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WIN & SHINE IAS ACADEMY
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT (INM)
REVISION NOTES
CONTENT PAGE:
[Link] TOPIC
1) Advent of Europeans
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2) From Trade to Territory
3) Early Uprising Against British Rule
4) National Renaissance
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5) Formation of INC
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6) INC Important Events (1905 – 1915)
7) INC Important Events (1916 – 1925)
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8) INC Important Events (1926 – 1935)
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9) INC Important Events (1936 – 1947s)
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10) INC Important Leaders - 1
11) INC Important Leaders - 2
12) INC Important Leaders - 3
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ADVENT OF EUROPEANS:
1. Introduction
Definition: Sources for the history of modern India
Purpose: Understand political, socio-economic, and cultural developments
2. Archives
National Archives of India (NAI) in New Delhi
Chief storehouse of government records
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Source for past administrative machinery
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Contains evidence for political, social, economic, cultural, and
scientific life
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Founded by George William Forrest
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Tamil Nadu Archives (TNA) in Chennai
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Oldest and largest document repository in Southern India
Records in Dutch, Danish, Persian, Marathi, French, Portuguese,
Tamil, and Urdu
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Volumes of Dutch records (1657-1845) and Danian records (1777-
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1845)
Calendar of Madras records initiated by Dodwell in 1917
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3. Written Sources
After the advent of the printing press
Books published in different languages
Europeans' knowledge about India
Accounts of Marco Polo
Ananda Rangam
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Dubash in Pondicherry, recorded events from 1736 to 1760
Valuable source for French India history
Types of written sources
Literatures, Travel Accounts, Diaries, Auto Biographies, Pamphlets,
Government Documents, Manuscripts
4. Material Sources
St. David Fort (Cuddalore)
Historical paintings and statues
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Historical buildings
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St. Francis Church, St. Louis Fort, St. George Fort, India Gate,
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Parliament House, President House
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Museums
National Museum in Delhi (established in 1949)
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Preserve and promote cultural heritage
Coins
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Source for administrative history
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First coinage in modern India (1862), RBI's issuance of paper
currency (1938)
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Advent of Europeans After Constantinople (1453)
Land route to India closed
European nations sought new sea routes
PORTUGAL:
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1. Prince Henry the Navigator
Encouraged exploration.
Bartholomew Diaz reached the southern-most point of Africa in 1487.
2. Vasco da Gama
Reached Calicut in 1498.
Sailed to India with an Indian pilot.
Established a trading center at Cannanore.
Cochin was the first capital of the Portuguese East India Company.
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Second voyage in 1501, founded a trading center at Cannanore.
3. Pedro Alvares Cabral
Sailed to India in 1500.
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Conflicts with King Zamorin in Calicut.
4. Francisco de Almeida (1505-1509)
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First Governor of Portuguese possessions in India.
Implemented the "Blue Water Policy."
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Naval battle near Chaul in 1508.
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5. Alfonso de Albuquerque (1509-1515)
Captured Goa in 1510.
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Established Portuguese authority over Ormuz in 1515.
Encouraged Portuguese-Indian marriages.
Maintained friendly relations with Vijayanagar Empire.
6. Nino de Cunha (1529-1538)
Moved the capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530.
Acquired Bassein in 1534.
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Occupied Diu in 1537.
Captured Salsette in 1548.
7. Portuguese Achievements in the 16th Century
Captured several regions on the western and Bengal coasts.
Introduced tobacco cultivation.
Spread of Portuguese Catholicism.
Established a printing press in Goa in 1556.
Printed a scientific work on Indian medicinal plants in 1563.
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8. Decline of Portuguese Power
Decline in the 17th century.
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Lost territory to the Dutch.
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By 1739, confined to Goa, Diu, and Daman.
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DUTCH:
1. Arrival and Formation of United East India Company:
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Dutch followed Portuguese into India.
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United East India Company of Netherlands formed in 1602.
Received government sanction to trade in East India.
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2. Establishment of Factories:
First factory in Masulipatnam in 1605.
Captured Amboyna from the Portuguese in 1605.
Spice Islands supremacy.
Shifted headquarters from Pulicat to Nagapatnam in 1690.
3. Trade and Commodities:
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Traded silk, cotton, indigo, rice, and opium.
Monopolized black pepper and spices.
4. Important Factories in India:
Pulicat, Surat, Chinsura, Kasim Bazar, Patna, Nagapatnam, Balasore, Cochin.
5. Rivalry and Conflict:
Rivalry with Portuguese and English East India Company.
Dutch killed English traders in Amboyna in 1623.
Defeated by English in the Battle of Bedera in 1759.
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6. Decline and Collapse:
Dutch settlements lost to English, completely wiped out by 1795.
7. Dutch in Tamil Nadu:
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Overthrew Portuguese in Pulicat in 1610.
Built Geldria Fort in Pulicat in 1613.
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Diamonds exported from Pulicat to western countries.
Other forts and possessions in Nagapattinam, Punnakayal, Porto Novo,
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Cuddalore, Devanampatinam.
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BRITISH:
1. Charter from Queen Elizabeth (1600)
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Charter granted for trade with East Indies.
Governor and Company of Merchants of London established.
2. Hawkins' Visit (1608)
Captain Hawkins seeks concessions at Jahangir‟s court (1608).
Permission to establish a settlement at Surat, later cancelled under
Portuguese pressure.
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3. Thomas Best's Naval Victory (1612)
Captain Thomas Best defeats Portuguese near Surat.
Permission granted by Jahangir for English factory in Surat (1613).
4. Nicholas Downton's Victory (1614)
Captain Nicholas Downton defeats Portuguese.
Enhances British prestige at Mughal court.
5. Sir Thomas Roe and Commercial Treaty (1615)
Sir Thomas Roe sent to Jahangir‟s court by King James I.
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Commercial treaty with the Mughal Emperor.
6. Expansion of Trading Centers
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Trading centers established at Surat, Agra, Ahmadabad, Broach (before
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Roe's departure).
Masulipatam factory on Bay of Bengal coastline (1611).
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7. Madras Acquisition (1639)
Francis Day obtains Madras lease from Chennappa Nayaka.
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'Fort St. George' built in Madras, becoming the British headquarters for the
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eastern belt.
8. Bombay Acquisition (1668)
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King Charles II receives Bombay as dowry from Portuguese.
East India Company acquires Bombay at an annual rent in 1668.
9. Calcutta Establishment (1690)
Factory established at Sutanuti by Job Charnock (1690).
Acquisition of Sutanuti, Kalikata, and Govindpur (1698), evolving into
Calcutta.
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Fortification of Sutanuti in 1696, named „Fort William‟ in 1700.
10. East India Company's Political Power (1757-1764)
After Battle of Plassey (1757) and Battle of Buxar (1764), the Company
becomes a political power.
Rule over India until 1858 when it comes under the direct administration
of the British Crown.
DANISH:
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1. Danish East India Company
Charter issued by King Christian IV on March 17, 1616.
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Set up to engage in trade in the East Indies.
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2. Settlements in India
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Tranquebar (Tamilnadu) - Established in 1620.
Also known as Danesborg by the Danes.
Serampore (Bengal) - Established in 1676.
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Became the headquarters in India.
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3. Events and Timeline
1616: Charter issued.
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1620: Tranquebar settlement.
1676: Serampore establishment.
1845: Sold all Indian settlements to the British.
4. Ziegenbalg and Printing Press
Ziegenbalg sent by the King of Denmark to India.
Set up a printing press at Tranquebar.
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Tranquebar became a significant location for cultural and educational
activities.
FRENCH:
1. Formation of French East India Company (1664)
Formed by Colbert, Minister of King Louis XIV
2. First French Expedition to India (1667)
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Led by Francois Caron
Established first French factory in Surat
3. Expansion of French Factories
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1669: Marcara founded second factory in Masulipatam
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Factories in Mahe, Karaikal, Balasore, and Kasim Bazar
4. Settlements and Fortifications
1673: Settlement of Pondicherry founded by Martin
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Fort St. Louis built in Pondicherry
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1673: Permission from Shaista Khan for Chandranagore near Calcutta
5. Significant French Settlement - Pondicherry
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Became the most important and prosperous French settlement
6. Dupleix as Governor (1742)
Joseph Francois Dupleix appointed as Governor
Reinforced the vision of French power in India
Successor to Dumas as the French governor of Pondicherry
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FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY:
1. Establishment of Political Power by the English East India Company
Key Event: Battle of Plassey (1757)
Alivardi Khan's death in 1756
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Siraj-ud-daula ascends the throne
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British seize power due to Nawab's weakness
Siraj-ud-daula attacks Calcutta
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Capture of Kasimbazar
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Fort William surrender and recovery of Calcutta
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Treaty of Alinagar (9th February 1757)
Siraj-ud-daula concedes claims
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Capture of Chandranagore (March 1757)
Battle of Plassey (23 June 1757)
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British East India Company (Robert Clive) defeats Siraj-ud-daula
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Beginning of British political sway over India
2. Aftermath of Battle of Plassey
British gain wealth from Bengal's treasury
Strengthening of British military force
3. Battle of Buxar (1764)
Granting of free trade rights to the company
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Mir Jafar (1757-1760) and Mir Qasim
Mir Jafar replaced by Mir Qasim
Mir Qasim cedes territories
Shifts capital from Mursidabad to Monghyr
Revolt against British, flees to Awadh
Battle of Buxar (22 October 1764)
Decisive victory for British (General Hector Munro)
Defeat of Shuja–ud-daulah, Shah Alam, and Mir Qasim
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Treaty of Allahabad (20th February 1765)
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Nizam-ud-daulah on the throne
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Disbanding of most of the army
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Administration of Bengal through Deputy Subedar
Dual System of government starts in Bengal
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Robert Clive's treaties with Shuja-ud-daula and Shah Alam II
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Carnatic Wars in the 18th Century:
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1. Introduction
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Carnatic Wars (1746-1763)
Fought between Indian rulers, British East Indian Company, and French
East Indian Company
2. Background
Traditional rivalry between Britain and France in Europe
Rivalry extended to India over trade and territories
Series of conflicts known as the Carnatic Wars (1746-1763)
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3. First Carnatic War (1746-1748)
Main Cause: Austrian War of Succession in Europe
Battle of Adayar (1746)
French forces vs. Nawab of Carnatic
Superiority of European army over Indian army
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
Madras returned to the English
4. Second Carnatic War (1749-1754)
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Cause: Succession issues in Carnatic and Hyderabad
Battle of Ambur (1749)
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French alliance defeats Anwar-ud-din Khan
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Chanda Sahib becomes Nawab of Carnatic
Battle of Arcot (1751)
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Robert Clive captures Arcot
Treaty of Pondicherry (1755) - inconclusive
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5. Third Carnatic War (1756-1763)
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Seven Years' War in Europe leads to the war in India
British power established in Bengal
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French count de Lally conducts the war
Battle of Wandiwash (1760)
English army under General Eyre Coote defeats French
Treaty of Paris (1763)
End of Seven Years' War
French settlements returned, but no fortifications allowed
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French dominance in India practically ends
Anglo-Mysore War:
1. First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)
Causes:
Haider Ali's growing power and French relations
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Triple alliance against Haider Ali
Course:
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Nizam invaded Mysore with British support
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Haider Ali defeated English, captured Mangalore
Treaty of Madras (1769) - returned territories, mutual assistance
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2. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)
Causes:
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British did not fulfill 1769 treaty
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Capture of Mahe led to Haider's alliance with Nizam, Marathas
Course:
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Haider Ali defeated in 1781, died in 1782
Tipu Sultan continued war
Treaty of Mangalore (1784) - returned territories, prisoners of war
3. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92)
Causes:
Tipu sought foreign alliances against the English
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