5.

1 The ANOVA Technique

Introduction:

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique to test whether the means of three or
more populations are equal or not. This technique was developed by R A Fisher. This technique
is widely used in Professional Business and Physical Sciences.

In this technique, variance is splitted into two parts:

(i)Variance between samples (Columns) (ii) Variance within samples (Rows)

A table showing the source of variation, the sum of squares, degrees of freedom, mean squares
and the formula for the F ratio is called ANOVA table.

If the given data is classified according to one factor, the classification is called one way
classification. Then ANOVA table for one-way classification is to be constructed.

If the given data is classified according to two factors, the classification is called two-way
classification. Then ANOVA table for two-way classification is to be constructed.

Analysis of variance is based on the following assumptions:

(i) The samples are independently drawn the population.

(ii) Populations from which the sample are selected are normally distributed.
(iii) Each of the population have the same variance.

ANOVA table for one-way classification:

Source of Sum of squares Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
freedom
Between samples SSC 𝑐−1 𝑆𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐶 =
𝑐−1 𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝐹=
Within samples SSE 𝑁−𝑐 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
𝑁−𝑐
Total SST 𝑁−1 - -

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

 𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝐹=
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑆𝐶 > 𝑀𝑆𝐸, 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒.
𝑀𝑆𝐸
Expansion of abbreviations:
SSC – Sum of squares between samples (Columns)
SSE – Sum of squares within sample (Rows)
SST – Total sum of squares of variations
MSC – Mean squares of variations between samples (Columns)
MSE - Mean squares of variations within samples (Rows)

Notations:
𝑻 − Total sum all the observations
𝑁 − Number of observations.
𝑐 − Number of columns.

How to find SSC and SSE?

(Σ𝑋1 )2 (Σ𝑋2 )2 (Σ𝑋3 )2 (Σ𝑋𝑘 )2 𝑇2
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + +⋯+ −
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛𝑘 𝑁

𝑇2
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑋12 + Σ𝑋22 + Σ𝑋32 + ⋯ + Σ𝑋𝑘2 − 𝑁

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶

Working rule:

(i) Assume 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 , 𝜇2 , … , 𝜇𝑘 all are equal.

(ii) Construct ANOVA tale for one-way classification.
𝑀𝑆𝐶
(iii) Under 𝐻0 , 𝐹 = 𝑴𝑺𝑬 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑆𝐶 > 𝑀𝑆𝐸, 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒.
(iv) If calculated value < tabulated value, accept 𝐻0 . Reject otherwise.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

1. Three different machines are used for a production. On the basis of the outputs, test
whether the machines are equally effective.

Output
Machine 1 Machine 2 Machine 3
10 9 20
5 7 16
11 5 10
10 6 4

Assume 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3. All the three Machines are equally effective.

To find: SSC and SSE

Output
𝑿𝟏 𝑋12 𝑋2 𝑋22 𝑋3 𝑋32
10 100 9 81 20 400
5 25 7 49 16 256
11 121 5 25 10 100
10 100 6 36 4 16
36 346 27 191 50 772
𝚺𝑿𝟏 Σ𝑋12 𝚺𝑿𝟐 Σ𝑋22 𝚺𝑿𝟑 Σ𝑋32

𝑇 = Σ𝑋1 + Σ𝑋2 + Σ𝑋3 = 36 + 27 + 50 = 113

𝑁 = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12
(Σ𝑋1 )2 (Σ𝑋2 )2 (Σ𝑋3 )2 𝑇2 362 272 502 1132
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + − = + + − = 67.17
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑁 4 4 4 12

𝑇2 1132
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑋12 + Σ𝑋22 + Σ𝑋32 − = 346 + 191 + 772 − = 244.92
𝑁 12

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 244.92 − 67.17 = 177.75

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

 Construction of ANOVA table for one-way classification:

Source Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

of
squares freedom
variation
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 67.17 𝑐−1=3−1 𝑆𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐶 =
samples 𝑐−1 𝑀𝑆𝐶
=2
67.17 𝐹=
= = 33.59 𝑀𝑆𝐸
2
33.59
Within 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 177.75 𝑁 − 𝑐 = 12 − 3 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 19.75 = 1.7
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
samples 𝑁−𝑐
=9
177.75
= = 19.75
9

Under 𝐻0 , Calculated value of F is 1.7

At 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝜈1 = 2, 𝜈2 = 9, Tabulated value of F is 4.26

Calculated value < Tabulated value

Accept 𝐻0 . All the three Machines are equally effective.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

2. Three samples each of size 5 were drawn from three uncorrelated normal populations
with equal variances. Test the hypothesis that the population means are equal at 𝟓%
level.
Sample 1 10 12 9 16 13
Sample 2 9 7 12 11 11
Sample 3 14 11 15 14 16

Assume 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3. All the three samples have equal population means.

To find: SSC and SSE

Output
𝑿𝟏 𝑋12 𝑋2 𝑋22 𝑋3 𝑋32
10 100 9 81 14 196
12 144 7 49 11 121
9 81 12 144 15 225
16 256 11 121 14 196
13 169 11 121 16 256
60 750 50 516 70 994
𝚺𝑿𝟏 Σ𝑋12 Σ𝑋2 Σ𝑋22 Σ𝑋3 Σ𝑋32

𝑇 = Σ𝑋1 + Σ𝑋2 + Σ𝑋3 = 60 + 50 + 70 = 180

𝑁 = 5 + 5 + 5 = 15
(Σ𝑋1 )2 (Σ𝑋2 )2 (Σ𝑋3 )2 𝑇2 602 502 702 1802
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + − = + + − = 40
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑁 5 5 5 15

𝑇2 1802
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑋12 + Σ𝑋22 + Σ𝑋32 − = 750 + 516 + 994 − = 100
𝑁 15

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 100 − 40 = 60

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

 Construction of ANOVA table for one-way classification:

Source Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

of
squares freedom
variation
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 40 𝑐−1= 3−1 𝑆𝑆𝐶 40
𝑀𝑆𝐶 = = = 20
samples 𝑐−1 2 𝑀𝑆𝐶 20
=2
𝐹= =
𝑆𝑆𝐸 60 𝑀𝑆𝐸 5
Within 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 60 𝑁 − 𝑐 = 15 − 3
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = =5 =4
samples 𝑁 − 𝑐 12
= 12

Under 𝐻0 , Calculated value of F is 4

At 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝜈1 = 2, 𝜈2 = 12, Tabulated value of F is 3.89

Calculated value > Tabulated value

Reject 𝐻0 . All the three samples have not equal population means.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

3. A Manager of a merchandizing firm wishes to test whether its three salesmen A, B, C
tend to make sales of the same size or whether they differ in their selling abilities.
During a week there have been 14 sales calls, A made 5 calls, B made 4 calls and C
made 5 calls. Following are the weekly sales record ( in rupees) of the three salesmen:
A 500 400 700 300 600
B 300 700 400 600 −
C 500 300 500 400 300
Perform the analysis of variance and draw your conclusions.

The sales data have a common factor 100. Divide all the above values by 100.
𝑋1 5 4 7 3 6
𝑋2 3 7 4 6 −
𝑋3 5 3 5 4 3

Assume 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 . All the three salesmen tend to make sales of the same size.

To find: SSC and SSE

Output
𝑿𝟏 𝑋12 𝑋2 𝑋22 𝑋3 𝑋32
5 25 3 9 5 25
4 16 7 49 3 9
7 49 4 16 5 25
8 64 6 36 4 16
6 36 - - 3 9
30 190 20 110 20 84
𝚺𝑿𝟏 Σ𝑋12 Σ𝑋2 Σ𝑋22 Σ𝑋3 Σ𝑋32

𝑇 = Σ𝑋1 + Σ𝑋2 + Σ𝑋3 = 30 + 20 + 20 = 70

𝑁 = 5 + 4 + 5 = 14
(Σ𝑋1 )2 (Σ𝑋2 )2 (Σ𝑋3 )2 𝑇2 302 202 202 702
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + − = + + − = 10
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑁 5 4 5 14

𝑇2 702
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑋12 + Σ𝑋22 + Σ𝑋32 − = 190 + 110 + 84 − = 34
𝑁 14

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 34 − 10 = 24

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

 Construction of ANOVA table for one-way classification:

Source Sum of Degrees of freedom Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

of
squares
variation
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 10 𝑐−1= 3−1 =2 𝑆𝑆𝐶 10
𝑀𝑆𝐶 = = =5
samples 𝑐−1 2 𝑀𝑆𝐶 5
𝐹 = 𝑀𝑆𝐸 = 2.18
Within 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 24 𝑁 − 𝑐 = 14 − 3 = 11 𝑆𝑆𝐸 24
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = = 2.18 = 2.29
samples 𝑁 − 𝑐 11

Under 𝐻0 , Calculated value of F is 2.29

At 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝜈1 = 𝑐 − 1 = 2, 𝜈2 = 𝑁 − 𝑐 = 11, Tabulated value of F is 3.98

Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .

All the three salesmen tend to make sales of the same size.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

4. Three samples of five, five and four car tyres are drawn respectively from three brands
A, B, and C manufactured by three machines. The lifetime of these tyres (per 1000
miles) is given below. Test whether the average life time of the three brands of tyres are
equal or not.
A 35 40 33 36 31
B 30 25 34 28 33
C 28 24 30 26 -
Assume 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 . The average lifetime of three brands of tyres are equal.

Subtract 30 from each of the given values.

𝑋1 5 10 3 6 1
𝑋2 0 −5 4 −2 3
𝑋3 −2 −6 0 −4 −
To find: SSC and SSE

Output
𝑿𝟏 𝑋12 𝑋2 𝑋22 𝑋3 𝑋32
𝟓 25 0 0 −2 4
𝟏𝟎 100 −5 25 −6 36
𝟑 9 4 16 0 0
𝟔 36 −2 4 −4 16
𝟏 1 3 9 − −
𝟐𝟓 171 0 54 −12 56
𝚺𝑿𝟏 Σ𝑋12 Σ𝑋2 Σ𝑋22 Σ𝑋3 Σ𝑋32

𝑇 = Σ𝑋1 + Σ𝑋2 + Σ𝑋3 = 25 + 0 − 12 = 13

𝑁 = 5 = 5 + 4 = 14
(Σ𝑋1 )2 (Σ𝑋2 )2 (Σ𝑋3 )2 𝑇2 252 02 (−12)2 132
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + − = + + − = 148.93
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑁 5 5 4 14

𝑇2 132
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑋12 + Σ𝑋22 + Σ𝑋32 − = 171 + 54 + 56 − = 268.93
𝑁 14

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 268.93 − 148.93 = 120

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

 Construction of ANOVA table for one-way classification:

Source Sum of Degrees of freedom Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

of
squares
variation
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 𝑐−1=2 𝑆𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐶 = = 74.465
samples 𝑐−1 𝑀𝑆𝐶
= 148.93
𝐹=
𝑁 − 𝑐 = 11 𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝑀𝑆𝐸
Within 𝑆𝑆𝐸 =
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = 10.9 = 6.83
samples 𝑁−𝑐
120

Under 𝐻0 , Calculated value of F is 6.83

At 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝜈1 = 𝑐 − 1 = 2, 𝜈2 = 𝑁 − 𝑐 = 11, Tabulated value of F is 3.98

Calculated value > Tabulated value. Reject 𝐻0 .

The average lifetime of three brands of tyres are not equal.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10

5. To assess the significance of possible variation in performance in a certain test between
the grammar school of a city, a common test was given to a number of students taken
at random from the senior fifth class of each of the four schools concerned. The results
are given below. Make an analysis of variance data.

Schools
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
8 12 18 13
10 11 12 9
12 9 16 12
8 14 6 16
7 4 8 15

Assume 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = 𝜇4 . Samples have come from the same universe.

Subtract 10 from each of the given values.

𝑿𝟏 −2 0 2 −2 −3
𝑿𝟐 2 1 −1 4 −6
𝑿𝟑 8 2 6 −4 −2
𝑿𝟒 3 −1 2 6 5

To find: SSC and SSE

Output
𝑿𝟏 𝑋2 𝑋12 𝑋22 𝑋3 𝑋32 𝑋4 𝑋42
−𝟐 4 2 4 8 64 3 9
𝟎 0 1 1 2 4 −1 1
𝟐 4 −1 1 6 36 2 4
−𝟐 4 4 16 −4 16 6 36
−𝟑 9 −6 36 −2 4 5 25
−𝟓 21 0 58 10 124 15 75
2
𝚺𝑿𝟏 Σ𝑋1 Σ𝑋2 Σ𝑋22 Σ𝑋3 Σ𝑋32 Σ𝑋4 Σ𝑋42

𝑇 = Σ𝑋1 + Σ𝑋2 + Σ𝑋3 = −5 + 0 + 10 + 15 = 20

𝑁 = 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 20
(Σ𝑋1 )2 (Σ𝑋2 )2 (Σ𝑋3 )2 𝑇2
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + −
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑁

(−5)2 (0)2 (10)2 (15)2 202

= + + + −
5 5 5 5 20

= 5 + 0 + 20 + 45 − 20 = 50

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 11

 𝑇2 202
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑋12 + Σ𝑋22 + Σ𝑋32 + Σ𝑋42 − = 21 + 58 + 124 + 75 − = 258
𝑁 20

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 258 − 50 = 208

Construction of ANOVA table for one-way classification:

Source Sum of Degrees of freedom Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

of
squares
variation
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 50 𝑐−1 =4−1=3 𝑆𝑆𝐶 50
samples 𝑀𝑆𝐶 = = = 16.7
𝑐−1 3 𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝐹=
𝑁 − 𝑐 = 20 − 4 = 16 𝑆𝑆𝐸 208 𝑀𝑆𝐸
Within 𝑆𝑆𝐸 =
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = = 13 = 1.285
samples 𝑁−𝑐 16
208

Under 𝐻0 , Calculated value of F is 1.285

At 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝜈1 = 𝑐 − 1 = 3, 𝜈2 = 𝑁 − 𝑐 = 16, Tabulated value of F is 3.24

Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .

Samples have come from the same universe.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 12

6. The three samples below have been obtained from normal populations with equal
variances. Test the hypothesis that the sample means are equal.

𝟖 𝟕 𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟗
𝟕 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟒 𝟗 𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟗 𝟏𝟒

Assume 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 . All the three samples have taken from the same population.

Subtract 10 from each of the given values.

𝑿𝟏 −2 0 −3 4 1
𝑿𝟐 −3 −5 0 −1 −1
𝑿𝟑 2 −1 3 2 4
To find: SSC and SSE

𝑿𝟏 𝑿𝟐𝟏 𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟐𝟐 𝑿𝟑 𝑿𝟐𝟑

−𝟐 4 −3 9 2 4
𝟎 0 −5 25 −1 1
−𝟑 9 0 0 3 9
𝟒 16 −1 1 2 4
𝟏 1 −1 1 4 16
𝟎 30 −10 36 10 34
𝚺𝑿𝟏 Σ𝑋12 Σ𝑋2 Σ𝑋22 Σ𝑋3 Σ𝑋32

𝑇 = Σ𝑋1 + Σ𝑋2 + Σ𝑋3 = 0 ± 10 + 10 = 0

𝑁 = 5 + 5 + 5 = 15
(Σ𝑋1 )2 (Σ𝑋2 )2 (Σ𝑋3 )2 𝑇2
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + −
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑁

(0)2 (−10)2 (10)2

= + + −0
5 5 5

= 0 + 20 + 20 = 40

𝑇2
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑋12 + Σ𝑋22 + Σ𝑋32 − = 30 + 36 + 34 − 0 = 100
𝑁

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 100 − 40 = 60

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 13

 Construction of ANOVA table for one-way classification:

Source Sum of Degrees of freedom Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

of
squares
variation
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 40 𝑐−1 =3−1=2 𝑆𝑆𝐶 40
𝑀𝑆𝐶 = = = 20
samples 𝑐−1 2 𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝐹= =4
𝑁 − 𝑐 = 15 − 3 = 12 𝑆𝑆𝐸 60 𝑀𝑆𝐸
Within 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 60
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = =5
samples 𝑁 − 𝑐 12

Under 𝐻0 , Calculated value of F is 4.

At 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝜈1 = 𝑐 − 1 = 2, 𝜈2 = 𝑁 − 𝑐 = 12, Tabulated value of F is 3.88

Calculated value > Tabulated value. Reject 𝐻0 .

All the three samples have not taken from the same population.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 14

7. The following table gives the yields on 15 sample plots under three varieties of seeds:

𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟓
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟖
𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟕 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟖
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟓 𝟑𝟐

Find out if the average yields of land under different varieties of seeds show
significant differences.

Assume 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 . The average yields of land under different varieties of seeds

do not show significant differences.

Subtract 20 from each of the given values.

𝑿𝟏 0 1 3 −4 0
𝑿𝟐 −2 0 −3 −5 5
𝑿𝟑 5 8 2 8 12
To find: SSC and SSE

𝑿𝟏 𝑿𝟐𝟏 𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟐𝟐 𝑿𝟑 𝑿𝟐𝟑

𝟎 0 −2 4 5 25
𝟏 1 0 0 8 64
𝟑 9 −3 9 2 4
−𝟒 16 −5 25 8 64
𝟎 0 5 25 12 144
𝟎 26 −5 63 35 301
𝚺𝑿𝟏 Σ𝑋12 Σ𝑋2 Σ𝑋22 Σ𝑋3 Σ𝑋32

𝑇 = Σ𝑋1 + Σ𝑋2 + Σ𝑋3 = 0 − 5 + 35 = 30

𝑁 = 5 + 5 + 5 = 15
(Σ𝑋1 )2 (Σ𝑋2 )2 (Σ𝑋3 )2 𝑇2
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + −
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑁

(0)2 (−5)2 (35)2 302

= + + −
5 5 5 15

= 0 + 5 + 245 − 60 = 190
𝑇2 302
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑋12 + Σ𝑋22 + Σ𝑋32 − = 26 + 63 + 301 − = 390 − 60 = 330
𝑁 15

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 330 − 190 = 140

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 15
 Construction of ANOVA table for one-way classification:

Source Sum of Degrees of freedom Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

of
squares
variation
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 190 𝑐−1 =3−1=2 𝑆𝑆𝐶 190
𝑀𝑆𝐶 = = = 95
samples 𝑐−1 2 𝑀𝑆𝐶 95
𝐹= =
Within 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 140 𝑁 − 𝑐 = 15 − 3 = 12 𝑆𝑆𝐸 140 𝑀𝑆𝐸 11.67
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = = 11.67 = 8.14
samples 𝑁−𝑐 12

Under 𝐻0 , Calculated value of F is 8.14

At 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝜈1 = 𝑐 − 1 = 2, 𝜈2 = 𝑁 − 𝑐 = 12, Tabulated value of F is 3.88

Calculated value > Tabulated value. Reject 𝐻0 .

The average yields of land under different varieties of seeds show significant differences.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 16

8. Test the significance of the variation of the retail prices of a commodity in three
cities Mumbai, Chennai and Bengaluru. Four shops were chosen at random in each
city and prices observed in rupees were as follows:

𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒖 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒂𝒊 𝑴𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒂𝒊

𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟒 𝟒
𝟖 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟖
𝟏𝟒 𝟔 𝟖

Do the data indicate that the prices in the three cities are significantly different?

Assume 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 .

There is no significant difference in the prices in the three cities.

Subtract 10 from each of the given values.

𝑿𝟏 6 −2 2 4
𝑿𝟐 4 0 0 −4
𝑿𝟑 −6 0 −2 −2
To find: SSC and SSE

𝑿𝟏 𝑿𝟐𝟏 𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟐𝟐 𝑿𝟑 𝑿𝟐𝟑

𝟔 36 4 16 −6 36
−𝟐 4 0 0 0 0
𝟐 4 0 0 −2 4
𝟒 16 −4 16 −2 4
𝟏𝟎 60 0 32 −10 44
𝚺𝑿𝟏 Σ𝑋12 Σ𝑋2 Σ𝑋22 Σ𝑋3 Σ𝑋32

𝑇 = Σ𝑋1 + Σ𝑋2 + Σ𝑋3 = 10 + 0 − 10 = 0

𝑁 = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12
(Σ𝑋1 )2 (Σ𝑋2 )2 (Σ𝑋3 )2 𝑇2
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + −
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑁

(10)2 (0)2 (−10)2

= + + −0
4 4 4

= 25 + 0 + 25 − 0 = 50

𝑇2
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑋12 + Σ𝑋22 + Σ𝑋32 − = 60 + 32 + 44 − 0 = 136
𝑁

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 136 − 50 = 86

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 17
 Construction of ANOVA table for one-way classification:

Source Sum of Degrees of freedom Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

of
squares
variation
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 50 𝑐−1 =3−1=2 𝑆𝑆𝐶 50
samples 𝑀𝑆𝐶 = = = 25
𝑐−1 2 𝑀𝑆𝐶 25
𝐹= =
Within 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 86 𝑁 − 𝑐 = 12 − 3 = 9 𝑆𝑆𝐸 86 𝑀𝑆𝐸 9.56
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = = 9.56 = 2.62
samples 𝑁−𝑐 9

Under 𝐻0 , Calculated value of F is 2.62

At 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝜈1 = 𝑐 − 1 = 2, 𝜈2 = 𝑁 − 𝑐 = 9, Tabulated value of F is 4.26

Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .

The prices in the three cities are not significantly different.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 18

 ANOVA for two-way classification

In a two-way classification, the data are classified according to two different criteria or factors.

Expansion of abbreviations:
SSC – Sum of squares between columns CF – Correction Factor
SSR – Sum of squares between rows MSC – Mean squares of variations between columns
SST – Total sum of squares of variations MSR – Mean squares of variations between rows
SSE – Sum of squares due to errors MSE - Mean squares of variations between rows

Notation:
𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 , 𝑇4 −Row totals 𝑇 − Grand total
𝑇5 , 𝑇6 , 𝑇7 − Column Totals N – Total number of elements
,

ANOVA table for two-way classification:

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom
Between columns SSC 𝑐−1 𝑆𝑆𝐶 𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 =
𝑐−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸
Between rows SSR 𝑟−1 𝑆𝑆𝑅
𝑀𝑆𝑅 =
𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝐹𝑅 =
Error SSE (𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1) 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
(𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1)

𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝐹𝐶 = , 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑆𝐶 > 𝑀𝑆𝐸. 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒.
𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝐹𝑅 = , 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑆𝑅 > 𝑀𝑆𝐸. 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒.
𝑀𝑆𝐸

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 19

How to find SSC, SSE and SST from the following table?

𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟒 Total
𝑪𝟏 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑑1 𝑇5
𝑪𝟐 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑑2 𝑇6
𝑪𝟑 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑑3 𝑇7
Total 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4 𝑇

𝑇2
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑁

𝑇12 𝑇22 𝑇32 𝑇42

𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + + − 𝐶𝐹
3 3 3 3

𝑇52 𝑇62 𝑇72

𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + − 𝐶𝐹
4 4 4

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑎𝑖2 + Σ𝑏𝑖2 + Σ𝑐𝑖2 + Σ𝑑𝑖2 − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶

Working rule:

(v) Assume 𝐻0 :There is no significant difference between rows and between columns.
(vi) Construct ANOVA table for two-way classification.
Under 𝐻0 ,
𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝐹𝐶 =
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑆𝐶 > 𝑀𝑆𝐸. 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒.
𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝐹𝑅 = , 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑆𝑅 > 𝑀𝑆𝐸. 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒.
𝑀𝑆𝐸
(vii) Find tabulated value at 𝛼 level at 𝜈1 , 𝜈2 degrees of freedom.
Where 𝜈1 - Degrees of freedom of the numerator
𝜈2 - Degrees of freedom of the denominator
(viii) If calculated value < tabulated value, accept 𝐻0 . Reject otherwise.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 20

1. In a certain factory, production can be accomplished by four different workers on five
different machines. A simple study, in context of a two way design without repeated
values, is being made with two fold objectives of examining whether the four workers
differ with respect to mean productivity and whether the mean productivity is the same
for the five different machines. The researcher involved in this study reports while
analyzing the gathered data as under:
(i) Sum of squares of variance between machines is 35.2
(ii) Sum of squares of variance between workmen is 53.8
(iii) Sum of squares for total variance is 174.2
Setup ANOVA table for the given information and draw the inference about variance
at 5% level of significance.

Assume 𝑯𝟎 : There is no significant difference between the four workers with respect to
mean productivity and mean productivity is the same for five different machines.

By data, 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 35.2 , 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 53.8 , 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 174.2

Therefore, 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − (𝑆𝑆𝐶 + 𝑆𝑆𝑅) = 174.2 − (35.2 + 53.8) = 85.2

ANOVA table for two-way classification:

Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

squares freedom
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 𝑐−1 𝑆𝑆𝐶 𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 =
columns 𝑐−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝑟−1 𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝑀𝑆𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅 =
rows 𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸
Error 𝑆𝑆𝐸 (𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1) 𝑆𝑆𝐸 −−−−
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
(𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1)

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom
Between 35.2 4 35.2 8.8
= 8.8 𝐹𝐶 = = 1.24
workers 4 7.1
Between 53.8 3 53.8 17.93
= 17.93 𝐹𝑅 = = 2.53
machines 3 7.1
Error 85.2 12 85.2 −−−−
= 7.1
12

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 21

 Conclusion:

(i) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝐶 = 1.24

The tabulated value of 𝐹𝐶 for (4, 12) at 5% level of significance is 3.259
Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, there is no significant difference between the four workers with respect to mean
productivity.

(ii) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝑅 = 2.53

The tabulated value of 𝐹𝑅 for (3, 12) at 5% level of significance is 3.49
Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, mean productivity is the same for five different machines.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 22

2. The following table gives the number of refrigerators sold by 4 salesmen in three
months May, June and July:
Month Salesmen
A B C D
May 50 40 48 39
June 46 48 50 45
July 39 44 40 39

(i) Is there any significant difference in the sales made by the four salesmen?
(ii) Is there any significant difference in the sales made during different months?

Assume 𝑯𝟎 : There is no significant difference in the sales made by the four salesmen and
during different months.
The given data are coded by subtracting 40 from each observation.

A B C D Total
Summer 10 0 8 −1 17
Winter 6 8 10 5 29
Monsoon −1 4 0 −1 2
Total 15 12 18 3 48

To find: SSC, SSR, SSE

𝑇 2 482
𝐶𝐹 = = = 192
𝑁 12
𝑇12 𝑇22 𝑇32 152 122 182 32
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + − 𝐶𝐹 = + + + − 192 = 42
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
𝑇42 𝑇52 𝑇62 172 292 22
𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + − 𝐶𝐹 = + + − 192 = 91.5
4 4 4 4 4 4

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑎𝑖2 + Σ𝑏𝑖2 + Σ𝑐𝑖2 + Σ𝑑𝑖2 − 𝐶𝐹

= (100 + 36 + 1) + (0 + 64 + 16) + (64 + 100 + 0) + (1 + 25 + 1) − 192

= 137 + 80 + 164 + 27 − 192 = 216

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − (𝑆𝑆𝐶 + 𝑆𝑆𝑅) = 216 − (42 + 91.5) = 82.5

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 23

ANOVA table for two-way classification:

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 𝑐−1 𝑆𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐶 =
columns 𝑐−1 𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝐹𝐶 =
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝑅 =
rows 𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝐹𝑅 =
Error 𝑆𝑆𝐸 (𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1) 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
(𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1)

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom
Between 42 3 42
= 14
Salesmen 3 14
91.5 𝐹𝐶 = = 1.018
Between 91.5 2 13.75
months = 45.75
2 45.75
82.5 𝐹𝑅 = = 3.33
Error 82.5 6 13.75
= 13.75
6

Conclusion:

(iii) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝐶 = 1.018

The tabulated value of 𝐹𝐶 for (3, 6) at 5% level of significance is 4.76
Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, there is no significant difference in the sales made by the four salesmen.

(iv) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝑅 = 3.33

The tabulated value of 𝐹𝑅 for (2, 6) at 5% level of significance is 5.14
Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, there is no significant difference in the sales made during different months.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 24

3. Perform a two-way ANOVA on the data given below:
Plot of land Treatment
A B C D
I 38 40 41 39
II 45 42 49 36
III 40 38 42 42

(i) Is there any significant difference between the treatments?

(ii) Is there any significant difference between the Plots?

Assume 𝑯𝟎 : There is no significant difference between treatments and plots.

The given data are coded by subtracting 40 from each observation.

A B C D Total
Summer −2 0 1 −1 −2
Winter 5 2 9 −4 12
Monsoon 0 −2 2 2 2
Total 3 0 12 −3 12

To find: SSC, SSR, SSE

𝑇 2 122
𝐶𝐹 = = = 12
𝑁 12
𝑇12 𝑇22 𝑇32 32 02 122 (−3)2
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + − 𝐶𝐹 = + + + − 12 = 42
3 3 3 3 3 3 3

𝑇42 𝑇52 𝑇62 (−2)2 122 22

𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + − 𝐶𝐹 = + + − 12 = 26
4 4 4 4 4 4
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑎𝑖2 + Σ𝑏𝑖2 + Σ𝑐𝑖2 + Σ𝑑𝑖2 − 𝐶𝐹

= (4 + 25 + 0) + (0 + 4 + 4) + (1 + 81 + 4) + (1 + 16 + 4) − 12

= 29 + 8 + 86 + 21 − 12 = 132

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − (𝑆𝑆𝐶 + 𝑆𝑆𝑅) = 132 − (42 + 26) = 64

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 25

ANOVA table for two-way classification:

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 𝑐−1 𝑆𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐶 =
columns 𝑐−1 𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝐹𝐶 =
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝑅 =
rows 𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝐹𝑅 =
Error 𝑆𝑆𝐸 (𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1) 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
(𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1)

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom
Between 42 3 42
= 14
treatments 3 14
26 𝐹𝐶 = = 1.312
Between 26 2 10.67
= 13
plots 2 13
64 𝐹𝑅 =
Error 64 6 10.67
= 10.67
6 = 1.218

Conclusion:

(v) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝐶 = 1.312

The tabulated value of 𝐹𝐶 for (3, 6) at 5% level of significance is 4.76
Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, there is no significant difference between treatments.

(vi) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝑅 = 1.218

The tabulated value of 𝐹𝑅 for (2, 6) at 5% level of significance is 5.14
Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, there is no significant difference between plots.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 26

4. A tea company appoints 4 salesmen A, B, C and D and observes their sales in 3
seasons- Summer, Winter and Monsoon. The figures (in lakhs) are given in the
following table:

Seasons Salesman A Salesman B Salesman C Salesman D

Summer 36 36 21 35
Winter 28 29 31 32
Monsoon 26 28 29 29

(i) Do the salesmen significantly differ in performance?

(ii) Is there significant difference between the seasons?

Assume 𝑯𝟎 : The salesmen and seasons are alike so far as the sales are concerned.

The given data are coded by subtracting 30 from each observation.

Seasons Salesman A Salesman B Salesman C Salesman D Total

Summer 6 6 −9 5 8
Winter −2 −1 1 2 0
Monsoon −4 −2 −1 −1 −8
Total 0 3 −9 6 0
To find: SSC, SSR, SSE

𝑇 2 (0)2
𝐶𝐹 = = =0
𝑁 9
𝑇12 𝑇22 𝑇32
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + − 𝐶𝐹
3 3 3
02 32 (−9)2 62
= + + + − 0 = 42
3 3 3 3
𝑇42 𝑇52 𝑇62
𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + − 𝐶𝐹
4 4 4
82 02 (−8)2
= + + − 0 = 32
4 4 4

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑎𝑖2 + Σ𝑏𝑖2 + Σ𝑐𝑖2 + Σ𝑑𝑖2 − 𝐶𝐹

= (62 + (−2)2 + (−4)2 ) + (62 + (−1)2 + (−2)2 )

+((−9)2 + 12 + (−1)2 + (52 + 22 + (−1)2 )) − 0

= 56 + 41 + 83 + 30 = 210

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − (𝑆𝑆𝐶 + 𝑆𝑆𝑅) = 210 − (42 + 32) = 136

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 27
ANOVA table for two-way classification:

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 𝑐−1 𝑆𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐶 =
columns 𝑐−1 𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝐹𝐶 =
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝑅 =
rows 𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝐹𝑅 =
Error 𝑆𝑆𝐸 (𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1) 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
(𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1)

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom
Between 42 3 42
= 14
salesmen 3 22.67
32 𝐹𝐶 = = 1.619
Between 32 2 14
= 16
seasons 2 22.67
136 𝐹𝑅 = = 1.417
Error 136 6 16
= 22.67
6

Conclusion:

(i) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝐶 = 1.619

The tabulated value of 𝐹𝐶 for (6, 3) at 5% level of significance is 8.94
Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, the salesmen are alike so far as the sales are concerned.

(ii) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝑅 = 2.38

The tabulated value of 𝐹𝑅 for (6, 2) at 5% level of significance is 19.33
Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, the seasons are alike so far as the sales are concerned.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 28

5. To study the performance of three detergents and three different water temperatures
the following whiteness readings were obtained with specially designed equipment.

Water temperature Detergent A Detergent B Detergent C

Cold water 57 55 67
Warm water 49 52 68
Hot water 54 46 58

Perform a two-way analysis using 5% level of significance. (Given 𝑭 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟒)

Assume 𝑯𝟎 : The performance of three detergents are equal and the performance of three
different temperature of waters are equal.

The given data are coded by subtracting 50 from each observation.

Water temperature Detergent A Detergent B Detergent C Total

Cold water 7 5 17 29
Warm water −1 2 18 19
Hot water 4 −4 8 8
Total 10 3 43 56

To find: SSC, SSR, SSE

𝑇 2 562
𝐶𝐹 = = = 348.44
𝑁 9
𝑇12 𝑇22 𝑇32
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + − 𝐶𝐹
3 3 3
102 32 432
= + + − 348.44 = 304.22
3 3 3
𝑇42 𝑇52 𝑇62
𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + − 𝐶𝐹
4 4 4
292 192 82
= + + − 348.44 = 73.55
4 4 4

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑎𝑖2 + Σ𝑏𝑖2 + Σ𝑐𝑖2 + Σ𝑑𝑖2 − 𝐶𝐹

= (72 + (−1)2 + 42 ) + (52 + 22 + (−4)2 ) + (172 + 182 + 82 ) − 348.44

= 439.56

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − (𝑆𝑆𝐶 + 𝑆𝑆𝑅) = 439.56 − (304.22 + 73.55) = 61.79

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 29

ANOVA table for two-way classification:

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 𝑐−1 𝑆𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐶 =
columns 𝑐−1 𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝐹𝐶 =
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝑅 =
rows 𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝐹𝑅 =
Total 𝑆𝑆𝐸 (𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1) 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
(𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1)

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom
Between 304.22 2 304.22
= 152.11
detergents 2 152.11
73.55 𝐹𝐶 = = 9.85
Between 73.55 2 15.45
types of = 36.78
2 36.78
waters 𝐹𝑅 = = 2.38
Error 61.79 4 61.79 15.45
= 15.45
4

Conclusion:
(i) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝐶 = 9.85
The tabulated value of 𝐹𝐶 for (2, 4) at 5% level of significance is 6.94
Calculated value > Tabulated value. Reject 𝐻0 .
Therefore, performance of three detergents are not equal.

(ii) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝑅 = 2.38

The tabulated value of 𝐹𝑅 for (2, 4) at 5% level of significance is 6.94
Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, performance of three different temperature of waters are equal.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 30

6. A Farmer applies three types of fertilizers on 4 separate plots. The figure on yield per
square acre are tabulated below:
Plots Yield
Fertilizers A B C D Total
Nitrogen 6 4 8 6 24
Potash 7 6 6 9 28
Phosphates 8 5 10 9 32
Total 21 15 24 24 84
Find out if the plots are materially different in fertility as also, if three fertilizers
make any material difference in yields.

Assume 𝑯𝟎 : Plots are equally fertile; fertilizers are equally effective.

To find: SSC, SSR, SSE

𝑇 2 842
𝐶𝐹 = = = 588
𝑁 12
𝑇12 𝑇22 𝑇32 𝑇42
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + + − 𝐶𝐹
3 3 3 3
212 152 242 242
= + + + − 588 = 18
3 3 3 3

𝑇52 𝑇62 𝑇72

𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + − 𝐶𝐹
4 4 4
242 282 322
= + + − 588 = 8
4 4 4

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑎𝑖2 + Σ𝑏𝑖2 + Σ𝑐𝑖2 + Σ𝑑𝑖2 − 𝐶𝐹

= (62 + 72 + 82 ) + (42 + 62 + 52 ) + (82 + 62 + 102 ) + (62 + 92 + 92 ) − 588

= 36

𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − (𝑆𝑆𝐶 + 𝑆𝑆𝑅)

= 36 − (18 + 8) = 10

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 31

ANOVA table for two-way classification:

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean squares 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom
Between 𝑆𝑆𝐶 𝑐−1 𝑆𝑆𝐶 𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 =
columns 𝑐−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝑟−1 𝑆𝑆𝑅
𝑀𝑆𝑅 =
rows 𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝐹𝑅 =
Error 𝑆𝑆𝐸 (𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1) 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
(𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1)

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean 𝑭 −Ratio

variation
squares freedom squares
Between 18 3 18
=6
plots 3 6
8 𝐹𝐶 = = 3.6
Between 8 2 1.67
=4
fertilizers 2
Error 10 6 10
= 1.67 4
6 𝐹𝑅 = = 2.4
1.67

Conclusion:

(iii) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝐶 = 3.6

The tabulated value of 𝐹𝐶 for (3, 6) at 5% level of significance is 7.76
Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, plots are equally fertile.

(iv) From the above table, calculated value of 𝐹𝑅 = 2.4

The tabulated value of 𝐹𝑅 for (2, 4) at 5% level of significance is 5.14
Calculated value < Tabulated value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, fertilizers are equally effective.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 32

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 33