MODULE 5 III SEM NETWORK ANALYSIS[BEC304]

MODULE 5

SYLLABUS:
Two port network parameters: Definition of Z, Y, h and Transmission parameters, modelling
with these parameters, relationship between parameters sets.
Resonance:
Series Resonance: Variation of Current and Voltage with Frequency,
Selectivity and Bandwidth, Q-Factor, Circuit Magnification Factor, Selectivity with Variable
Capacitance, Selectivity with Variable Inductance.
Parallel Resonance: Selectivity and Bandwidth, Maximum Impedance Conditions with C, L
and f Variable, current in Anti-Resonant Circuit, The General Case-Resistance Present in
both Branches.
___________________________________________________________________________

Two Port Networks:

Consider the two port network shown below

V1,I1 are the input port 111 voltage and current

V2, I2 are the output port 221 voltage and current

z parameters: Open circuit impedance parameters:

z parameter equation for two port network is given by

V 1 =z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
V 2 =z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2

The open circuit impedance parameters are defined as

V1 V V2 V
z 11= |I =0 z 12 = 1|I =0 z21 = |I =0 z 22 = 2 |I =0
I1 2 I2 1 I1 2 I2 1
y parameters: Short circuit impedance parameters:

y parameter equation for two port network is given by

I 1= y 11 V 1 + y 12 V 2
I 2= y 21 V 1 + y 22 V 2

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The open circuit impedance parameters are defined as

V1 V1 V2 V2
y 11 = |V =0 y 12 = |V =0 y 21 = |V =0 y 22 = |V =0
I1 2 I2 1 I1 2 I2 1
T parameters: Transmission parameters:ABCD parameters

T parameter equation for two port network is given by

V 1 =AV 2 −BI 2
I 1=CV 2 −DI 2

The ABCD parameters are defined as

V
A= 1 |I =0 = open circuit voltage transfer function
V1 2
V1
B=− |v =0 = short circuit transfer impedance
I2 2
I1
C= |I 2=0 = open circuit transfer admittance
V2
I
D=− 1 |V =0= short circuit current ratio
I2 2
Relationship between z and y parameters

(a) Derivation of y parameters in terms of z parameters

z parameters are defined as

V 1 =z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
V 2 =z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2

y parameters are defined as

I 1= y 11 V 1 + y 12 V 2
I 2= y 21 V 1 + y 22 V 2

Put V1=0;

0=z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(1)
V 2 =z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(2 )

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I 1= y 12 V 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(3)
I 2= y 22 V 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(4 )

From (3),

I1
y 12=
V 2 --------------------------------------------(5)

From (4)

I2
y 22 =
V 2 --------------------------------------------(6)

From (1)

z 12
I 1=− I2
z 11 ------------------------------------------(7)

Substituting (7) in (2)

( ) ( )
−z12 z 21+ z 11 z 22 Δz
V 2= I 2= I
z 11 z 11 2
I2 z
= y 22= 11
V2 Δz

z 11
V 2 =z 21 I 1− I1
z 12
I1
V2
= y 12=− ( ) z 12
Δz

( ) ( )
−z12 z 21+ z 11 z 22 Δz
V 2= I 2= I
z 11 z 11 2
I2 z
= y 22= 11
V2 Δz

Put V2=0;

0=z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(8 )
V 1 =z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(9)

I 1= y 11 V 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(10 )
I 2= y 21 V 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(11)

From (10),

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I1
y 11 =
V 1 --------------------------------------------(12)

From (11)

I2
y 21=
V 1 --------------------------------------------(13)

From (8)

z 22
I 1=− I2
z 21 ------------------------------------------(14)

Substituting (14) in (9)

( ) ( )
− z12 z21−z 11 z 22 Δz
V 1= I 2 =− I
z 21 z 21 2
I2 z
= y 21=− 21
V1 Δz

( ) ( )
− z12 z21−z 11 z 22 Δz
V 1= I 1 =− I
z 22 z 22 1
I1 z
= y 11 = 22
V1 Δz

[ −
¿
z22
z12
[ y ] = ¿ Δz Δz ¿ ¿ ¿ ]
(b)Derivation of z parameters in terms of y parameters

z parameters are defined as

V 1 =z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
V 2 =z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2

y parameters are defined as

I 1= y 11 V 1 + y 12 V 2
I 2= y 21 V 1 + y 22 V 2

Put I1=0;

0= y 11 V 1 + y 12 V 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(1)
I 2= y 21 V 1 + y 22 V 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(2 )
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V 1 =z 12 I 2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(3 )
V 2 =z 22 I 2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(4 )

From (3),

V1
z 12=
I 2 --------------------------------------------(5)

From (4)

V2
z 22=
I 2 --------------------------------------------(6)

From (1)

y 12
V 1 =− V2
y 11 ------------------------------------------(7)

Substituting (7) in (2)

( ) ( )
− y 12 y 21 + y 11 y 22 Δy
I 2= V 2= V2
y 11 y 11
V2 y
=z 22 = 11
I2 Δy

y 11
I 2= y 21 V 1 − V1
y 12
V1
I2
=z 12 =− ( ) y 12
Δy

( ) ( )
− y 12 y 21 + y 11 y 22 Δy
I 2= V 2= V2
y 11 y 11
V2 y
=z 22 = 11
I2 Δy

Put I2=0;

0= y 21 V 1 + y 22 V 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(8)
I 1= y 11 V 1 + y 12 V 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(9)

V 1 =z 11 I 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(10 )
V 2 =z 21 I 1−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−(11)

From (10),

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V1
z 11=
I 1 --------------------------------------------(12)

From (11)

V2
z 21=
I 1 --------------------------------------------(13)

From (8)

y 22
V 1 =− V2
y 21 ------------------------------------------(14)

Substituting (14) in (9)

( ) ( )
− y 12 y 21− y 11 y 22 Δy
I 1= V 2 =− V2
y 21 y 21
V2 y
=z 21=− 21
I1 Δy

( ) ( )
− y 12 y 21− y 11 y 22 Δy
I 1= V 1 =− V1
y 22 y 22
V1 y
=z 11= 22
I1 Δy

[ y 22
[ z ] = ¿ Δy −Δy ¿ ¿¿
¿
y 12
]

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MODULE 5 III SEM NETWORK ANALYSIS[BEC304]

Resonant Circuits
Series Resonance Circuit
Consider a RLC circuit in which resistor, inductor and capacitor are connected in series
across a voltage supply. This series RLC circuit has a distinguishing property of resonating at
a specific
frequency called resonant frequency.
In this circuit containing inductor and capacitor, the energy is stored in two different ways.
1. When current flows in an inductor, energy gets stored in magnetic field.
2. When the capacitor is charged, energy gets stored in static electric field.

The magnetic field in the inductor is built by the current, which is provided by the
discharging capacitor. Similarly, the capacitor is charged by the current produced by
collapsing magnetic field of inductor and this process continues on and on, causing electrical
energy to oscillate between the magnetic field and the electric field. In some cases, at certain
frequency called resonant frequency, the inductive reactance of the circuit becomes equal to
capacitive reactance which causes the electrical energy to oscillate between the electric field
of the capacitor and magnetic field of the inductor. This forms a harmonic oscillator for
current. In RLC circuit, the presence of resistor causes these oscillation to die out over period
of time and is called damping effect of resistor.

Variation in Inductive Reactance and Capacitive Reactance with Frequency

Variation of Inductive Reactance Vs Frequency

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We know that inductive reactance XL = 2πfL means inductive reactance is directly

proportional to frequency (XL and prop ƒ). When the frequency is zero or in case of DC,
inductive reactance is also zero, the circuit acts as a short circuit; but when frequency
increases; inductive reactance also increases. At infinite frequency, inductive reactance
becomes infinity and circuit behaves as open circuit. It means that, when frequency increases
inductive reactance also increases and when frequency decreases, inductive reactance also
decreases. So, if we plot a graph between inductive reactance and frequency, it is a straight
line linear curve passing through origin as shown in the figure above.

Variation of Capacitive Reactance Vs Frequency

It is clear from the formula of capacitive reactance X C = 1 / 2πfC that, frequency and
capacitive reactance are inversely proportional to each other. In case of DC or when
frequency is zero, capacitive reactance becomes infinity and circuit behaves as open circuit
and when frequency increases and becomes infinite, capacitive reactance decreases and
becomes zero at infinite frequency, at that point the circuit acts as short circuit, so the
capacitive reactance increases with decease in frequency and if we plot a graph between
capacitive reactance and frequency, it is an hyperbolic curve as shown in figure above.

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Inductive Reactance and Capacitive Reactance Vs Frequency

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the inductive reactance is directly
proportional to frequency and capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to frequency, i.e
at low frequency XL is low and XC is high but there must be a frequency, where the value of
inductive reactance becomes equal to capacitive reactance. Now if we plot a single graph of
inductive reactance vs frequency and capacitive reactance vs frequency, then there must
occur a point where these two graphs cut each other. At that point of intersection, the
inductive and capacitive reactance becomes equal and the frequency at which these two
reactances become equal, is called resonant frequency, fr.
At resonant frequency, XL = XC

At resonance f = fr and on solving above equation we get,

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Variation of Impedance Vs Frequency

At resonance in series RLC circuit, two reactances become equal and cancel each other. So
in resonant series RLC circuit, the opposition to the flow of current is due to resistance only.
At resonance, the total impedance of series RLC circuit is equal to resistance i.e Z = R,
impedance has only real part but no imaginary part and this impedance at resonant frequency
is called dynamic impedance and this dynamic impedance is always less than impedance of
series RLC circuit. Before series resonance i.e before frequency, f r capacitive reactance
dominates and after resonance, inductive reactance dominates and at resonance the circuit
acts purely as resistive circuit causing a large amount of current to circulate through the
circuit.
Resonant Current

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In series RLC circuit, the total voltage is the phasor sum of voltage across resistor, inductor
and capacitor. At resonance in series RLC circuit, both inductive and capacitive reactance
cancel each other and we know that in series circuit, the current flowing through all the
elements is same, So the voltage across inductor and capacitor is equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction and thereby they cancel each other. So, in a series resonant circuit,
voltage across resistor is equal to supply voltage i.e V = Vr.
In series RLC circuit current, I = V / Z but at resonance current I = V / R, therefore the
current at resonant frequency is maximum as at resonance in impedance of circuit is
resistance only and is minimum.
The above graph shows the plot between circuit current and frequency. At starting, when the
frequency increases, the impedance Zc decreases and hence the circuit current increases. After
some time frequency becomes equal to resonant frequency, at that point inductive reactance
becomes equal to capacitive reactance and the impedance of circuit reduces and is equal to
circuit resistance only. So at this point, the circuit current becomes maximum I = V / R. Now
when the frequency is further increased, ZL increases and with increase in ZL, the circuit
current reduces and then the current drops finally to zero as frequency becomes infinite.
At resonance, the inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance and hence the voltage
across inductor and capacitor cancel each other. The total impedance of circuit is resistance
only. So, the circuit behaves like a pure resistive circuit and we know that in pure resistive
circuit, voltage and the circuit current are in same phase i.e V r, V and I are in same phase
direction. Therefore, the phase angle between voltage and current is zero and the power factor
is unity.
Application of Series RLC Resonant Circuit
Since resonance in series RLC circuit occurs at particular frequency, so it is used for
filtering and tuning purpose as it does not allow unwanted oscillations that would otherwise
cause signal distortion, noise and damage to circuit to pass through it.

Features of series RLC circuit

For a series RLC circuit at certain frequency called resonant frequency, the following points
must be remembered. So at resonance:
1. Inductive reactance XL is equal to capacitive reactance XC.
2. Total impedance of circuit becomes minimum which is equal to R i.e Z = R.
3. Circuit current becomes maximum as impedance reduces, I = V / R.

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4. Voltage across inductor and capacitor cancels each other, so voltage across resistor Vr
= V, supply voltage.
5. Since net reactance is zero, circuit becomes purely resistive circuit and hence the
voltage and the current are in same phase, so the phase angle between them is zero.
6. Power factor is unity.
7. Frequency at which resonance in series RLC circuit occurs is given
by

1. Bandwidth and Power of Resonant Circuit

Half Power Frequencies:

The frequency at which current is 0.707 times the current at resonance is called half power
frequencies.
Power at these frequencies is half of the power at resonance.
2 2
P=I r R=I max R
Power at resonant frequency,

( )
2 2
P I max R I
= = max R
Power at half power frequencies, P1=P2=
2 2 √2
F1 and f2 are called half power frequencies in terms of power at resonance.
At f1, XC>XL(current leads voltage)
f2,XL>XC(current lags voltage)
I max V
I= =
the current at these frequencies, √2 R √2

the impedance; √ R2+( X L−X C )2=R √2 ⇒ ±( X L −X C )=R

Hence the power factor at these frequencies will be equal to cos(45⁰)=0.707

(
φ=tan−1 ( X L− X C
R )
=tan−1 1=45∘ )

f1=lower half power frequency

f2=upper half power frequency

Bandwidth of Resonant circuit

Bandwidth is “the range of frequency from lower –3dB point to the higher –3dB point of
frequency”. –3dB point of frequency is defined as the frequency of a signal that allows or

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pass with a magnitude of 0.707 of signal at resonant frequency. Resonant frequency is

defined as a frequency of signal that allows with maximum magnitude. For resonant circuits,
two –3dB points are exists. One is lower cut-off frequency and the other is higher cut-off
frequency. The occurrence of lower and higher cut-off frequencies are below and above the
resonant frequency respectively. For series resonant circuits, below the resonant frequency
circuit acts as capacitor whereas above the resonant frequency behaves as inductor. For
parallel resonant circuit, below the resonant frequency circuit behaves as inductor and above
the resonant frequency circuit acts as capacitor.
Bandwidth: The bandwidth of a RLC circuit is defined as the range of frequencies over
which the power in the circuit is greater than or equal to half of its maximum value.
B.W=f2-f1
Consider the plot of current signal with frequency for the series resonant circuit in Figure
given below.

From Figure, the maximum current occurs at the resonant frequency (fr), at –3dB point
current is 0.707 of maximum current .

Here, fL is the lower cut – off frequency

fH is the higher cut – off frequency.
Band width is, B.W= fH – fL
At half power frequencies,

( 1
ω1 C )
−ω 1 L =R
( ω 2 L−
1
)
ω2 C
=R

−ω 21 LC+1=Rω 1 C
ω 21 LC1=+ Rω1 C−1=0

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MODULE 5 III SEM NETWORK ANALYSIS[BEC304]

R
ω 1=− ±
2L
R 2 1
2L
+
LC √( )
Since 2L
( )
R 2
<<
1
LC

ω 1=−
R
±
2L LC
Also we have,
1
√ R
=− +ω r (ω 1 cannot be negative)
2L

1
ω 2 L− =R
ω2 C

ω 22 LC−Rω 2 C−1=0

R
ω 2= ±
2L
R 2 1
2L
+
LC √( )
As 2L
( )
R 2
<<
1
LC

=
R
±
1
√R R
≈ ±ωr ≈ +ωr [+sign as ω 2 cannot be egative ]
2L LC 2L 2L
Therefore bandwidth is given by
R R R
ω 2−ω1 = +ω r + −ωr =
2L 2L L
R
f 2−f 1 =
2π L
Half power frequencies are related to the resonant frequency fr by the expression f1f2=fr
We know that

( ω 2 L−
1
ω2 C ) (
=R =
1
ω1 C
−ω 1 L
)
( ω2 + ω1 ) L= C
1
[ 1 1
+
ω1 ω 2 ]
1
ω 1 ω2 = =ω2r
LC
1
2π f 1 2π f 2 =
LC
1 1
f 1 f 2= =f 2
2πLC 2πLC r

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f r =√ f 1 f 2
Sharpness: The sharpness of a RLC series circuit can be defined as ts ability to filter out all
the currents except the resonant frequency current.
Quality factor: The ratio of resonant frequency to bandwidth is a indication of the degree of
selectivity of the circuit is known as Quality factor.

√
fr 1 L
Q= =
f 2−f 1 R C

Power of Resonant frequency:

The power dissipated in the circuit is maximum or peak at resonant frequency. At –3dB
points, the power dissipated with a magnitude of half of the power dissipated at resonant
frequency.
Consider the plot of power signal with frequency for series resonant circuit in Figure 2.

The dissipated power is usually expressed for average magnitude. The expression for average

power dissipated at considered resonant frequency is,

Here,
Pavg is average power in Watts,
Irms is rms current in Amps,
R is resistance in ohms.
The power dissipate at –3dB points is,

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Parallel Resonnce

The resonance of a parallel RLC circuit is a bit more involved than the series resonance. The
resonant frequency can be defined in three different ways, which converge on the same
expression as the series resonant frequency if the resistance of the circuit is small.
Consider a RLC circuit in which resistor, inductor and capacitor are connected in parallel to
each other. This parallel combination is supplied by voltage supply, V S. This parallel RLC
circuit is exactly opposite to series RLC circuit. In series RLC circuit, the current flowing
through all the three components i.e the resistor, inductor and capacitor remains the same, but
in parallel circuit, the voltage across each element remains the same and the current gets
divided in each component depending upon the impedance of each component. That is why
parallel RLC circuit is said to have dual relationship with series RLC circuit.

The total current, IS drawn from the supply is equal to the vector sum of the resistive,
inductive and capacitive current, not the mathematic sum of the three individual branch
currents, as the current flowing in resistor, inductor and capacitor are not in same phase with
each other; so they cannot be added arithmetically.

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MODULE 5 III SEM NETWORK ANALYSIS[BEC304]

The admittance of the circuit is

Y =G+ jB=G+ j ωC− ( 1
ωL )
And VY=I ;
( (
I =V G+ j ωC−
1
ωL ))
1
ωC− =0
The circuit will be in resonance when B=0; ωL
1
ωr=
√ LC

The Characteristics of a parallel resonant circuit

1. The admittance of the circuit is minimum at resonance and equals the conductance G.
Therefore the impedance of the circuit is maximum
V
2. The current drawn from the supply at resonance is VG( R )
3. The currents IC and IL are equal and opposite, therefore they cancel each other.
4. The current is in phase with voltage, the power factor is unity and the circuit acts as a
purely resistive circuit.
5. Since the current in the circuit is minimum, parallel resonance is known as anti
resonance.
6. At resonance, there will be exchange of energy between the inductor and the
capacitor. When the inductor is carrying maximum current, the voltage across
capacitor is zero and hence electrostatic energy is zero
7. The I vs f curve is as shown

G
ω 2−ω1 =
8. Bandwidth= C

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MODULE 5 III SEM NETWORK ANALYSIS[BEC304]

ωr ωr C
Q= =
9. Quality factor ω 2−ω1 G

Consider the circuit shown below

The admittance of the RL branch

ZL=RL+j XL

1 R −jX L R X
Y L= = L2 = 2 L 2 −j 2 L 2
R L+ jX L 2
RL+ XL R L+ X L RL+ X L

The admittance of the RC branch

ZL=RL-j XC

1 R + jXC RC XC
Y C= = C2 = + j
RC −jX C RC + X 2C R 2C + X 2C R2C + X 2C

The input admittance is Y=YL+YC

RL XL RC XC
−j + +j =0
R 2L + X L 2
R2L + X L
2
R2C + X C2 R 2C + X 2C

At resonance, imaginary part (susceptance) of admittance is zero

XL XC
-j +j =0
R2L + X L
2
R2C + X 2C

XL XC
=
R L + X 2L
2
RC + X C2
2

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MODULE 5 III SEM NETWORK ANALYSIS[BEC304]

1
ωr L ωr C
=
( )
2 2
R 2L + ( ω r L ) 1
R2C +
ωr C

√
L
R2L−
1 C
ωr=
√ LC R 2C −
L
C

√
L
R 2L −
1 C
f r=
2 π √ LC R2C −
L
C

For the problem given above

ωr=129 rad/S

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