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Tennessee Poll on Income Tax Amendment

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views6 pages

Tennessee Poll on Income Tax Amendment

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Tâm Nguyễn
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A. Trả lời các câu hỏi vào Khung chừa trống trên hệ thống LMS.

Bài tập từ textbook chương 1

Question 1. The Tennessean, an online newspaper located in Nashville, Tennessee, conducts a daily
poll to obtain reader opinions on a variety of current issues. In a recent poll, 762 readers responded
to the following question: “If a constitutional amendment to ban a state income tax is placed on the
ballot in Tennessee, would you want it to pass?” Possible responses were Yes, No, or Not Sure (The
Tennessean website, February 15, 2013).

a. What was the sample size for this poll?


- There are 762 readers responding in the Tennessean. Therefore, the sample size is 762.

b. Are the data categorical or quantitative?

- The response to the questions were Yes, No, or Not sure, which are labels or categories, not
numerical values that can be measured continuously. Therefore, the data is categorical.

Question 2. Figure 1.7 provides a bar chart showing the annual revenue for Google from 2004 to
2014. (The Wall Street Journal, August 19, 2014).

a. What is the variable of interest?

The variable of interest is annual revenue for Google in billions of dollars.

b. Are the data categorical or quantitative?


The data is quantitative.

c. Are the data time series or cross-sectional?

The data is time series.

d. Comment on the trend in Google revenue over time.

The trend in Google revenue over time shows a consistent increase over time.

Question 3. A sample of midterm grades for five students showed the following results: 72, 65, 82,
90, 76. Which of the following statements are correct, and which should be challenged as being too
generalized?

a. The average midterm grade for the sample of five students is 77.

We have the calculation:

72+ 65+82+90+76
Average = =77
5
 The statement is correct

b. The average midterm grade for all students who took the exam is 77.

 This statement is challenged, because it may not be accurate to generalize the sample
average to all students.

c. An estimate of the average midterm grade for all students who took the exam is 77.

 This statement is correct. It is acceptable to say that the sample average is a preliminary
estimate for the larger population.

d. More than half of the students who take this exam will score between 70 and 85.

 This statement is challenged. It makes a broad claim about the entire population based
on a small sample, which may not be true.

e. If five other students are included in the sample, their grades will be between 65 and 90.

 This statement is challenged. It is not guaranteed to assume that all additional students
will fall within the same range as the initial sample.
Question 4. Use Demo data and SPSS. Make a report on data descriptives for Car price, Years with
current employer, and job satisfaction.
Use appropriate indicators and techniques to summarize the data. Give explanations.

4.1. Frequency Table


4.1.1. Data analysis
Year with current employer

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Less than 5 2216 34.6 34.6 34.6

5 to 15 2364 36.9 36.9 71.6

More than 15 1820 28.4 28.4 100.0

Total 6400 100.0 100.0

- 34.6% of respondents (2216 people) have been with their employer for less than 5 years.
- 36.9% of respondents (2364 people) fall in 5 to 15 years, which is the largest tenure
category.
- 1820 respondents (28.4%) have been with their employer for more than 15 years,
representing a smaller group with long-term stability in employment.

The distribution shows that a majority (71.6%) of respondents have worked with their current
employer for 15 years or less. The proportion of those with less than 5 years (34.6%) suggests there
is a trend of job turnover or higher mobility. Only 28.4% have remained with the same employer for
more than 15 years, reflecting a smaller group with established long-term employment.

Job satisfaction

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative


Percent
Valid Highly dissatisfied 1109 17.3 17.3 17.3
Somewhat dissatisfied 1268 19.8 19.8 37.1
Neutral 1393 21.8 21.8 58.9
Somewhat satisfied 1406 22.0 22.0 80.9
Highly satisfied 1224 19.1 19.1 100.0
Total 6400 100.0 100.0

Job satisfaction is evenly spread across categories. About 37.1% of respondents report
dissatisfaction (either highly or somewhat), while 41.1% indicate satisfaction (either highly or
somewhat). The largest single group, however, is neutral (21.8%), suggesting that a significant
portion of respondents feel neither particularly satisfied nor dissatisfied.

4.1.2. Discussion
The data suggests that most respondents have moderate to short tenure with their employers,
possibly indicating a trend of job mobility. Job satisfaction is relatively evenly distributed, with
respondents almost equally divided between satisfaction, neutrality, and dissatisfaction.
This diversity in tenure and satisfaction may highlight varied job experiences and potential
areas for organizations to explore in improving long-term employee engagement and satisfaction.

4.2. Descriptives

Price of Years with Job satisfaction


primary vehicle current employer
N Valid 6400 6400 6400
Missing 0 0 0
Mean 30.1284 1.94 3.06
Std. Deviation 21.92692 .792 1.369
Variance 480.790 .627 1.873
Skewness 1.216 .110 -.062
Std. Error of Skewness .031 .031 .031
Kurtosis .524 -1.397 -1.218
Std. Error of Kurtosis .061 .061 .061
Range 95.70 2 4
Minimum 4.20 1 1
Maximum 99.90 3 5
Percentiles .05 4.3000 1.00 1.00
10 10.0000 1.00 1.00
20 12.6000 1.00 2.00
25 13.9000 1.00 2.00
30 15.2000 1.00 2.00
40 18.2000 2.00 3.00
50 22.2000 2.00 3.00
60 27.2000 2.00 4.00
70 34.1000 2.00 4.00

Descriptive Statistics

N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Variance Skewness Kurtosis


Deviation

Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error

Price of primary vehicle 6400 95.70 4.20 99.90 30.1284 21.92692 48-.790 1.216 .031 .524 .061

Years with current 6400 2 1 3 1.94 .792 .627 1.101 .031 -1.397 .061
employer

Job satisfaction 6400 4 1 5 3.06 1.369 1.873 -.062 .031 -1.218 .061

Valid N (listwise) 6400

4.2.1. Price of Primary Vehicle

 Mean: The average vehicle price is $30,128.4, with prices ranging from $4,200 to $99,900,
indicating a moderate overall value.
 Dispersion: A high standard deviation of $21,926.92 and positive skewness (1.216) indicate
broad variability and a right-skewed distribution, with some high-priced vehicles
 Percentiles: The median price is $22,200, with 70% of vehicles priced below $34,100. This
suggests that while many respondents own moderately priced vehicles, a smaller number
own very high-priced ones, pushing the mean upward.

4.2.2. Years with Current Employer

 Mean: The average tenure is 1.94 years, indicating a relatively short duration with current
employers.
 Dispersion: Low standard deviation (0.792) and minimal skew (0.110) indicate that most
respondents have a similar tenure length, with a platykurtic distribution (kurtosis = -1.397),
showing few extremes. This could reflect a labor force with high turnover or short-term
employment trends.
 Range: Tenure ranges from 1 to 3 years, with the majority having been with their employer
for only 1-2 years.

4.2.3. Job Satisfaction

 Mean: The average satisfaction level is 3.06 on a scale likely ranging from 1 to 5, reflecting
moderate job satisfaction.
 Dispersion: With a standard deviation of 1.369 and a skewness near zero (-0.062), the
distribution is nearly symmetrical. The platykurtic shape (kurtosis = -1.218) implies a
relatively flat distribution, with few respondents reporting very high or very low
satisfaction.
 Range: Satisfaction scores range from 1 to 5, with a median of 3, indicating that most
respondents are neither very satisfied nor very dissatisfied.

4.2.3. Discussion
The data reveals a diverse range of vehicle values, suggesting varied economic
backgrounds. Most employees have relatively short tenures, indicating potential job market
mobility or a trend toward short-term employment. Job satisfaction is moderate and symmetrically
distributed, with most respondents reporting neutral satisfaction levels. To improve retention and
satisfaction, organizations could focus on career growth opportunities, employee recognition, and
flexible work options. These strategies aim to build a more dedicated and satisfied workforce.

Common questions

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Analyzing skewness and kurtosis in job satisfaction data informs organizations about the distribution shape, indicating potential areas for intervention. Near-zero skewness (-0.062) and negative kurtosis (-1.218) in satisfaction imply a symmetric and flat distribution, with few extreme satisfaction or dissatisfaction levels. Understanding these metrics aids in identifying trends that need strategic enhancement, like addressing factors contributing to moderate satisfaction and shifting the distribution toward higher satisfaction, crucial for improving employee morale and productivity .

The high standard deviation ($21,926.92) and positive skewness (1.216) in vehicle prices indicate substantial variability, with many respondents owning moderately priced vehicles and a few owning high-priced ones. This dispersion suggests a wide range of economic backgrounds among vehicle owners, where while most own vehicles at moderate prices, a minority with significant resources pushes the overall average upward. This variability highlights economic diversity .

The median vehicle price of $22,200 and the 70th percentile at $34,100 suggest that while a significant number of consumers are purchasing moderately priced vehicles, higher-end vehicle purchases by a smaller group influence the average. This purchasing behavior might imply that while many consumers are budget-conscious, there is also a notable market for luxury or high-priced vehicles, indicating a split in consumer segments targeting different vehicle price ranges .

Organizations should integrate employee satisfaction insights with tenure data to enhance their workforce strategies. Since job satisfaction is moderately distributed and most employees have short tenures, organizations could focus on aligning job roles with personal career goals, establishing robust feedback mechanisms, and promoting a supportive work environment. Regular assessments of job satisfaction can guide adjustments in management practices, ultimately fostering a committed and content workforce .

A nearly symmetrical distribution of job satisfaction data suggests that most respondents experience moderate satisfaction levels. For businesses, this indicates that while there are no significant extremes in satisfaction, there is still room for improvement. Organizations seeking to enhance engagement should consider tailored strategies focused on motivations and preferences to shift the distribution towards higher satisfaction, such as offering career growth opportunities, recognizing achievements, or providing flexible work conditions .

The main trend in Google's revenue from 2004 to 2014 is a consistent increase over time .

Statements about sample averages need careful evaluation when generalizing to larger populations. While a sample average (e.g., an average grade of 77 for five students) can be a preliminary estimate for the larger group, asserting it as the average for the entire population is inaccurate unless the sample is representative. Broad claims, such as predicting specific score ranges for all students, should be challenged as they might not hold true for the entire population .

The trend of high job turnover and mobility, as 71.6% of respondents have been with their employer for less than 15 years, necessitates organizations to devise strategies aimed at increasing retention. Approaches could include fostering career development opportunities, creating a positive workplace culture, offering competitive compensation packages, and implementing work-life balance initiatives to make positions more appealing and incentivizing longer tenures .

The data collected in reader polls by the Tennessean are categorical, as responses are non-numeric labels, like 'Yes,' 'No,' or 'Not Sure.' Categorical data implies that analysis focuses on frequencies and proportions rather than numerical calculations. This type of data is typically analyzed using descriptive statistics and visualization methods, such as bar charts or pie charts, to illustrate the distribution of responses .

The distribution shows that 71.6% of respondents have been with their employer for 15 years or less, reflecting high job mobility or turnover. This trend indicates a possibly dynamic labor market where short-term employment is prevalent. Employment policies that focus on retention through benefits, career advancement programs, and stability initiatives could address this trend by encouraging longer tenures and reducing turnover rates .

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