SCIENCE JSUNIL TUTORIAL CLASS 9

Atoms and 1
Molecules
18th century marked the recognition of difference between compounds and
elements and scientists started thinking about combining and reactions of elements.
Antoine L Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical science by establishing two
important laws of chemical combination.

Laws of Chemical Combination

The following two laws are result of experimentations by Lavoisier and Joseph L Proust.

(i) Law of Conservation of Mass 3 Laws of Chemical

It states that mass can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction, i.e., Combination
total mass of reactants must be equal to the total mass of products. It is also known as law 3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
of indestructibility of matter. 3 Atoms
For example, if 4.0 g of sodium carbonate reacts with 10 g of hydrochloric acid 3 Molecules
solution; it results in the formation of 2.5 g of carbon dioxide and 11.5 g of sodium 3 Ions
chloride solution. 3 Ionic Compounds
Here, Mass of reactants = 4.0 + 10 = 14 g 3 Writing Chemical
Mass of products = 2.5 + 11.5 = 14 g Formulae
3 Molecular Mass and
(ii) Law of Constant Proportions Mole Concept
It states that, in a pure chemical substance, the elements are always present in definite 3 Percentage Composition
proportions by mass. It is also known as law of definite proportions.
For example, water from any source contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of
1 : 8 by mass. Similarly, carbon dioxide always contains C and O in the ratio of 3 : 8. If a
sample of CO 2 contains 36 g of carbon, then it is compulsory that it has 96 g oxygen.
3 36
This is calculated as = ;
8 x
36 × 8
∴ x= = 96 g
3

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 SCIENCE JSUNIL TUTORIAL CLASS 9

2 ll ne Science Class 9th Term II

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Modern Symbols of Atoms of

Dalton’s atomic theory provided an explanation for the
Different Elements
law of conservation of mass and the law of definite Modern symbols for the elements were introduced by
proportions. According to Dalton’s atomic theory, all matter JJ Berzelius. These are defined as ‘a short hand representation
(whether an element, a compound or a mixture), is of the name of an element’.
composed of small particles, called atoms. Many of the symbols are the first one or two letters of the
The postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory are element’s name in English. The first letter of a symbol is always
written in capital letter and the second letter as a small letter.
n Every matter is made of very small particles, called the atoms.
n Atoms are indivisible particles which cannot be created or For example, chlorine–Cl, zinc–Zn and aluminium–Al.
destroyed in a chemical reaction. Symbols have been taken from the names of elements in
n Atoms of a given element are identical in mass as well as in chemical different languages such as Latin, German Greek, etc.
properties.
n Atoms of different elements have different masses and For example,
chemical properties. Iron — Fe from Ferrum (Latin name)
n Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers forming Gold — Au from Aurum (Latin name)
compounds.
n The relative number as well as kinds of atoms are constant in a given
Potassium — K from Kalium (Latin name)
compound. Chlorine — Cl from Chloros (Greek name)
® The major drawback of Dalton’s atomic theory was that, it Cobalt — Co from Kobold (German name)
considered atom as indivisible particle but now it has been Sodium — Na from Natrium (Latin name)
established that an atom can further be divided into electrons,
protons and neutrons. Symbols for Some Elements

Check oint 1 Element

Aluminium
Symbol Element
Al Copper
Symbol
Cu
Element
Nitrogen
Symbol
N
1. 50 g of 10% lead nitrate is mixed with 50 g of 10% Argon Ar Fluorine F Oxygen O
sodium chloride in a closed vessel. After sometime Barium Ba Gold Au Potassium K
6.83 g of lead chloride was precipitated. Besides, the Boron B Hydrogen H Silicon Si
reaction mixture contained 90 g of water and sodium Bromine Iodine Silver
Br I Ag
nitrate. What is the amount of sodium nitrate
Calcium Ca Iron Fe Sodium Na
formed?
Carbon C Lead Pb Sulphur S
2. Give one major drawback of Dalton’s atomic theory of
Chlorine Cl Magnesium Mg Uranium U
matter.
Cobalt Co Mercury Hg Zinc Zn
3. In a given sample of ammonia, 9 g hydrogen and 42 g
nitrogen are present. In another sample, 5 g Chromium Cr Neon Ne
hydrogen is present. Calculate the amount of
nitrogen in the second sample. Atomic Mass
According to Dalton, each element had a characteristic
Atoms atomic mass. But determining the mass of an individual atom
was a relatively difficult task. Relative atomic masses were
Atoms are the smallest particles of an element which may determined using the laws of chemical combinations and the
or may not have independent existence but take part in a compounds formed.
chemical reaction. These are the building blocks of all
matter. Relative Atomic Mass
For example, atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc It is defined as the number of times a given atom is heavier
are not capable of independent existence whereas atoms of than 1/12th of mass of 1 atom of carbon-12 (C-12).
helium, neon, etc are capable of independent existence.
Atomic Mass Unit
Size of Atoms It is defined as the mass of 1/12th of the mass of one atom
Atoms are very small and their radius is measured in of C-12 isotope. Earlier, it was abbreviated as amu but
nanometres. according to latest recommendation of IUPAC (International
1/10 9 m = 1 nm or 1m = 10 9 nm Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), it is now written as
Radius of hydrogen atom is 0.1 nm. ‘u’–unified mass.

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ll ne Atoms and Molecules 3

Atomic Masses of Few Elements (iv) Tetraatomic molecules They consist of four
Element Atomic Mass (u)
atoms. e.g., P4 .
Hydrogen
(v) Polyatomic molecules They consist of more than
1
four atoms. e.g., S 8 .
Carbon 12
Nitrogen 14 Atomicity of Some Elements (Non-metal)
Oxygen 16
Name Atomicity Name Atomicity
Sodium 23
Argon Monoatomic Nitrogen Diatomic
Magnesium 24
Sulphur 32 Helium Monoatomic Chlorine Diatomic
Chlorine 35.5 Oxygen Diatomic Phosphorus Tetra-atomic
Calcium 40 Hydrogen Diatomic Sulphur Poly-atomic

® Atoms of most elements are not able to exist independently.

Atoms form molecules and ions. These molecules or ions Molecules of Compounds
aggregate to form the matter.
Atoms of different elements join together in

Check oint 2 definite proportions forming molecules of compounds.

For example, H 2O molecule is made up of hydrogen
1. Write the atomic mass of following elements and oxygen elements in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass.
Oxygen, Chlorine, Carbon, Hydrogen.
Molecules of Some Compounds
2. Write symbols of the following elements
Compounds Combining Elements Ratio by Mass
Silver, Chromium, Chlorine, Mercury, Lead,
Copper, Gold, Aluminium. Water (H2O) Hydrogen and oxygen 1:8
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Carbon and oxygen 3:8
Molecules Hydrogen sulphide Hydrogen and sulphur 1 : 16
(H2S)
The smallest particle of a substance which is capable of
independent existence is called a molecule. In general, Ammonia (NH3 ) Nitrogen and hydrogen 14 : 3
molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically Sulphuric acid (H2SO 4 ) Hydrogen, sulphur, 1: 16 : 32
bonded together. It shows all the properties of the substance. oxygen
Glucose (C 6H12O 6 ) Carbon, hydrogen, 6: 1: 8
Molecules of Elements oxygen
The molecules of an element are constituted by the same Baking powder Sodium, hydrogen, 23: 1: 12: 48
type of atoms. Molecules of many elements are made up of (NaHCO 3 ) carbon, oxygen
one atom of that element. e.g., argon (Ar), helium (He), etc.
Common salt (NaCl) Sodium, chlorine 23:35.5
The molecules of the most of the non-metals are made up
of more than one atoms. Limestone (CaCO 3 ) or Calcium, carbon, 40:12:48 or
Calcium carbonate oxygen 10: 3: 12
For example, a molecule of oxygen consists of two atoms
of oxygen. Ozone consists of three atoms of oxygen. Caustic soda (NaOH) Sodium, oxygen, 23: 16: 1
hydrogen
Atomicity Caustic potash (KOH) Potassium, oxygen, 39: 16: 1
It is defined as the number of atoms in a molecule. hydrogen
(i) Monoatomic molecules They consist of only one Ethanol (C 2H5OH) Carbon, hydrogen, 24: 6: 16 or
atom. oxygen 12: 3: 8
e.g., He, Ne, Ar, Xe, Fe, Al, etc. Methanol (CH3 OH) Carbon, hydrogen, 12: 4: 16: or
(ii) Diatomic molecules They consist of two atoms. oxygen, 3: 1: 4
e.g., H 2 , O 2 , N 2 , I 2 , Br2 , Cl 2 , etc. Ethyne (C 2H2 ) Carbon, hydrogen 24: 2 or
(iii) Triatomic molecules They consist of three atoms. 12: 1
e.g., O3 .

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 SCIENCE JSUNIL TUTORIAL CLASS 9

4 ll ne Science Class 9th Term II

Check oint 3 Valency

The combining power (or capacity) of an element is called its
1. Give some examples containing more valency. Valency can be used to find out how the atoms of an element
than four atoms. What are these called? will combine with the atom (s) of another element to form a chemical
2. What is the difference between 2Cl and compound.
Cl 2 ? Names, Symbols and Valency of Some Ions
3. Differentiate between atom and Non-
molecule. Name of Symbo Polyatomic
Valency Symbol metallic Symbol
ion l ions
4. How many kinds of atoms are present in a element
molecule of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 )? 1 Sodium Na + Hydrogen H+ Ammonium NH+4
Potassium K+ Hydride H− Hydroxide OH −
5. The atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon,
Silver Ag + Chloride CI− Nitrate NO 3 –
nitrogen and oxygen are 1u, 12u, 14u and Copper (I)* Cu+ Bromide Br − Hydrogen
HCO –3
16 u, respectively. Show that the atoms carbonate
of the following compounds combine in (bicarbonate)
simple mass to atomic mass ratio : Iodide I−
H2O, CO2 and NH 3 . Magnesium Mg 2+ Oxide O 2− Carbonate CO 2−
2 3
Calcium Ca 2+ Sulphide S2− Sulphite SO 2−
3
Zinc Zn2+ Sulphate
Ions Iron (II)* Fe 2+
SO 2−
4

The charged species are known as ions. These Copper (II)* Cu2+
can be negatively or positively charged. 3 Aluminium Al 3+ Nitride N3− Phosphate PO 3−
4
Iron (III)* Fe 3+
Ions are of following two types :
* These elements show more than one valency. Here, the Roman
Cations numeral written in brackets shows their valency. These have covalent
The positively charged ions which are attracted bonds.
towards cathode in an electric field are known as ® The compounds which contain molecules are called molecular
cations. e.g., Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Al3+ , etc. compounds. e.g. H2O , CH4 , etc.

Anions Writing Chemical Formulae

The negatively charged ions which are attracted
The short way to represent a compound with the help of symbols
towards anode in an electric field are known as
and valency of elements is known as chemical formula. Chemical
anions. e.g., Cl – , Br – , O 2– , N 3– , etc. formula of a compound shows its constituent elements and the
number of atoms of each combining element.
Ionic Compounds In ionic compounds, the charge on each ion is used to determine
The compound which consists of ions is known the chemical formula of a compound.
as ionic compound. It contains ionic bonds, e.g., There are some rules for writing chemical formula
NaCl, CaO, etc. Such compounds consist of a (i) The valencies or charges on the ion must be balanced.
positively charged metal ion and negatively charged (ii) When a compound consists of a metal and a non-metal, the
non-metal ion. name of the metal is written first and on the left whereas
A group of atoms carrying a charge and non-metal on the right.
behaving like one entity, is known as a polyatomic For example, calcium oxide (CaO), sodium chloride
ion. It carries a fixed charge. (NaCl), iron sulphide (FeS), copper oxide (CuO), etc where
oxygen, chlorine, sulphur are non-metals and are written on
e.g., NO - 3 (nitrate ion), CO32− (carbonate ion) and the right, whereas calcium, sodium, iron and copper are
SO 2−4 (sulphate ion), etc. metals and are written on left.

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 SCIENCE JSUNIL TUTORIAL CLASS 9

ll ne Atoms and Molecules 5

(iii) When compound is formed with polyatomic Potassium carbonate

ions, the ion is enclosed in a bracket before Symbols K CO3
writing the number to indicate the ratio. In Charges +1 –2
case the number of polyatomic ion is one, the Formula K 2CO3
bracket is not required. We use brackets when we have two or more of the same ions in
For example, NaOH. the formulae.
For example,
Formulae of Simple Compounds Aluminium hydroxide
To write the chemical formula for compounds, Symbols Al OH
write the symbols of constituent elements and their Charges +3 –1
valencies as shown below. Write the symbol of cation Formula Al(OH)3
first followed by the symbol of anion. Then criss-cross Ammonium sulphate
their charges or valencies to get the formula. Symbols NH 4 SO 4
The simplest compounds made up of two different Charges +1 –2
elements are also called binary compounds. Formula (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4
For example,
Hydrogen sulphide Check oint 4
Symbols H S
1. Give symbol and valency of the following ions
Valencies 1 2 Hydroxide ion, carbonate ion, sulphate ion,
Formula H2S bicarbonate ion, nitrate ion, ammonium ion, nitride
Carbon tetrachloride ion and phosphate ion.
Symbols C Cl 2. Write the formulae for the following
Valencies 4 1 (a) Ammonium carbonate (b) Potassium sulphate
(c) Cupric chloride (d) Aluminium nitride
Formula CCl 4
(e) Calcium phosphate
Magnesium chloride
3. The formula of sulphuric acid is H2SO 4 and a metal
Symbols Mg Cl
chloride has its formula as MCl 3 . Write the formula of
Charges +2 –1 metal sulphate.
Formula MgCl 2 4. Write the name of the compounds, which are represented
In other words, the positive and negative charges by the following formulae
must balance each other and the overall structure must NaHCO 3 , Ca(OH)2 , CaO, KNO 3
be neutral.
For example,
Calcium oxide
Molecular Mass and Mole Concept
Symbols Ca O Molecular Mass
Charges +2 –2
The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic
Formula Ca 2O 2 or CaO
masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the substance. Therefore,
Aluminium oxide the relative molecular mass of a molecule is expressed in atomic
Symbols Al O mass units (u).
Charges +3 –2 For example, the relative molecular mass of water (H 2O) is
Formula Al 2O3 18 u, which can be calculated as
Sodium nitrate Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1u
Symbols Na NO3
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 u
Charges +1 –1
H 2O contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Therefore, molecular mass of water is
Formula NaNO3
= 2 × 1 + 1 × 16 = 18 u

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 SCIENCE JSUNIL TUTORIAL CLASS 9

6 ll ne Science Class 9th Term II

Example 1. Calculate the molar mass of the following Molar mass of atoms is also known as gram atomic
substances. mass. To find the gram molecular mass or molar mass we
(a) Ammonia (b) Hydrochloric acid keep the numerical value same but change the units from
(c) Phosphorus molecule (d) Hydrogen molecule ‘u’ to ‘g’.
(e) Oxygen molecule (f) Sulphur dioxide
Sol. 1 mole of
(a) Molar mass of ammonia carbon atoms

(NH3 ) = 1 × 14 + 3 × 1 = 17 u 6.022 × 1023 12 g of C atoms

(b) Molar mass of hydrochloric acid atoms of C
(HCl) = 1 × 1 + 1 × 35.5 = 36.5 u 1 mole of
(c) Molar mass of phosphorus molecule hydrogen atoms

(P4 ) = 4 × 31 = 124 u 6.022 × 1023 1 g of H atoms

(d) Molar mass of hydrogen molecule (H 2 ) = 2 × 1 = 2 u atoms of H
1 mole of any
(e) Molar mass of oxygen molecule (O 2 ) = 2 × 16 = 32 u particle like atoms,
molecules, ions
(f ) Molar mass of sulphur dioxide
(SO 2 ) = 32 + 2 × 16 = 64 u 6.022 × 1023
number of that
Relative molecular
mass of that
particle particle in gram
Formula Unit Mass
Relationship between mole, Avogadro number
It is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula and molecular mass
unit of a compound. We use the word formula unit for those
substances whose constituent particles are ions.
Example 2. Find the mass of
Formula unit mass is calculated in the same manner as we (a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms
calculate the molecular mass. (b) 8 moles of aluminium atoms
For example, formula unit mass for sodium chloride (c) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms
(NaCl) = 1 × 23 + 1 × 35.5 = 58.5 u. (d) 2 moles of water molecules
Sol.
Mole Concept (a) Mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atoms = 14 g
The mole is the amount of a substance which contains as (b) We know that,
many particles (atoms/ions/molecules/formula units, etc) as in
12 g of C-12. mass of 1 mole of Al atoms =27 g
∴ Mass of 8 moles of Al atoms = 8 ×27 = 216 g
One mole of any species (atoms, molecules, ions or particles)
is that quantity in number having a mass equal to its atomic or (c) Mass of 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms = 0.2 × 16 = 3.2 g
molecular mass in grams. (QMass of 1 mole of oxygen atoms =16 g )
The number of particles present in 1 mole of any substance is (d) Mass of 2 moles of water molecules = 2 × 18 = 36 g
fixed, equal to 6.022 × 10 23 . This is a constant called the (QMass of 1 mole of water molecule =18 g )
Avogadro constant or Avogadro’s number ( N 0 ). Example 3. Find the number of moles of
Mole is also defined as a number equal to the Avogadro (a) 48 g of oxygen gas
constant, N A (6.022 × 10 23 ). (b) 18 g of H2O molecules
(c) 22 g of CO2 gas
1 Mole = 6.022 × 10 23 in number
(d) 51 g of NH3 gas
The mass of 1 mole of a substance is equal to its relative
Sol.
atomic or molecular mass in gram.
(a) Molecular weight of O 2 = 2 × 16 = 32 u
The atomic mass or molecular mass of an element gives us i. e., 1 mole of O 2 = 32 g
the mass of one atom of that element in atomic mass units (u).
Q 32 g of O 2 =1mol
To get the mass of 1 mole of an atom of that element we have to
1 × 48 3
take the same numerical value but change the units from ‘u’ ∴ 48 g of O 2 = = = 1.5 mol
to ‘g’. 32 2

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 SCIENCE JSUNIL TUTORIAL CLASS 9

ll ne Atoms and Molecules 7

Given mass 48
or, Number of moles =
Molar mass
=
32
= 1.5 mol Percentage Composition
The percentage composition of a component in a
(b) Molar mass of H 2O = 2 × 1 + 16 = 18 g
compound is the percentage of the total mass of the
∴ 18 g of H 2O =1mol
compound that is due to that component. It is obtained by
Given mass 18
or, Number of moles = = = 1mol dividing mass due to component by the total mass of the
Molar mass 18 compound and multiplying by 100, i.e.,
(c) Molar mass of CO 2 = 12 + 2 × 16 = 44 g Percentage composition of component
Q 44 g of CO 2 =1mol Mass due to that component
1 = × 100
∴ 22 g of CO 2 = × 22 = 0.5 mol Total molar mass of compound
44
Given mass 22 Example 5. Calculate the percentage composition of
or, Number of moles = = = 0.5 mol
Molar mass 44 carbon in CO 2 .
(d) Molar mass of NH3 = 14 + 3 × 1 = 17 g Sol. Molar mass of CO 2 =12 + 2 ×16
Q 17g of NH3 = 1 mol = 44 g mol −1
1
∴ 51g of NH3 = × 51 = 3 mol Mass due to carbon (C) = 12 g
17
12
or, Number of moles =
Given mass 51
= = 3 mol Percentage composition of C = ×100
Molar mass 17 44
= 27. 3%
Example 4. Calculate the number of aluminium ions
which are present in 0.0051 g of aluminium oxide.
Sol. Molar mass of 1 mole of aluminium oxide (Al 2O3 )
Check oint 5
1. What is Avogadro number ?
= 2 × 27 + 3 × 16 = 54 + 48 =102 g
Q 102 g of Al 2O3 contains 2. Write the weight of 1 mole of sodium atoms and
= 2 × 6.022 × 10 23 Al 3 + ions 1 mole of oxygen molecules.
3. Calculate the molecular mass of MgO,
∴ 0.0051 g of Al 2O3 will contain
C2H 5OH and C2H2 .
2 × 6.022 × 10 23
× 0.0051ions 4. Calculate the percentage composition of glucose
102
(C6H 12O6 ).
= 6.022 × 1019 Al 3 + ions

Answers for Check Points

Check Point 1
According to law of conservation of mass,
1. 50 g of 10% lead nitrate means, solution contains Total amount of reactants = Total amount of products
 50 × 10 =  5 g lead nitrate in (50 − 5 = ) 45 g of water.
  100 = 90 + 6.83 + amount of sodium nitrate
 100  ∴ Amount of sodium nitrate = 100 − 90 − 6.83 = 3.17 g.
Similarly, 50 g of 10% sodium chloride means the solution
contains 5 g of sodium chloride in 45 g of water. 2. Major drawback of Dalton’s atomic theory is that he
Thus, total contents before reaction postulated that atom is the smallest particle of matter. But
= 5 + 5 + 45 + 45 now it is established that atom can further be sub-divided into
smaller particles, known as electrons, protons and neutrons.
= 100 g
After reaction, amount of water = 90 g 3. Ratio of hydrogen and nitrogen in the first sample of
and amount of lead chloride = 6.83 g ammonia = 9 : 42 or 3 : 14.

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8 ll ne Science Class 9th Term II

According to ‘law of definite proportions’ in the second sample of ammonia, 2. (a) Ammonium carbonate
hydrogen and nitrogen should be in the ratio of 3 : 14. NH4 CO 3
H 3 5 3
Therefore, = ⇒ = +1 –2
N 14 N 14 (NH4 )2 CO 3
5 × 14
N= = 23.3 g (b) Potassium sulphate
3
K SO 4
+1 –2
Check Point 2 K 2SO 4
1. (c) Cupric chloride
Element Atomic Mass ( u) Cu Cl
Oxygen 16 +2 –1
Chlorine 35.5 CuCl 2
Carbon 12 (d) Aluminium nitride
Hydrogen 1 Al N
+3 –3
2. Silver (Ag), Chromium (Cr), Chlorine (Cl), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Copper AlN
(Cu), Gold (Au), Aluminium (Al).
(e) Calcium phosphate
Ca PO 4
Check Point 3 +2 –3
1. Molecules which contain more than four atoms are called poly-atomic Ca 3 (PO 4 )2
molecules. For example, sulphur (S8 ), ethyl alcohol (C 2H5OH), sugar
(C12H22O11 ), etc. 3. For the formula of metal sulphate, valencies of
metal ion and sulphate ion should be known.
2. 2Cl indicates 2 atoms of chlorine and Cl 2 indicates one molecule of Valency of sulphate ion (SO 2−
4 ) is –2 and that of
chlorine. metal is +3 (because it combines with 3
3. An ‘atom’ is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not have chloride ions forming the formula MCl3 ).
independent existence. For example, helium is an atom and exists as such. Therefore, formula of metal sulphate is
On the other hand, ‘molecule’ is the smallest particle of an element or M 2 (SO 4 )3 .
compound, capable of independent existence. For example, hydrogen
atom (H) cannot exist as such but exists as H2 , which is a molecule. 4. Chemical formulae Chemical names
NaHCO 3 — Sodium bicarbonate
4. CaCO 3 is a heteroatomic molecule which contains three types of atoms,
Ca(OH)2 — Calcium hydroxide
i.e., one atom of calcium, one atom of carbon and three atoms of oxygen.
CaO — Calcium oxide
5. KNO 3 — Potassium nitrate
Compound Combining Ratio by Simple
Mass ratio/Atomic mass
elements mass ratio Check Point 5
H2 O H and O 1:8 1 8 1 2:1
H= = 1, O = = 1. It is 6.022 × 1023
and denoted by the symbol
1 16 2
3 1 8 1 NA .
CO 2 C and O 3:8 C = = ,O = = 1:2
12 4 16 2 2. Weight of 1 mole of sodium atoms = 23 g
NH 3 N and H 14 : 3 14 3 1:3 (atomic mass) and weight of 1 mole of oxygen
N= = 1, H = = 3
14 1 molecules = 32 g (molecular mass).
3. Molecular mass of MgO = 24 + 16 = 40u
Check Point 4 Molecular mass of C 2H5OH
1. = 2 × 12 + 5 × 1 + 16 + 1= 46u
Ion Symbol Valency
Molecular mass of C 2H2 = 24 + 2 = 26u
Hydroxide OH− –1
Carbonate CO 2– –2 4. Molar mass of glucose
3
(C 6H12O 6 ) = 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16
Sulphate SO 2− –2
4
= 72 + 12 + 96 = 180 g
Bicarbonate HCO −3 –1 Percentage of carbon =
72
× 100 = 40 %
Nitrate NO −3 –1 180
12
Ammonium NH+4 +1 Percentage of hydrogen = × 100 = 6.66 %
3− 180
Nitride N –3 96
Percentage of oxygen = × 100 = 53.33 %
Phosphate PO 3−
4 –3 180

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