gen-sets
and sale to electric utility was found to be most cost effective and
operationally simple option for a codigester at a dairy farm;
information from system designer indicated that the plug-flow
digester could handle only 20%–30% additional food waste to
manure waste and boost biogas production and higher methane
content in biogas to an extent but is not capable of handling higher
food waste, such as some completely stirred tank digesters
operating on 100% food waste. Further, given the variability in food
waste, the plug-flow digester needs to be properly operated and
maintained to prevent settling of solids and accumulating grit and
gunk at the bottom; completely stirred tank reactors or pumped
mixed reactors may have lesser issues with settling.
• The financial success of this project depended upon four sources of
revenue. Two of these revenue streams required sales into external
markets: the sale of renewable electricity to the local power utility
and carbon credits on the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX). The
other two revenue streams would be generated from the manure
tipping fee paid by the dairy and tipping fees for food waste paid by
the waste generators and waste haulers.
• Electric generation from biogas would generate renewable credits,
but with low heat recapture for digester and farm operation only
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and no CHP application for the large waste heat, the revenue
potential is reduced. However, any system upgrades for pipeline
gas, CNG, or gas-to-liquid fuel would be cost prohibitive with
marginal finances. Excess biogas has to be flared with only small
carbon credits available for flaring. Also, while the rural electric co-
op agreed to a 10-year power purchase agreement (4.6 cents/kWh
including renewable credits), additional costs of $200,000 in
equipment for utility hookup and line upgrades have to be paid by
the owners.
• Most codigesters at livestock farms are owned and operated by the
farms with support from the system installer and with
partnerships with food waste haulers. This project was developed
with a cooperative model whose members included the dairy farm,
an anchor waste hauling business, several local crop farmers, and
some agricultural and food processing businesses. The cooperative
model allowed multiple stakeholders to share the large financial
risk and also helped receive a state grant and local and state
support.
• In the cooperative model, the dairy farm would pay the system
owner-operator a set fee of 0.7 cents per gallon of manure that
flows into the digester. The operating of the anaerobic digester and
energy system would be integrated to the dairy operation and the
farm would manage the waste receiving and mixing and also the
digester effluent including solids separation and liquid storage and
land application. This agreement would allow the dairy to continue
ongoing contracts with local farmers for liquid fertilizer and also to
utilize the separated solids as stall bedding reducing sand bedding
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Integration of algae cultivation to
anaerobic digestion for biofuel and
bioenergy production
Shan Liu, ... Okopi Solomon Inalegwu, in Advances in Bioenergy,
2021
2.4 Liquid anaerobic digesters
Liquid anaerobic digesters usually operate at a total solid content of
0.5–15%. Commonly used digesters include covered lagoon, plug-flow,
complete-mix, and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) (Fig. 5).
Plug-flow digesters and covered lagoon are typically designed for on-
farm applications. UASB digesters are usually applied for wastewater
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treatment, particularly high-carbohydrate wastewater. Complete-mix
digesters are suited for both on-farm application and wastewater
treatment.
Fig. 5. A schematic diagram of different liquid anaerobic digesters: (A)
covered lagoon; (B) plug flow digester; (C) complex-mix digester; (D)
upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) digester.
Covered anaerobic lagoon: Covered anaerobic lagoons are used for
digesting dilute wastes (0.5–3% solids) such as flushed dairy manure or
hog manures. These systems are made of a storage cell sealed with a
flexible cover for biogas capture (Fig. 5A). Since lagoons operate at an
ambient temperature, their digestion efficiency and biogas production
are affected by weather conditions, suitable in warm climates that
allow high microbial activities. Lagoons operate without mixing, so
they cannot treat coarse solids such as hay and silage fibers. Such
coarse solids must be kept out of the lagoon to prevent floating and
infilling. Lagoons have a longer HRT (3–6 months) than complex-mix
digesters and plug-flow digesters.
Plug-flow digester: plug-flow digesters consist of a horizontal,
rectangular tank that is heated but no mechanic mixing applied. The
tank is sealed with a hard (i.e., concrete) or flexible (i.e., polypropylene)
cover. Plug-flow digesters mostly operate at a mesophilic temperature
(35–37 °C). Temperature control can be achieved using circulated hot
water that flows through pipes along the concrete tank. Fig. 5B shows a
simplified diagram of a plug-flow digester. The plug-flow digesters are
suited for digesting thick wastes, typically with 10–15% solids. A “plug”
of the high-solid slurry enters the influent end and pushes out old
materials to the digestate end. Meantime, the old materials are
digested by microbes while flowing through the tank. The HRT of plug-
flow digester systems is 20–30 days. Plug-flow digesters are simple and
economical to build and operate and are often used to digest ruminant
animal wastes. They are not as consistent and efficient as complete-
mix digesters and tend to fail at shock loadings of wastes.
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Complete-mix anaerobic digester: Complete-mix digesters are the most
flexible digesters to convert a variety of organic wastes into biogas. A
complete-mix digester is an enclosed and insulated round tank that is
heated and mechanically mixed. Complete-mix digesters can be
operated at either mesophilic (35–37 °C) or thermophilic (50–60 °C)
conditions. Complete-mix digesters are well-suited for digesting
organic wastes with 2–10% solids. Continuous or intermittent mixing is
applied to prevent the settling of solids. Mixing can be achieved by gas
injection, mechanical propellers, or digestate recirculation. Gas
injection injects compressed biogas into the bottom of the digester and
provides a good mixing when the injected gas bubbles moving upward.
Recirculating the digestate using a hydraulic pump also provides a good
mixing. Mechanical mixing allows a thorough mixing, especially for
high-solid wastes. Fig. 5C shows a schematic diagram of a complete-
mix digester with a mechanical mixer. The main problem with
mechanical mixing is the maintenance of moving parts.
Complete-mix digesters require high costs for construction and
operation. They are continuous and require an HRT of 20–30 days to
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Design and optimization principles of
biogas reactors in large scale
applications
Ziyan Teng, ... Xiaohua Lu, in
Reactor and Process Design in Sustainable Energy Technology,
2014
2.3 Improvement of simple structured biogas
reactors
Normally, for the purpose of simplifying installation and operation,
simple structured biogas reactors consist of a feed pipe, a fermentation
unit for anaerobic reaction, space for biogas storage, a digestate pipe,
and, in some models, another unit for digestate storage. Measures to
improve mixing or heating are barely found among these reactors,
making them easier for farms or families to install and maintain.
Considering the significance of temperature to anaerobic digestion,
household biogas reactors are often installed underground to decrease
heat loss via convection.
Flow pattern in plug flow digesters is simple without back mixing. As
there are serious floating tendencies for most kind of biomass, which
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could clog the flowing of substrate and escape of produced biogas, an
inclined or horizontal plug flow digester is a tailored option [13].
Lansing et al. [14] used 12 field-scale plug flow digesters (Figure 3)
made of tubular polyethyelene or geomembrane, without heating,
mixing, or any other mechanical control mechanisms, to treat swine
manure waste water. Codigestion with used cooking grease increased
the methane production of these simple structured plug flow digesters
by 124% over the digester that only used swine manure as substrate.
The methane content in the codigestion experiment, with 2.5% grease
(by volume), was similar to the content in other laboratory-scale
experiments, operating between 35 and 37 °C.
Figure 3. Improved plug flow digesters in India.
To solve the floating problem and the volatile fatty acid (VFA) loss in
hydrolysis of biomass with high lignin content such as leaves, India
Read full chapter
URL: [Link]
Biogas
S.C. Bhatia, in Advanced Renewable Energy Systems, 2014
17.5.7 Reasons for failure
Biogas recovery projects failed because:
1. Operators did not have the skills or the time required to keep a
marginal system operating.
2. Producers selected digester systems that were not compatible with
their manure handling methods.
3. Some designer/builders sold ‘cookie cutter’ designs to farms. For
example, of the 30 plug flow digesters built, 19 were built by one
designer and 90 per cent failed.
4. The designer/builders installed the wrong type of equipment, such
as incorrectly sized engine-generators, gas transmission
equipment, and electrical relays.
5. The systems became too expensive to maintain and repair because
of poor system design.
6. Farmers did not receive adequate training and technical support for
their systems.
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URL: [Link]
Biogas digestate quality and utilization
Teodorita Al Seadi, ... Rainer Janssen, in The Biogas Handbook,
2013
Re-utilization of the liquid fraction
Digestate fractions from solid–liquid separation are frequently re-fed to
the AD reactor. This is common practice for dry digestion processes,
either continuous or batch, where the liquid fraction is recirculated. In
continuous dry digestion processes, the feedstock material (e.g. silage)
is mixed with the liquid digestate fraction and digested. This is often
done in a plug-flow digester. In batch dry digestion processes, the
liquid fraction, which is also called percolate, is used to recirculate
microorganisms and nutrients in the process. In wet digestion (wet
fermentation), a share of the liquid fraction can be reused as mashing
liquid for the feedstock. This is the case in agricultural AD plants
digesting very little or no manure, where the liquid fraction can be
used to achieve the desired dry matter content (usually around 10%) of
the feedstock mixture. In waste treatment processes, the liquid fraction
b d l bili h i i f l l
Read full chapter
URL: [Link]
Biomass: Some Basics and Biogas
Jussara F. Fardin, ... Augusto P.F. Dias, in
Advances in Renewable Energies and Power Technologies, 2018
1.6 Biogas From Digesters
Several technologies for anaerobic digestion process based on digesters
have been used around the world. A basic classification of these
technologies can be made as follows [10, 11, 13]:
1.6.1 Current Anaerobic Digestion Technologies Based on
Digesters
• According to the concentration of the total solids (TS), expressed as
a fraction of the wet mass of the prepared feedstock,
Wet systems or low-solids systems: When the concentration of the TS
is < 10%–15%. A wet digester will typically process a kind of mud that
shall be constantly stirred to prevent solids from precipitating. In
general, they are continuous-flow digesters. Wet digesters process
feedstock like manure and sewage sludge. These systems need stirring
or mixing of the anaerobic digestion substrate during digestion.
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Dry systems or high-solids systems: When the concentration of the
TS is > 15%–20%. The prepared feedstock has a thick porridge
consistency and needs to be mechanically stirred in the case of a
continuous-flow digester. Dry systems are more adequate to process
solid animal manure with high straw content, household waste and
solid municipal biowaste, green cuttings, and grass from landscape
maintenance or energy crops. These systems need no stirring or mixing
of the anaerobic digestion substrate during digestion.
• According with the process steps of anaerobic digestion,
Single-stage digesters: In single-stage digesters, the several steps of
the anaerobic digestion process occur inside a single tank and compete
among themselves; for example, acidogenic bacteria diminish pH and
may inhibit the methanogenic step.
Multiple-stage digesters: Allows the steps of the anaerobic digestion
to happen in separate tanks; for example, in a two-stage digester, the
first three steps can occur in a tank, and then, the substrate is
transferred to a second tank where the methanogenesis occur.
• According with the digester feeding procedures,
Batch digester: In this kind of digester, biomass feedstock supply is
made at once, being removed after the digestion process, this is, it is
necessary to interrupt biogas production to provide new feedstock and
remove the digested one. The digester receives a new batch of
feedstock and the process restarts. Batch digesters are the simplest to
build and are usually used for dry digestion, presenting low
construction and operation costs.
Continuous digester: Feedstock supply in this digester is made at a
continuous rate, and biogas production is constant. Biomass feedstock
flow inside the digester is made mechanically or by the pressure of the
new load coming into the digester. The construction of this digester can
be vertical or horizontal, and according to the biomass feedstock
stirring system, it can be completely mixed digesters or plug-flow
digesters.
• According with the reaction rate of the substrate during the
anaerobic digestion process,
Low-rate systems: They are defined as a system where feedstock
typically spends more time in the digester to maximize biogas output.
They have high hydraulic retention time and the same as the sludge
retention time, and they are suited to animal waste at a low scale.
High-rate systems: They are system where liquids stay in the digester
for a short period of time, whereas solids are held longer, that is, the
hydraulic retention time is much shorter than the sludge retention
time. This allows for a smaller reactor size, while maintain high gas
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production. High-rate system has been developed in economically
advanced countries and is suited to applications at a high scale.
A combination of these.
• According with the largest dimension,
Horizontal: Suitable for agricultural and animal residues.
Vertical: Suitable for sewage treatment.
1.6.2 Digesters
The central element of a biogas generator system through the
anaerobic digestion process is the digester, which is a reactor or a tank
where organic matter decomposition is processed in the absence of
oxygen. The basic parts that form a digester are a biomass feedstock
supply system, the digester, a biogas storage system, and a digested
feedstock storage system. If necessary, in cooler places, for example,
the digester shall have a heating system to keep the substrate at a
proper temperature for the anaerobic digestion process. Digesters may
be built on the surface of a ground or even underground. They can be
horizontal or vertical and can be made of several materials such as
concrete, steel, bricks, or plastic. Next subsections will present some of
the several types of digesters.
[Link] Completely Mixed Digesters
This is a continuous type digester with a process temperature between
20°C and 37°C and hydraulic retention time of the 20–30 days.
Completely mixed digesters are low-rate systems, and they are
typically vertical digesters composed of a tank in which the biomass
feedstock received is mixed and heated. Dry digestion may occur in this
system, and fresh feedstock is usually mixed with partially digested
substrates. The substrate can be continuously mixed or intermittently
mixed. Mixing can be accomplished by gas recirculation, mechanical
propellers, or circulation of liquid. Sometimes, the process takes place
in more than one tank. Completely mixed digesters work best when
substrate contains 3%–6% total solids. This technology is most widely
used around the world.
[Link] Plug Flow Digesters
This is a continuous type digester with a process temperature between
35°C and 55°C and hydraulic retention time of the 15–20 days. Plug-
flow digesters are horizontal, no mixing and are classified as low-rate
systems. This digester type cannot be able to perform a dry digestion
due to its low fluidity. Total solids (TS) content of substrate should be at
least 10%–15%.
[Link] Covered Lagoon Digesters
It is a digester that works at room temperature and is suitable for hot
weather places with the anaerobic process developing inside a lagoon
covered by a flexible or floating gas tight cover. This type of digester
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typically processes flush manure and has a retention time usually
between 30 and 45 days or longer depending on lagoon size. The most
efficient structure to this kind of digester is composed of two lagoons
in series, a covered one (first cell in Fig. 1.6) used for the anaerobic
process and collection of the biogas generated and the other one
(second cell in Fig. 1.6) uncovered used to store effluents. The primary
lagoon operates at a constant volume to maximize biological
treatment, methane production, and odor control.
Fig. 1.6. Covered lagoon.
Modified from Bioenergy Training Center. University of Wisconsin-Extension,
Type of Anaerobic Digesters. [Link]
[Link] Chinese Fixed Dome
This digester was created in China and has widespread in the world in
regions with small farms. > 10 million of such fixed-dome digesters
have been built in China.
The Chinese model has low cost and is made in masonry, and once it
does not have a steel sheet gas holder, a long life of the plant can be
expected (20 years or more) [14]. The plant is constructed underground,
protecting it from physical damage and saving space. A problem of this
kind of digester is that biogas leakage is possible in case the structure is
not properly sealed and waterproofed. Fig. 1.7 shows a model of this
digester.
Fig. 1.7. Chinese fixed dome where, D is the tank diameter, H is the tank
height, h2 is the height of the dome, hi is the height of the input box, Di
is the diameter of the input box, ho is the height of the output box, and
Do is the diameter of the output box.
[Link] Indian Floating Dome
The tank of this digester is usually made of brick or concrete,
constructed underground, and it has a gasholder normally made of
metal like floating dome. The dome can be dipped over biomass in
fermentation or over an external water seal. A central wall divides the
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tank in two chambers forcing biomass circulation inside the digester.
The biogas produced makes the dome move vertically, increasing the
volume occupied by the digester and keeping the pressure inside the
gasometer. Fig. 1.8 presents an Indian model of fixed-dome digester
[15]:
Fig. 1.8. Indian floating dome where Hb is the height of substrate level,
D is the digester internal diameter, Dg is the gasometer diameter, Ds is
the internal diameter of the wall surrounding the gasometer, h1 is the
height of biogas tank h2 is the useful height of the gasometer hi is the
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Biogas as an energy option: an
overview
Claudius Da Costa Gomez, in The Biogas Handbook, 2013
1.2 Biogas technologies and environmental
efficiency
Biogas is produced by anaerobic bacteria that degrade organic material
to biogas in four steps: hydrolysis, acidification, production of acetic
acid and production of methane. The product of the digestive process,
raw biogas, consists of 50–75% methane, 25–50% carbon dioxide and 2–
8% other gases such as nitrogen, oxygen and trace gases (e.g. hydrogen
sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen). Before the biogas can be
converted into electricity in engines at the place at which it is
produced, the raw biogas must be cleaned in a first process in which
the water vapor saturated biogas is desulfurized and dried by cooling.
Certain basic conditions must be met to enable the bacteria to degrade
the substrate efficiently. These are: (1) absence of air (anaerobic
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atmosphere); (2) uniform temperature; (3) optimum nutrient supply;
(4) optimum and uniform pH. The equipment of a biogas plant should
be able to meet these basic requirements. Therefore, a biogas plant
designer should know from the beginning what kind of substrate the
plant will feed on so that the right equipment for efficient biogas
production can be selected.
The methods of biogas production can be characterized by the number
of process steps, the process temperature, the dry matter content and
the way in which the substrate is fed. Biogas plants feeding on
agricultural byproducts such as liquid manure, harvest residue and
energy crops often employ a single-step process in the mesophilic (32-
42°C) temperature range with wet fermentation and quasi-continuous
feeding. The method can be varied depending on the requirements the
process must meet in terms of speed, the degree of digestion and the
hygienizing action. For example, hydrolysis as the first step usually
accelerates the process and may also result in a higher degree of
degradation. Increasing the process temperature from the mesophilic
(32-42°C) to the thermophilic (45-57°C) level also speeds up
degradation and improves the health status of the substrate (Eder and
Schulz 2006).
Better health results are also reported for the plug flow fermentation
method in which the substrate is mixed by the slow rotation of an
agitator and moved through a long horizontal digester. Because the
substrate in the digester is not mixed in one pass, quick passage from
the feed point to the delivery point is prevented and a minimum dwell
time of the substrate in the digester is obtained. This enforced dwell
time of the substrates improves the hygienizing action of this method.
Unlike the full-mix wet digestion process, a plug flow digester can
normally carry a higher volume load of organic material per cubic
meter of digester volume.
If the substrate digested in the biogas plant contains more than 20% dry
matter, so-called dry digestion methods will normally be applied. In
these methods, the digester is charged with stackable substrates. The
substrates are not mixed, but a liquid called percolate runs through
them. After a sufficiently long dwell time, the digester is opened and
the digested product removed. In addition to this batch process, several
other methods for digesting solid substrates have been developed that
like the batch processes, are now primarily used for digesting
municipal waste. The different processes will be dealt with in another
chapter of this handbook and so are not described in detail here.
The purpose of biogas technology is the conversion of organic
substances to methane as fuel and valuable fertilizer from available
resources that otherwise would go unused. This is particularly the case
when exclusively by-products and waste are used as substrates for
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digestion. But even if energy crops serve as the substrate for biogas
production, the energy balance is positive as Effenberger et al. (2010)
were able to demonstrate with scientific support from the example of
ten biogas plants.
In addition to the energy balance, the carbon balance is an important
indicator assessing the environmental efficiency of a technology
providing electricity from renewable sources. The carbon footprint of a
biogas life cycle assessment should consider the carbon dioxide
equivalents for the construction and operation of the biogas plant, the
feedstock, the uncontrolled methane emissions from the plant and the
digested residue, and during spreading in the field. Methane emissions
that may have been avoided by the digestion of liquid manure, the
emission of carbon dioxide prevented by the use of the fertilizer and
the credits for the supply of electricity and heat improve the energy
balance further. It goes without saying that in calculating the footprint
it is assumed that the generally accepted rules of technology are
observed along the entire production chain (Bachmaier et al. 2009).
As methane has a 25 times higher impact on climate than carbon
dioxide (IPCC 2007), the causes of the uncontrolled release of methane
in the process of biogas production and utilization should receive
particular attention. These are, in a biogas plant, leaks from the
digester, the gas piping or the digestion residue store, as well as
methane slip due to incomplete combustion of biogas in the engine.
Leaks are relatively easy to detect by regular leak checks. Avoiding
leaks also improves the financial return of the process because emitted
methane bears on the earnings situation of the plant. The so-called
methane slip is a function of the cogeneration unit. Suppliers of
cogeneration units are required to disclose relevant data and every
buyer should be aware of the methane slip performance of the engine
and insist that the slip is warranted. If an engine fails to meet the
specified methane slip prescribed in the country in which the engine
operates, lean gas combustion equipment may have to be installed to
ensure methane is not allowed to escape into the atmosphere. The
ecobalance of a biogas plant should also consider storage and the
spreading of the digested material in the fields. The best approach is to
ensure that as much methane as possible is released by digestion so
that very little methane will be set free if the digested material is
stored without cover. As an alternative solution, the digestate can be
provided with a gastight cover. This is the preferred solution when it
cannot be ensured that the digestion residue contains little methane.
This is particularly the case when the flow of material from digestion is
irregular and the bacterial populations are required to adapt to
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URL: [Link]
Methane capture from livestock
manure
S.M. Tauseef, ... S.A. Abbasi, in
Journal of Environmental Management, 2013
5.2.2 Plug flow digester
Plug flow digesters as used in manure management consists of a long
tunnel-like or rectangular concrete chamber with air-tight cover where
manure flows in at one end of the reactor and flows out at the other
(Wilkie, 2000a). Sometimes the tank is U-shaped, with the entrance
and exit at the same end. Influent manure first enters a mixing pit,
allowing solids to be adjusted by adding water. Then as manure is fed
to the reactor, the “plug” of new manure slowly pushes the older
manure down the tank. The tank may be heated to maintain a
mesophilic or thermophilic environment, often using recovered heat
from the biogas burner. The impermeable cover, which is generally
flexible, traps the biogas as the manure is digested. For optimal
digestion, it takes 15–30 days for a ‘plug’ to pass completely through
the digester; in other words the SRT is 15–30 days (Nelson and Lamb,
2002a). A plug-flow digester (Figs. 20 and 21) is most suitable for
manure with a solids content of 10–14% (Nelson and Lamb, 2002a;
Wilkie, 2005; AgSTAR, 2011), such as cow manure collected by scraping
(Fig. 22).
Fig. 20. Schematic of a plug-flow digester (TPUB, 2007).
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Fig. 21. External view of a plug flow digester (Nelson and Lamb, 2002b).
Fig. 22. A chain drag alley for scraping manure (Photo courtesy:
AgSTAR).
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Review of recent advances in anaerobic
packed-bed biogas reactors
S.P. Singh, Pandey Prerna, in
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009
A plug flow digester vessel is a long narrow (typically a 5:1 ratio; five
times as long as the width) insulated and heated tank made of
reinforced concrete, steel or fiberglass with a gas tight cover to capture
the biogas. These digesters can operate at a mesophilic or thermophilic
temperature. The plug flow digester has no internal agitation and is
loaded with thick manure of 11–14% total solids. This type of digester
works well with a scrape manure management system with little
bedding and no sand. Retention time is usually 15–20 days [12].
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Read full article
URL: [Link]
Biogas production from small-scale
anaerobic digestion plants on European
farms
S. O'Connor, ... J. Bartlett, in
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021
3.2.2 Plug-flow digester
The plug-flow digester concept consists of a rectangular tank that
operates by horizontally displacing old substrate with new substrate,
removing the need for mixing (Fig. 5) [56]. New material added to the
digester tank displaces an equal portion of old material, which is
pushed out the discharge point [57]. There is typically no intermediate
mixing of the tank contents in the vertical direction of the tank
contents. Therefore, as new feedstock enters, it pushes material
through the digester as a “plug”, resulting in the oldest material being
driven out, ensuring all substrate has the same hydraulic retention
time. An expandable external gas collector (located on the digester
roof) captures the produced biogas [42,43,53].
Fig. 5. Schematic drawing of a plug-flow digester.
Read full article
URL: [Link]
Related terms:
Energy Engineering, Biogas, Grease, Biogas Production,
Anaerobic Digestion, Bioreactor, Plug Flow, Biogas Digester,
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Hydraulic Retention Time, Sludge Blanket.
Recommended publications
Applied Energy
Journal
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Journal
Renewable Energy
Journal
The Biogas Handbook
Book • 2013
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