Endocrine System Hydrophobic Hormones Hypothalamus

 Functions  H2O fearing  Produces

o Produces and secretes  Lipid loving o oxytocin (OT)
hormones  Intracellular receptor- located o Vasopressin/Antidiuretic
o Response is slow inside of cell hormone (ADH)
o Effects are long-term o CAN cross the membrane  Stored and released from
Hormone/Receptor  Examples: Steroid Posterior Pituitary
 Hormone specificity- lock and key based (gonads & Hormone Stimuli
 Dynamic equilibrium- binds, adrenal cortex  Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary
releases, binds hormones- Does NOT Hypophyseal Portal System
 Affinity- bond strength require a 2nd (capillaries)
o High affinity- high bond messenger system Neural Stimuli
strength and less hormone Hormone/Receptor Binding  Hypothalamus-Posterior Pituitary
required 1. Hormone ENTERS the cell (neurons)
o Low affinity- low bond 2. Hormone BINDS to receptor Thyroid Gland
strength and more hormone 3. Hormone-receptor complex  Hormones
required ENTERS nucleus o T3 and T4
Hydrophilic Hormone 4. ELICITS cellular response  Regulates- metabolic
 H2O loving Hypothalamus  Anterior Pituitary rate
 Lipid fearing  Target  Targets- ALL cells
 Extracellular receptor- located on  Hypothalamus- Thyrotropin o Calcitonin
the cell membrane Releasing Hormone (TRH)   Regulates- high Ca2+
o Hormone canNOT cross cell Anterior Pituitary- Thyroid levels
membrane Stimulating Hormone (TSH)   Targets- bones,
 Examples: amino acid Thyroid (T3 and T4)  Metabolic kidneys, intestines
based, peptide- rate Parathyroid Glands
Requires a 2nd  Hypothalamus- Growth Hormone  Hormones
messenger system Releasing hormone (GHRH)  o Parathyroid Hormone (PH)
cAMP Messenger System Anterior Pituitary- Growth  Regulates- low Ca2+
1. 1st messenger (hormone) BINDS to Hormone (GH)  Bones and levels
receptor (G-protein coupled Muscles  Cell division  Targets- bones,
receptor)  Hypothalamus- Corticotropin kidneys, intestines
2. Receptor ACIVATES G-protein Releasing Hormone (CRH)  Adrenal Glands
3. G-protein ACTIVATES adenylyl Anterior Pituitary-  Cortex
cyclase (enzyme) Adrenocorticotropin Hormone o Zona Glomerulosa (SALT)
4. ATP  cAMP (ACTH)  Adrenal glands-  Mineralocorticoids-
5. cAMP ACTIVATES protein kinases Aldosterone, Cortisol, and Aldosterone- ion and
6. Protein kinases ELICITS cellular Androgens H2O balance
response  Hypothalamus- Prolactin Inhibiting o Zona Fasciculata (SUGAR)
Ca2+ Messenger System Hormone (PIH)  Anterior
 Glucocorticoids-
1. Steps 1 & 2 are the same as above Pituitary- Prolactin (PRL) 
Cortisol- stress
2. G-protein ACTIVATES Mammary glands- Milk production
hormone
phospholipase  Hypothalamus- Gonadotropin
o Zona Reticularis (SEX)
3. Phospholipids  IP3 Releasing Hormone (GnRH) 
 Gonadocorticoids-
Anterior Pituitary-Follicle
  Medulla Secondary Endocrine Organs
o EPI and NorEpi- “Fight or  Kidneys
Flight” o EPO- blood cell production
Aldosterone o Renin- ↑ BP
 Used to ↑ BP o Calcitriol- ↑ Ca2+
o Renin  Angiotensinogen   Thymus
Angiotensin I  Angiotensin II o Thymosin-
Pancreas development/maturation of T
 Exocrine and endocrine cells cells
o Alpha cells- glucagon o Thymopoietin- production
 Hyperglycemic of T cells
hormone  Pineal Gland
o Beta cells- insulin o Melatonin- sleep cycle
 Hypoglycemic Hormonal Stimuli
hormone  Hormonal Stimuli- hormones
Gonads stimulate release of other hormones
 Males- testes o TSH, GH, cortisol, and
o Testosterone estrogen)
 Regulates-  Humoral Stimuli- blood or lymph
reproductive tract o Calcitonin, PTH, insulin, and
secretions, secondary glucagon
sex characteristic  Neural Stimuli- neuron
development, protein o ADH, OT, Epi, and melatonin
synthesis and muscle Hormonal Interactions
growth  Antagonist- oppose
 Females- ovaries o PTH/Calcitonin
o Estrogen o Glucose/Insulin
 Regulates- triggers  Synergistic- amplify
LH, follicle maturation, o Epi/Glucagon/Cortisol
secondary sex  Permissive- one has to be present
characteristics, for other to work
elevated during o Epi/Thyroid
follicular phase,
 Integrative- different but
neuromodulation of
complementary effects
behaviors associated
o Prolactin/Oxytocin
with reproduction
o Progesterone
 Regulates- mammary
gland secretion,
fostering uterine lining,
supportive in
mammary gland fxn,
elevated primarily in
secretory phase, vital