DRM Paradigm: Demonstrates how

related information can create false

memories.
False Memories and
Suggestibility can implant vivid but false
memories (e.g., getting lost in a mall). Elizabeth Loftus Studies: Reconstructive Nature

Familiarity leads to misattributions (e.g.,

“Becoming Famous Overnight” study). Fluency and Attribution:
Memory involves encoding, storing, and
retrieving information.
Definition of Memory:
Rapid forgetting initially, then stabilizes. Forgetting Curve (Ebbinghaus): It's reconstructive, not like a recording or
storage system.
Forgetting
Helps filter irrelevant information (e.g.,
hotel room numbers). Adaptive Forgetting:
Encoding: How information is initially
learned.

Deep Encoding (e.g., semantic processing) Storage: How information is maintained in

leads to better memory than shallow Three Stages of Memory: the brain.
encoding (e.g., physical processing). Levels of Processing:
Retrieval: How past experiences are
Memory is better when the retrieval Principles Influencing Memory accessed.
context matches the encoding context. Memory
Encoding Specificity:
Example: Studying underwater is best
Removal of the hippocampus caused
recalled underwater.
severe anterograde amnesia (inability to
form new memories) while retaining short-
term and motor skill memory.
First items on a list are better recalled due Case Study: HM:
to more rehearsal. Primacy Effect: Highlights different memory subsystems.

Serial Position Effect: Holds around 7±2 items (George Miller).

Last items are still active in STM, making
them easier to recall. Recency Effect: Effects and Phenomena in Types of Memory and Models
Information fades quickly without
Memory Short-Term Memory (STM): rehearsal.
Memory fades over time. Decay:
Can chunk information to expand capacity
New or similar information competes with Interference vs. Decay: (e.g., grouping letters into words).
Multi-Store Model of Memory:
retrieval.
Transferred from STM with sufficient
Supported by experiments showing Interference: rehearsal.
number of intervening tasks affects Long-Term Memory (LTM):
memory more than time alone. More durable and permanent.