Homework
--------
Read the dialogues and complete the assignments
Dialogue 1:
-----------
Mary: "Hello, Sarah!"
Sarah: "Hi, Mary! What are you doing in this store?"
Mary: "I'm here to buy a bottle of juice. It is very hot outside and I am
thirsty."
Sarah: "Juice is over there. I filled up the shelf a few minutes ago to be sure
we didn't run out today. The weather will make drinks very popular."
Mary: "Are you working here all day?"
Sarah: "No, my Tuesday shifts end at 3 p.m. because I have a class after work at
4 o'clock. I shouldn't be late to class because all the information in class is
very important for the exam."
Mary: "I could go to the library after I buy this juice but I can't go into the
library with the bottle. I will have to drink it first."
Sarah: "Enjoy the sunshine. Winter will be here soon."
Mary: "Bye."
Sarah: "Bye."
1. Write a few sentences describing what happened in this conversation. Do not
quote dialogue.
2. Ask Sarah three (3) questions about her class.
3. Ask Sarah three (3) questions about her job.
Dialogue 2:
-----------
Mary: "Hi, Sarah!"
Sarah: "Hey there, Mary. What are you looking for?"
Mary: "I am looking for some soup ingredients. It is very cold outside and I
should make some soup to keep warm this evening."
Sarah: "Oh, that sounds nice. What kind of soup do you want to make?"
Mary: "I think I would like to make a nice chicken and noodle soup. Do you know
what I need to make one?"
Sarah: "I'm not sure. Let me look up a recipe on my phone."
Mary: "Oh, that's a good idea."
Sarah: "Ok, here's a recipe. You will need noodles, broth, carrots, celery,
onions, parsley, oregano, basil, and chicken breast."
Mary: "How long does it have to cook?"
Sarah: "The recipe says that it takes about thirty minutes."
Mary: "That sounds like a lot of work. Can you buy the soup already made in a
can?"
Sarah: "Yes, but it isn't as good as..."
Mary: "Ok, I have it. Thanks a lot Sarah, you were a big help!"
Sarah: "Goodbye, Mary."
1. Write a few sentences describing what happened in this conversation. Do not
quote dialogue.
2. Ask Mary three (3) questions about her meal.
Sentence Structures
-------- ----------
Basic components:
Subject: Who/What does something?
Predicate: What does the Subject do?
Direct Object: What does the Subject Predicate?
Indirect Object: Where, Why, Who...with, etc.?
Indirect Object of Time:When does the action take place?
Statements:
S-P-DO-IO-IOT.
or
IOT, S-P-DO-IO.
Negation:
S-P-DO-IO.
P: auxiliary verb - not - nucleus verb
Questions:
---------
General rule:
(Wh-)-Auxiliary Verb-S-P-DO-IO?
Closed Questions:
Aux.V-S-P-DO-IO?
Subject Q:
Who/What P-DO-IO? (no additional AuxV for Simple Present)(also, because we don't
know who the Subject is, the P will be conjugated in the third person singular)
Predicate Q:
What AuxV-S-P-IO? (the P is a conjugated form of "to do")
DO Q:
What AuxV-S-P-IO?
IO Q:
Who... with, Where, When, Why, etc.?
Tenses
------
X X X X X X X X X X X X X
§ O %
|-----------------|----------------->
Past Present Future
to play
-------
Present Simple X X X Present Continuous O
-------------- ------------------
I play I am playing
you play you are playing
he/she/it plays he/she/it is playing
we play we are playing
you play you are playing
they play they are playing
Simple Past § Simple Future %
----------- -------------
I played I will play
you played you will play
he/she/it played he/she/it will play
we played we will play
you played you will play
they played they will play
REMEMBER: Present covers the time it takes to speak the sentence!
to be
-----
Present Simple X X X Present Continuous O
-------------- ------------------
I am I am being
you are you are being
he/she/it is he/she/it is being
we are we are being
you are you are being
they are they are being
Simple Past § Simple Future %
----------- -------------
I was I will be
you were you will be
he/she/it was he/she/it will be
we were we will be
you were you will be
they were they will be
Infinitives:
-----------
S-P-DO-IO-IOT-Infinitive-DO-IO-IOT...
Infinitives are the desired effect of the previous verb. They can be used as
chain reactions. The DOs and IOs that come after an infinitive are related to
that infinitive and not previous verbs.
REMEMBER: The introduction of a new verb ends the connection of objects to the
previous verb!
Gerunds:
-------
S-P-DO-IO-IOT-Gerund-DO-IO...
Gerunds are the immediate effect of the previous verb without saying if they were
wanted. They can be used as chain reactions. The DOs and IOs that come after a
gerund are related to that gerund and not previous verbs.
REMEMBER: The introduction of a new verb ends the connection of objects to the
previous verb!
REMEMBER: Both infinitives and gerunds can be “stacked”, creating a chain
reaction.
Peter plays soccer to impress the girls to get kisses to appear
popular....
Peter plays soccer impressing the girls getting stares appearing
popular....
Modals:
------
Modals are verb forms that describe actions that are possible or desirable but do
not actually occur.
would: an action that the subject wants to engage in but is prevented from doing
so.
Peter would play soccer but his leg is broken.
should: an action which would have desirable effects or be seen positively if
engaged in.
Peter should play soccer.
could: an action is possible should the right circumstances arise. (aka the right
circumstances are not present at the time of speaking)
Peter could play soccer if the weather was nice.
can: an action is possible.
Peter can play soccer.
Prepositions:
-------------
in: The beginning, middle and end of the action take place within a confined
space.
Peter plays in a stadium.
Mary walks in a room.
into: The action ends with the entering of a confined space.
Mary walks into a room.
Peter kicks a ball into the goal.
on: the action takes place while touching the object's surface.
The picture hangs on the wall.
The computer is on the table.
over: the action takes place vertically above the object (without touching)
The drone is hovering over the field.
The lamp hangs over the desk.
under: the action takes place vertically below the object (without touching)
The pen is under the table.
The dog is sleeping under the bed.
behind: the action takes place near the backside of the object.
Sarah hangs her clothes behind her house.
The playground is behind the school.
in front of: the action takes place near the frontside of the object.
He stopped in front of his car.
The ambulance stopped in front of the hospital.
with: the action takes place with an equal also performing the action
Peter plays soccer with Tom.
WARNING: I drive with my car.
This means that the car is a passenger in another vehicle!!!
against: the action is directed in opposition to the object
Peter plays against Steve.
The broom leans against the wall.
from: the action starts here.
I drive from home.
Mary received a gift from Peter.
to: the action ends here.
I drive to work.
Peter gives a gift to Mary.
for: the object receives a benefit from the action.
Peter plays for his team.
Steve buys a present for Tom.
next to: the subject performs the action while in close proximity of the object.
Peter lives next to his friend's house.
The school is next to a restaurant.
Pronouns:
--------
Subject: Object: Possessive:
I me my
you you your
he him his
she her her
it it its
we us our
you you your
they them their
We can also show possession through the possessive form, which adds an apostrophe
and an 's' after a noun.
e.g. Peter's ball is round.
Conjunctions
------------
They connect two sentences.
and: two unconnected sentences. No causal relationship.
Peter plays soccer and Mary reads a book.
but: two sentences describing contrasting actions. No causal relationship.
Peter plays soccer but Mary reads a book.
therefore: the first sentence is the reason the second sentence happens. A causes
B.
Peter plays soccer therefore Mary reads a book.
because: the first sentence is the reaction to the second sentence. B causes A.
Peter plays soccer because Mary reads a book.
Prepositions of Time:
--------------------
last: the action happened on the previous occurrence of the object.
Peter played soccer last Tuesday.
next: the action will happen on the proximate occurrence of the object.
Peter will play soccer next Tuesday.
this: the action will happen on the proximate occurrence of the object.
Peter will play soccer this Tuesday.
on: the action takes place during a specific day.
Peter plays soccer on Tuesdays.
Molly reads Dickens on Christmas.
WARNING: the expression “on time” - the action happens at a planned time.
at: the action takes place at a time measurable on a clock.
Peter plays at noon.
UK: Molly reads Dickens at Christmas.
in: the action takes place during a period of time (seasons, years, decades,
centuries, millenia, etc.)
Peter played soccer in the middle ages.
yesterday: the action happened the day before the statement is made.
Peter played soccer yesterday.
--S-- ---P-- --DO-- ----IO---
('yester' was a normal preposition in old English but we use it almost
exclusively as part of 'yesterday' now)
Time Words:
----------
before: the action takes place prior to the object.
'before' can be a preposition, an adverb, or a conjunction.
Peter plays soccer before school.
--S-- --P-- --DO-- -----IOT-----
('school' is not a place here. It is an abbreviation of 'the school day')
Sandy reads books before going to bed.
--S-- --P-- --DO- -----Ger---- --IO--
Sandy reads books before she goes to bed.
--S-- --P-- --DO- -Conj- -S- -P-- ---IO-
after: the action takes place once the object has passed.
'after' can be a preposition, an adverb, or a conjunction.
Peter plays soccer after school.
Tom bought his house after selling his old one.
Tom bought his house after he sold his old one.
then: the action precedes the secondary sentence but is not causally connected
Peter played soccer and, then, he walked home.
WARNING: don’t confuse 'then' with 'than'! ('than' compares two things with the
object having less of a quality than the subject)
Time Measurements:
-----------------
seconds
minutes
hours
days
weeks
months
years
decades
centuries
millenia
6:00 am -> 06:00
6:00 pm -> 18:00
am: anti meridiem
pm: post meridiem
12:00 am -> 00:00
12:00 pm -> 12:00
2:00 pm EST
EST -> Eastern Standard Time
PST -> Pacific Standard Time