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(Top) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 49°45′24″N 06°38′29″E Text

History
For other uses, see Trier (disambiguation). Small
Neighbouring
"Treves" redirects here. For other uses, see Treves (disambiguation). Standard
municipalities

Organization of city Trier (/trɪər/ TREER,[3][4] German: Large

Trier
districts [tʁiːɐ]̯ ; Luxembourgish: Tréier
Tréier (Luxembourgish) Width
Climate [ˈtʀəɪɐ] ), formerly and
traditionally known in English as City Standard
Main sights
Trèves (/trɛv/ TREV, French: [tʁɛv][5] Wide
Museums [6]) and Triers (see also names in
Education other languages), is a city on the Color (beta)

Annual events banks of the Moselle in Germany. It Automatic

Culture lies in a valley between low vine-
Light
covered hills of red sandstone in
Transport
the west of the state of Rhineland- Dark
Sports
Palatinate, near the border with
International relations Luxembourg and within the
Twin towns – sister important Moselle wine region.
cities

Namesakes Founded by the Romans in the late

1st century BC as Augusta
Notable people
Treverorum ("The City of Augustus
References
among the Treveri"), Trier is
Further reading considered Germany's oldest city.[7]
[8] It is also the oldest seat of a
External links
bishop north of the Alps. Trier was
one of the four capitals of the
Roman Empire during the Tetrarchy
period in the late 3rd and early 4th
Clockwise from top: Trier skyline; Aula
centuries.[9] In the Middle Ages, the Palatina; Karl Marx House; Trier market place;
archbishop-elector of Trier was an Trier Cathedral and Liebfrauenkirche, Trier; and
Porta Nigra
important prince of the Church who
controlled land from the French
border to the Rhine. The
archbishop-elector of Trier also had
Flag Coat of arms
great significance as one of the
seven electors of the Holy Roman Location of Trier [show]
Empire. Because of its significance
during the Roman and Holy Roman
empires, several monuments and
cathedrals within Trier are listed as
a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[9]

With an approximate population of

110,000, Trier is the fourth-largest
city in its state, after Mainz, Trier
Ludwigshafen, and Koblenz.[10]
The nearest major cities are
Luxembourg City (50 km or 31 mi
to the southwest), Saarbrücken (80
Show map of Germany
kilometres or 50 miles southeast), Show map of Rhineland-Palatinate
and Koblenz (100 km or 62 mi Show all
Coordinates: 49°45′24″N 06°38′29″E
northeast).
Country Germany
The University of Trier, the State Rhineland-Palatinate
administration of the Trier-Saarburg District Urban district

district and the seat of the ADD Founded 16 BC

(Aufsichts- und Government

• Lord mayor Wolfram Leibe[1] (SPD)
Dienstleistungsdirektion), which (2023–31)
until 1999 was the borough Area
authority of Trier, and the Academy • Total 117.06 km2
(45.20 sq mi)
of European Law (ERA) are all
Elevation 137 m (449 ft)
based in Trier. It is one of the five
"central places" of the state of Population (2022-12-31)[2]
• Total 112,195
Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with • Density 960/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
Luxembourg, Metz and
Demonym Trevian
Saarbrücken, fellow constituent
Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)
members of the QuattroPole union • Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)
of cities, it is central to the greater Postal codes 54290–54296 (except
region encompassing Saar-Lor-Lux 54291)
Dialling codes 0651
(Saarland, Lorraine and Vehicle registration TR
Luxembourg), Rhineland- Website [Link]
Palatinate, and Wallonia.

History [ edit ]

Main article: History of Trier

The first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence of linear
pottery settlements dating from the early Neolithic period. Since the last pre-
Christian centuries, members of the Celtic tribe of the Treveri settled in the area of
today's Trier.[11] The city of Trier derives its name from the later Latin locative in
Trēverīs for earlier Augusta Treverorum. According to the Archbishops of Trier, in
the Gesta Treverorum, the founder of the city of the Trevians is Trebeta. German
historian Johannes Aventinus also credited Trebeta with building settlements at
Metz, Mainz, Basel, Strasbourg, Speyer and Worms.

The historical record describes the Roman

Empire subduing the Treveri in the
1st century BC and establishing Augusta
Treverorum about 16 BC.[12] The name
distinguished it from the empire's many other
cities honoring the first Roman emperor,
Augustus. The city later became the capital of
Augusta Treverorum in the 4th the province of Belgic Gaul; after the Diocletian
century Reforms, it became the capital of the prefecture
of the Gauls, overseeing much of the Western
Roman Empire. In the 4th century, Trier was
one of the largest cities in the Roman Empire
with a population around 75,000 and perhaps
as much as 100,000.[13][14][15][16] The Porta
Nigra ("Black Gate") dates from this era. A
residence of the Western Roman emperor,
Roman Trier was the birthplace of Saint
Porta Nigra
Ambrose. Sometime between 395 and 418,
probably in 407 the Roman administration
moved the staff of the Praetorian Prefecture from Trier to Arles. The city continued
to be inhabited but was not as prosperous as before. However, it remained the seat
of a governor and had state factories for the production of ballistae and armor and
woolen uniforms for the troops, clothing for the civil service, and high-quality
garments for the Court. Northern Gaul was held by the Romans along a line (līmes)
from north of Cologne to the coast at Boulogne through what is today southern
Belgium until 460. South of this line, Roman control was firm, as evidenced by the
continuing operation of the imperial arms factory at Amiens.

The Franks seized Trier from Roman

administration in 459. In 870, it became part of
Eastern Francia, which developed into the Holy
Roman Empire. Relics of Saint Matthias
brought to the city initiated widespread
pilgrimages. The bishops of the city grew
increasingly powerful and the Archbishopric of
Trier was recognized as an electorate of the Scale model of Trier around
empire, one of the most powerful states of 1800
Germany. The University of Trier was founded
in the city in 1473. In the 17th century, the
Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier
relocated their residence to Philippsburg Castle
in Ehrenbreitstein, near Koblenz. A session of
the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512, during
which the demarcation of the Imperial Circles
was definitively established.
Cathedral of Trier
In the years from 1581 to 1593, the Trier witch
trials were held. It was one of the four largest
witch trials in Germany alongside the Fulda
witch trials, the Würzburg witch trial, and the
Bamberg witch trials, perhaps even the largest
one in European history. The persecutions
started in the diocese of Trier in 1581 and
reached the city itself in 1587, where it was to Electoral Palace
lead to the death of about 368 people, and was
as such perhaps the biggest mass execution in
Europe in peacetime. This counts only those
executed within the city itself. The exact
number of people executed in all the witch
hunts within the diocese has never been
established; a total of 1,000 has been
suggested but not confirmed.
Römerbrücke over the Moselle.
(Detail to the north side)
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the French-
Habsburg rivalry brought war to Trier. Spain
and France fought over the city during the Thirty Years' War. The bishop was
imprisoned by Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor for his support for France
between 1635 and 1645. In later wars between the Empire and France, French
troops occupied the city during the Nine Years' War, the War of the Spanish
Succession, and the War of the Polish Succession. After conquering Trier again in
1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars, France annexed the city and the
electoral archbishopric was dissolved. After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815,
Trier passed to the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl Marx, the German philosopher and
one of the founders of Marxism, was born in the city in 1818.

As part of the Prussian Rhineland, Trier developed economically during the 19th
century. The city rose in revolt during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states,
although the rebels were forced to concede. It became part of the German Empire
in 1871.

The synagogue on Zuckerbergstrasse was looted during the November 1938

Kristallnacht and later completely destroyed in a bomb attack in 1944. Multiple
Stolperstein have been installed in Trier to commemorate those murdered and
exiled during the Shoah.[17]

In June 1940 during World War II over 60,000 British prisoners of war, captured at
Dunkirk and Northern France, were marched to Trier, which became a staging post
for British soldiers headed for German prisoner-of-war camps. Trier was heavily
bombed and bombarded in 1944. The city became part of the new state of
Rhineland-Palatinate after the war. The university, dissolved in 1797, was restarted
in the 1970s, while the Cathedral of Trier was reopened in 1974 after undergoing
substantial and long-lasting renovations. Trier officially celebrated its 2,000th
anniversary in 1984. On 1 December 2020, 5 people were killed by an allegedly
drunk driver during a vehicle-ramming attack.[18] The Ehrang/Quint district of Trier
was heavily damaged and flooded during the 16 July 2021 floods of Germany,
Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg.

Historical population

Year Pop. ±%
100 20,000 —
View of the city from St. Mary's Column
300 80,000 +300.0%
(Mariensäule)
400 50,000 −37.5%
1250 12,000 −76.0%
1363 10,000 −16.7%
1542 8,500 −15.0%
1613 6,000 −29.4%
1702 4,300 −28.3%
1801 8,829 +105.3%
1871 21,442 +142.9%
1900 43,506 +102.9%
1910 49,112 +12.9%
Trier from the east (Petrisberg) 1919 53,248 +8.4%
1919 57,341 +7.7%
Trier sits in a hollow midway along the Moselle
1933 76,692 +33.7%
valley, with the most significant portion of the
1939 88,150 +14.9%
city on the east bank of the river. Wooded and
vineyard-covered slopes stretch up to the 1950 75,526 −14.3%
Hunsrück plateau in the south and the Eifel in 1961 87,141 +15.4%
the north. The border with the Grand Duchy of 1970 103,724 +19.0%
Luxembourg is some 15 km (9 mi) away. 1987 94,118 −9.3%
2011 105,671 +12.3%

Neighbouring municipalities 2018 110,636 +4.7%

source:[19][circular reference]
[ edit ]

Listed in clockwise order, beginning Largest groups of foreign residents

with the northernmost; all Country of birth Population (2013)

municipalities belong to the Trier- Poland 688

Saarburg district France 675

Luxembourg 573
Schweich, Kenn and Longuich (all Ukraine 476
part of the Verbandsgemeinde Russia 444
Schweich an der Römischen
Weinstraße), Mertesdorf, Kasel, Waldrach, Morscheid, Korlingen and Gusterath (all
in the Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer), Hockweiler, Franzenheim (both part of the
Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land), Konz and Wasserliesch (both part of the
Verbandsgemeinde Konz), Igel, Trierweiler, Aach, Newel, Kordel, Zemmer (all in
the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land).

Organization of city districts [ edit ]

The Trier urban area is divided into 19 city

districts. For each district there is an Ortsbeirat
(local council) of between 9 and 15 members,
as well as an Ortsvorsteher (local
representative). The local councils are charged
with hearing the important issues that affect the
district, although the final decision on any issue
rests with the city council. The local councils
nevertheless have the freedom to undertake
limited measures within the bounds of their
districts and their budgets.

The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants Districts of Trier

(December 31, 2009):

Official Area
district District with associated sub-districts in Inhabitants
number km2

11 Mitte/Gartenfeld 2.978 11,954

12 Nord (Nells Ländchen, Maximin) 3.769 13,405

Süd (St. Barbara, St. Matthias or St.

13 1.722 9,123
Mattheis)

21 Ehrang/Quint 26.134 9,195

22 Pfalzel 2.350 3,514

23 Biewer 5.186 1,949

24 Ruwer/Eitelsbach 9.167 3,091

31 West/Pallien 8.488 7,005

32 Euren (Herresthal) 13.189 4,207

33 Zewen (Oberkirch) 7.496 3,634

41 Olewig 3.100 3,135

42 Kürenz (Alt-Kürenz, Neu-Kürenz) 5.825 8,708

43 Tarforst 4.184 6,605

44 Filsch 1.601 761

45 Irsch 4.082 2,351

46 Kernscheid 3.768 958

51 Feyen/Weismark 5.095 5,689

Heiligkreuz (Alt-Heiligkreuz, Neu-

52 2.036 6,672
Heiligkreuz, St. Maternus)

53 Mariahof (St. Michael) 7.040 3,120

Totals 117.210 105,076

Climate [ edit ]

Trier has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), but with greater extremes than the
marine versions of northern Germany. Summers are warm except in unusual heat
waves and winters are recurrently cold, but not harsh. Precipitation is high despite
not being on the coast.[20] As a result of the European heat wave in 2003, the
highest temperature recorded was 39 °C on 8 August of that year. On 25 July 2019,
a record-breaking temperature of 40.6 °C was recorded.[21] The lowest recorded
temperature was −19.3 °C on February 2, 1956.[22]

Climate data for Trier (1991–2020 normals) (1948-present extremes) [show]

Main sights [ edit ]

Trier is known for its well-preserved Roman Monuments, Cathedral of

Roman and medieval buildings, St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in
which include: Trier
the Porta Nigra, the best- UNESCO World Heritage Site
preserved Roman city gate north
of the Alps;
the huge Aula Palatina, a basilica
in the original Roman sense, was
the 67 m (219.82 ft) long throne
hall of Roman emperor Ruins of the Imperial Baths
Constantine; it is today used as a Includes Amphitheater, Roman bridge,
Protestant church; adjacent is the Barbara Baths, Igel Column,
Electoral Palace, Trier; Porta Nigra, Imperial Baths, Aula
Palatina, Cathedral and
the Roman Trier Amphitheater;
Liebfrauenkirche
the 2nd century AD Roman bridge
Criteria Cultural: i, iii, iv, vi
(Römerbrücke) across the
Reference 367
Moselle, the oldest bridge north of
Inscription 1986 (10th Session)
the Alps still crossed by traffic;
ruins of three Roman baths, among them the
largest Roman baths north of the Alps; including
the Barbara Baths, the Trier Imperial Baths, and
the Forum Baths, Trier;
Trier Cathedral (German: Trierer Dom or Dom St.
Peter), a Catholic church that dates back to Roman The Aula Palatina, or
times; its Romanesque west façade with an extra Constantine Basilica, built
apse and four towers is imposing and has been 4th century AD during the
reign of Roman emperor
copied repeatedly; the Cathedral is home to the Constantine I
Holy Tunic, a garment said to be the robe Jesus
was wearing when he died, as well as many other
relics and reliquaries in the Cathedral Treasury;
the Liebfrauenkirche (German for Church of Our Lady), which is one of the most
important early Gothic churches in Germany, in some ways comparable to the
architectural tradition of the French Gothic cathedrals;
St. Matthias' Abbey (Abtei St. Matthias), still a functioning monastery whose
medieval church harbours what is held to be the only tomb of an apostle located
north of the Alps;
St. Gangolf's church is the city's 'own' church near the main market square (as
opposed to the Cathedral, the bishop's church); largely Gothic;
Saint Paulinus' Church, one of the most important Baroque churches in
Rhineland-Palatinate and designed in part by the architect Balthasar Neumann;
two old treadwheel cranes, one being the Gothic "Old Crane" (Alte Krahnen) or
"Trier Moselle Crane" (Trierer Moselkrahn) from 1413, and the other the 1774
Baroque crane called the "(Old) Customs Crane" ((Alter) Zollkran) or "Younger
Moselle Crane" (Jüngerer Moselkran) (see List of historical harbour cranes).

Museums [ edit ]

Rheinisches Landesmuseum (an important

archaeological museum for the Roman
period; also some early Christian and
Romanesque sculpture);
Domschatzkammer (Treasury of Trier
Cathedral; with the Egbert Shrine, the
reliquary of the Holy Nail, the cup of Saint Rheinisches Landesmuseum
Helena and other reliquaries, liturgical Trier

objects, ivories, manuscripts, etc., many

from the Middle Ages);
Museum am Dom, formerly Bischöfliches Dom- und Diözesanmuseum
(Museum of the Diocese of Trier; religious art, also some Roman artefacts);
Stadtmuseum Simeonstift (history of Trier, displaying among other exhibits a
scale model of the medieval city);
Karl Marx House; a museum exhibiting Marx's personal history, volumes of
poetry, original letters, and photographs with personal dedications. There is also
a collection of rare first editions and international editions of his works, as well
as exhibits on the development of socialism in the 19th century;
Toy Museum of Trier;
Ethnological and open-air museum Roscheider Hof, a museum in the
neighbouring town of Konz, right at the city limits of Trier, which shows the
history of rural culture in the northwest Rhineland Palatinate and in the area
where Germany, Luxembourg and Lorraine meet;
Fell Exhibition Slate Mine; site in the municipality of Fell, 20 km (12 mi) from
Trier, containing an underground mine, a mine museum, and a slate mining trail.
Memorial sculpture (2012) by Clas Steinmann to the deportation of Sinti and
Romani people in Trier.[25]

Education [ edit ]

Trier is
home to the
University
Uni Trier Campus 1 of Trier,
founded in
1473,
University of applied sciences,
closed in 1796 and restarted in 1970. The city central campus
also has the Trier University of Applied
Sciences. The Academy of European Law
(ERA) was established in 1992 and provides training in European law to legal
practitioners. In 2010 there were about 40 Kindergärten,[26] 25 primary schools and
23 secondary schools in Trier, such as the Humboldt Gymnasium Trier, Max Planck
Gymnasium, Auguste Viktoria Gymnasium, Angela Merici Gymnasium, Friedrich
Wilhelm Gymnasium and the Nelson-Mandela Realschule Plus, Kurfürst-Balduin
Realschule Plus, Realschule Plus Ehrang.[27]

Annual events [ edit ]

since 1980, the Altstadtfest is celebrated in downtown Trier on the last weekend
of June, followed by the Zurlaubener Heimatfest on the banks of the Mosel river
two weeks later.
Until 2014, Trier was home to Germany's largest Roman festival, Brot und
Spiele (German for Bread and Games – a translation of the famous Latin
phrase panem et circenses from the satires of Juvenal).
Trier has been the base for the German round of the World Rally Championship
since 2002, with the rally's presentation held next to the Porta Nigra.
Trier holds a Christmas street festival every year called the Trier Christmas
Market on the Hauptmarkt (Main Market Square) and the Domfreihof in front of
the Cathedral of Trier.
The Olewiger Weinfest is an annual wine festival held in the village of Olewig,
just outside of Trier, Germany. The festival takes place over three days, typically
in August, and features a wide variety of activities, including wine tastings, live
music and food stalls.

Culture [ edit ]

Trier has a municipal theatre, Theater Trier, for musical theatre, plays and dance.

Transport [ edit ]

Trier station has direct railway connections to many cities in the region. The nearest
cities by train are Cologne, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. Via the motorways A 1,
A 48 and A 64 Trier is linked with Koblenz, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. The
nearest commercial (international) airports are in Luxembourg (0:40 h by car),
Frankfurt-Hahn (1:00 h), Saarbrücken (1:00 h), Frankfurt (2:00 h) and
Cologne/Bonn (2:00 h). The Moselle is an important waterway and is also used for
river cruises. A new passenger railway service on the western side of the Mosel is
scheduled to open in December 2024.[28]

Sports [ edit ]

Major sports clubs in Trier include:

SV Eintracht Trier 05, association football

Gladiators Trier, basketball (former TBB
Trier)
DJK/MJC Trier, women's team handball
Trier Cardinals, baseball
PST Trier Stampers, American Football
Moselstadium Trier
FSV Trier-Tarforst, intera alia football and
rugby

International relations [ edit ]

Trier is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg,
Saarbrücken and Metz (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg and France).

Twin towns – sister cities [ edit ]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Trier is twinned with:[29]

Gloucester, England, UK (1957)

Metz, France (1957)
Ascoli Piceno, Italy (1958)
's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands (1968)
Pula, Croatia (1971)
Weimar, Germany (1987)
Fort Worth, United States (1987)
Nagaoka, Japan (2006)
Xiamen, China (2010)
Izium, Ukraine (2024)[30][31]

Namesakes [ edit ]

New Trier Township, Illinois, US, originally settled by people from Trier.
New Trier, Minnesota, US, settled by people from Trier about 1856.
New Trier High School, an Illinois school named after Trier.

Notable people [ edit ]

Eucharius (died c. 250), first bishop of Trier

Constantius Chlorus (c. 250–306), Roman emperor
Maximian (c. 250–310), Roman emperor
Valerius (died 320), second bishop of Trier
Helena (c. 250–330), saint, mother of Constantine the Great (residence in Trier
by tradition)
Athanasius of Alexandria (296/298–373), saint (in exile ca. 335)
Paulinus (died 358), bishop of Trier
Valentinian I (321–375), Roman emperor
Ausonius (c. 310–395), Roman consul and poet
Ambrose (c. 340–397), saint
Apronia of Toul (6th century), nun and saint
Saint Modesta (died c. 680), founder and Abbess of the monastery of Oeren
Kaspar Olevianus (1536–1587), theologian
Heinrich Marx (1777–1838), lawyer, father of Karl Marx
Henriette Marx (1788–1863), mother of Karl Marx
Johann Anton Ramboux (1790–1866), painter
Jenny Marx (1814–1881), revolutionary, drama critic
Karl Marx (1818–1883), social philosopher and revolutionary
August Beer (1825–1863), scientist
Udo Samel (born 1953), Actor
Frederick A. Schroeder (1833–1899), American politician, mayor of Brooklyn
Hans am Ende (1864–1918), painter
Ludwig Kaas (1881–1952), Catholic priest and politician (Zentrum)
Ludwig von Westphalen (1770 –1842), father-in-law of Karl Marx
Oswald von Nell-Breuning (1890–1991), theologian
Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), General and French statesman, as
commander of a battalion of Chasseurs during the French occupation of
Rhineland
Reinhard Heß (1904–1998), painter and glass painter
Wolf Graf von Baudissin (1907–1993), general, military planner and peace
researcher
Peter Thullen (1907–1996), German-Ecuadorian mathematician
Gitta Lind (1925–1974), singer
Reinhold Bartel (1926–1996), operatic tenor
Ernst Huberty (1927–2023), sports reporter
Günther Steines (1928–1982), athlete
Franz Grundheber (born 1937), baritone
Otmar Seul (born 1943), lawyer, professor
Helga Zepp-LaRouche (born 1948), journalist and politician
Xavier Bout de Marnhac (born 1951), French general, former commander of
KFOR
Robert Zimmer (born 1953), philosopher and essayist
Ernst Ulrich Deuker (born 1954), musician
François Weigel (born 1964), French pianist, composer and conductor
Eric Jelen (born 1965), tennis player
Martin Bambauer (born 1970), church musician
Frank Findeiß (born 1971), poet
Anja Kaesmacher (born 1974), operatic soprano
Georg Meier (chess player) (born 1987), German grandmaster of chess

References [ edit ]

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September 2022.
2. ^ "Bevölkerungsstand 2022, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden" (PDF) (in
German). Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz. 2023.
3. ^ "Trier" (US) and "Trier" . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
4. ^ "Trier" . [Link] Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved April 2,
2019.
5. ^ "Trèves" (US) and "Trèves" . Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford
University Press.[dead link]
6. ^ "Trèves" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.).
HarperCollins. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
7. ^ Rathaus der Stadt Trier. "Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves | Website of
the Municipality of Trier" . Archived from the original on 2002-08-08. Retrieved
2015-08-26.
8. ^ An honor that is contested by Cologne, Kempten, and Worms.
9. ^ a b "Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier" .
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
10. ^ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010" (PDF). Statistisches Landesamt
Rheinland-Pfalz (in German). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-
31.
11. ^ See: Heinen, pp. 1–12.
12. ^ The City of Trier , Trier University, retrieved 11 May 2019
13. ^ "TRIER THE CENTER OF ANTIQUITY IN GERMANY" . 8 March 2012. Archived
from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
14. ^ LaVerne, F.K. (1991). Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train . Globe
Pequot Press. p. 337. ISBN 9780762761630. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
15. ^ Baker, Myron (2013). BEYOND OUR WORLD: The Exciting Story of a Treasure
Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer . Dorrance Publishing Co. p. 182.
ISBN 9781480901872. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
16. ^ Victor, Helena; Fischer, Svante. "The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |
Svante Fischer and Helena Victor - [Link]" . [Link]. Retrieved
2015-08-26.
17. ^ List of Stolperstein in Trier (in German).
18. ^ Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone . [Link].
Retrieved 2021-01-04.
19. ^ Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier [Population development]. [Link] (in
German). Retrieved January 4, 2021.
20. ^ "Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)" . Weatherbase.
Retrieved 2019-02-02.[permanent dead link]
21. ^ "Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier" . [Link] (in German).
2019-07-25. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
22. ^ "Wetterrekorde Deutschland" . [Link] (in German). Retrieved
2019-02-02.
23. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020" . World
Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 12 October
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Further reading [ edit ]

Heinz Monz: Trierer Biographisches Lexikon. Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-