Activities related to the study of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, METABOLISM AND

NUTRITION

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Define Key terms:
a. Absorption
b. Accessory digestive organ
c. Accessory duct
d. Acinus
e. Alimentary canal
f. Aminopeptidase
g. Anal column
h. Anal sinus
i. Appendix
j. Ascending colon
k. Bacterial flora
l. Bile
m. Bile canaliculus
n. Bilirubin
o. Body of the stomach
p. Bolus
q. Brush border
r. Cardia
s. Cecum
t. Cementum
u. Central vein
v. Cephalic phase
w. Chemical digestion
x. Chief cell
y. Chylomicron
z. Chyme
aa. Circular fold
bb. Common bile duct
[Link] hepatic duct
dd. Crown portion of the tooth
ee. Cuspid
ff. Cystic duct
gg. Deciduous tooth
hh. Defecation
ii. Deglutition
jj. Dentin
[Link]
ll. Descending colon
mm. Dipeptidase
nn. Duodenal gland
oo. Duodenum
pp. Enamel
qq. Enteroendocrine cell
rr. Enteropeptidase
ss. Epiploic appendage
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tt. Esophagus
uu. External anal sphincter
[Link]
ww. Feces
xx. Flatus
yy. Fundus of the intestine
zz. Gallbladder
aaa. Gastric emptying
bbb. Gastric gland
ccc. Gastric phase
ddd. Gastric pit
eee. Gastrin
fff. Gastrocolic reflex
ggg. Gastroileal reflex
hhh. Gingiva
iii. Haustral contraction
jjj. Haustrum
kkk. Hepatic artery
lll. Hepatic lobule
mmm. Hepatic portal vein
nnn. Hepatic sinusoid
ooo. Hepatic vein
ppp. Hepatocytes
qqq. Hepatopancreatic ampulla
[Link] sphincter
sss. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
[Link] sphincter
uuu. Ileum
vvv. Ingestion
www. Internal anal sphincter
xxx. Intestinal gland
yyy. Intestinal juice
zzz. Intestinal phase
aaaa. Intrinsic factor
bbbb. Jejunum
cccc. Labial frenulum
dddd. Labium
eeee. Lactase
ffff. Large intestine
gggg. Laryngopharynx
hhhh. Left colic flexure
[Link] frenulum
[Link] lipase
kkkk. Lipoprotein
[Link]
mmmm. Liver
nnnn. Lower esophageal sphincter
oooo. Main pancreatic duct
pppp. Major duodenal papilla
qqqq. Maltase
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rrrr. Mass movement
ssss. Mastication
tttt. Mechanical digestion
uuuu. Mesoappendix
vvvv. Micelle
wwww. Microvillus
xxxx. Migrating motility complex
yyyy. Mixing wave
zzzz. Molar tooth
aaaaa. Motility
bbbbb. Mucosa
ccccc. Mucosal barrier
ddddd. Mucous neck cell
eeeee. Muscularis
fffff. Myenteric plexus
ggggg. Nucleosidase
hhhhh. Oral cavity
iiiii. Oral vestibule
jjjjj. Oropharynx
kkkkk. Palatoglossal arch
lllll. Pancreas
mmmmm. Pancreatic amylase
nnnnn. Pancreatic juice
ooooo. Pancreatic lipase
ppppp. Pancreatic nuclease
qqqqq. Parietal cell
rrrrr. Parotid gland
sssss. Pectinate line
ttttt. Pepsinogen
uuuuu. Peristalsis
vvvvv. Permanent tooth
wwwww. Pharynx
xxxxx. Phosphatase
yyyyy. Porta hepatis
zzzzz. Portal triad
aaaaaa. Premolar
bbbbbb. Propulsion
cccccc. Pulp cavity
dddddd. Pyloric antrum
eeeeee. Pyloric canal
ffffff. Pyloric sphincter
gggggg. Pylorus
hhhhhh. Rectal valve
iiiiii. Rectum
jjjjjj. Reticuloendothelial cell
kkkkkk. Retroperitoneal
llllll. Ribonuclease
mmmmmm. Right colic flexure
nnnnnn. Ruga
oooooo. Saccharolytic fermentation
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 pppppp. Saliva
qqqqqq. Salivary amylase
rrrrrr. Salivary gland
ssssss. Salivation
tttttt. Segmentation
uuuuuu. Serosa
vvvvvv. Sigmoid colon
wwwwww. Small intestine
xxxxxx. Soft palate
yyyyyy. Stomach
zzzzzz. Sublingual gland
aaaaaaa. Submandibular gland
bbbbbbb. Submucosa
ccccccc. Submucosal plexus
ddddddd. Sucrase
eeeeeee. Tenia coli
fffffff. Tongue
ggggggg. Transverse colon
hhhhhhh. Upper esophageal
sphincter
iiiiiii. Valsalva’s maneuver
jjjjjjj. Voluntary phase
kkkkkkk. Alpha-dextrinase

2. Complete the table:

a. Contribution of Other Body Systems to the Digestive System

Body
Benefits received by the digestive
system
Cardiovascul
ar
Endocrine
Integumenta
ry

Lymphatic

Muscular

Nervous

Respiratory
Skeletal

Urinary

b. Functions of the Digestive Organs

Organ Major functions Other functions

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 Moistens and dissolves food,
allowing you to taste it
Mouth Cleans and lubricates the teeth
and oral cavity
Has some antimicrobial activity

Pharynx Lubricates food and passageways

Esophag Lubricates food and passageways

us
Stimulates protein-digesting
enzymes
Secretes intrinsic factor required
Stomach for vitamin
B12 absorption in small intestine

Small Provides optimal medium for

intestine enzymatic activity

Liver:
Bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juices
Accessor help neutralize acidic chyme and
Gallbladder:
y organs provide optimal environment for
enzymatic activity
Pancreas:

Food residue is concentrated and

temporarily stored prior to
Large defecation
intestine
Mucus eases passage of feces
through colon

c. Digestive Functions of the Mouth

Structur Action Outcome
e
Lips and
Food is chewed evenly during mastication
cheeks
Moisten and lubricate the lining of the mouth and
pharynx
Salivary Moisten, soften, and dissolve food
glands
Clean the mouth and teeth
Salivary amylase breaks down starch
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Tongue’s Manipulate food for chewing
extrinsic Shape food into a bolus
muscles Manipulate food for swallowing
Tongue’s
intrinsic Manipulate food for swallowing
muscles
Nerve impulses from taste buds are conducted to
Taste
salivary nuclei in the brain stem and then to salivary
buds
glands, stimulating saliva secretion
Activated in the stomach
Lingual
glands Break down triglycerides into fatty acids and
diglycerides
Break down solid food into smaller particles for
Teeth
deglutition

d. Digestive Functions of the Esophagus

Action Outcome

Upper esophageal
sphincter relaxation
Peristalsis
Lower esophageal
sphincter relaxation
Mucus secretion

e. Cells of the Small Intestine Mucosa

Cell Location in the
Function
type mucosa
Absorpti Epithelium/
ve intestinal glands
Epithelium/
Goblet
intestinal glands
Paneth Intestinal glands
Intestinal glands
G cells of
duodenum
Intestinal glands
I cells of
duodenum

K cells Intestinal glands

Intestinal glands
M cells of duodenum and

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 jejunum
S cells Intestinal glands

f. The Digestive Enzymes

Enzyme Enzyme
Source Substrate Product
Category Name
Brush
border α-Dextrinase α-Dextrins Glucose
enzymes
Brush
border Enteropeptidase Trypsinogen Trypsin
enzymes
Brush
border Lactase Lactose Glucose and galactose
enzymes
Brush
border Maltase Maltose Glucose
enzymes
Brush Nucleosidases Phosphates,
border and Nucleotides nitrogenous bases, and
enzymes phosphatases pentoses
Aminopeptidase: Aminopeptidase:
amino acids at the amino acids and
Brush amino end of peptides
border Peptidases peptides Dipeptidase: amino
enzymes
Dipeptidase: acids
dipeptides
Brush
border Sucrase Sucrose Glucose and fructose
enzymes
Pancreati Carboxypeptida Amino acids at the
Amino acids and
c se* carboxyl end of
peptides
enzymes peptides
Pancreati
c Chymotrypsin* Proteins Peptides
enzymes
Pancreati
c Elastase* Proteins Peptides
enzymes
Ribonuclease:
Pancreati ribonucleic acids
c Nucleases Deoxyribonuclease: Nucleotides
enzymes deoxyribonucleic
acids
Pancreati Pancreatic Polysaccharides α-Dextrins,
c amylase (starches) disaccharides
enzymes (maltose),
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 trisaccharides
(maltotriose)
Pancreati Pancreatic Triglycerides that Fatty acids and
c lipase have been emulsified monoacylglycerides
enzymes by bile salts
Pancreati
c Trypsin* Proteins Peptides
enzymes

g. Hormomes Secreted by the Stomach

Production Target Action
Hormone Production site
stimulus organ
Fasting state
(levels
Stomach mucosa, Hypothalam
Ghrelin increase just prior
mainly fundus us
to
meals)
Stomach mucosa, Presence of
mainly G cells of peptides
Gastrin Stomach
the pyloric and amino acids
antrum in stomach
Presence of food
Histamine Stomach mucosa Stomach
in the stomach
Presence of food
Serotonin Stomach mucosa Stomach
in the stomach
Mucosa of Presence of food
stomach, in the stomach;
Somatostat
especially pyloric sympathetic axon Stomach
in
antrum; also stimulation
duodenum
Mucosa of Presence of food
stomach, in the stomach;
Somatostat
especially pyloric sympathetic axon Pancreas
in
antrum; also stimulation
duodenum
Mucosa of Presence of food
stomach, in the stomach;
Somatostat Small
especially pyloric sympathetic axon
in intestine
antrum; also stimulation
duodenum

h. Cells of the Small Intestinal Mucosa

Cell Location in the

Function
type mucosa
Absorpti Epithelium/
ve intestinal glands

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 Epithelium/
Goblet
intestinal glands
Paneth Intestinal glands
Intestinal glands
G cells of
duodenum
Intestinal glands
I cells of
duodenum

K cells Intestinal glands

Intestinal glands
M cells of duodenum and
jejunum
S cells Intestinal glands

3. Chapter Review:
a. Overview of the Digestive System
b. Digestive System Processes and Regulation
c. The mouth, pharynx, and esophagus
d. The stomach
e. The small and large intestines
f. Accessory organs in digestion: the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
g. Chemical digestion and absorption

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