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Chapter - Solution

Class 12 chemistry for cbse students

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21 views5 pages

Chapter - Solution

Class 12 chemistry for cbse students

Uploaded by

antrikshkachhap4
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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< AnkitTyagi SJ] Q Le) = VIDEOS PLAYLISTS iefe)) NEET, JEE, PCT, TET, 11th, 12th, Ankit Tyagi SUBSCRIBED Chap:- Solution © Solvent : The pe which im Present FE ‘Volume % =a linger amount and determines the pysial | pecemoge | (3) 8 x100 state ofthe solution is called solvent Percentage [Wt © Types ofsolution : Depending upon the nature | Mass by w ™ ‘of solute and solvent, solutions are classified as | volume (F)s= 2 —x100 follows percentage ‘soltion(in mL) > Gaseous solutions : Solutions in which gas acts as solvent are known as gaseous | Mass fraction Wap solutions wit Ata Solute | Solvent | Examples Strength “ain 1990 gL) v, he solid | Gas | Todine vapours in fettios (nal) alr, dust or smoke 1 particles in air, Paria per wa sc108 }— milion (ppm) | Gy +07) Liguid | Gas | Water vapours in air (humidity) ‘Molarity, (M) Ww 1000, Gas. Gas Air katte) Mz *Veotutiontin mL) > Liquid solutions : Solutions in which | Molality, (m) liquids are present in larger amount. (mol kg") Sotte | setvent [ Examples Woe action a Solid | Liquid | Salt/sugar in water @ Tn em” Liquid | Liquid | Alcohol in water (+m) In case of gases only, Gas | Liquid | Aerated drinks, 0, " in water or peo, 4 Pit Pa Pit Pa > Solid solutions: Solutions in which solids GeA=D are present in larger amount. Solute | Solvent [Examples Solid | Solid [lloys, copper dissolved in gold Liquid | Sold [Hg in Ag, Hg in Za! (Amalgam) ‘Gas | Solid | Solution of ydrogen in palladium, © Diesen methods for expressing concentration of solution : Method of Formula expressing ‘Mass " ™ Seren oo 100 peroeriege (#} mem) Chemistry for PGT By:- Ankit tyagi © Solubility: Maximum amount of substance that can be dissolved ina specified amount of solvent ata specified temperature is called its solubility © Factors affecting solubility of a solid in a liquid: > Nature of solute and solvent : Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar solutes in non-polar solvents. (i, like dissolves like). > Effect of temperature: = Ifthe dissolution process is endothermic (AH > 0) the solubility increases with rise in temperature = If dissolution process is exothermic (walt < 0) the solubility decreases with, 1 > Effect of pressure : Pressure does not have ‘any significant effect on solubility of solids in liquids as these are highly incompressible. © Factors affecting solubility ofa gas ina liquid: > Effect of pressure : Henry's law states that “the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution” p = Kyx where, Ky is the Henry's law constant and is different for different gases ata particular temperatuce. Higher the value of Ky at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid > Effect of temperature : As dissolution is fan exothermic process, then according to ‘Le Chatelier’ principle, the solubility should decrease with increase of temperature © Raoult’s law : It states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in © Ideal and non-ideal solutions: solution. p; = pix and p, = px where p? and p3 are vapour pressures of pure components 1 and 2 respectively, at the same temperature. © Dalton’s law of partial pressures : Poy 1+ P= P+ PP 1 =x)p pe + (Pa = Bes © [fy and y, are the mole fractions of the components | and 2 respectively in the vapour phase then, p= yi Pout and p2 = y Pout Oo Raoult’s law for solid-liquid solutions : It states that relative lowering in vapour pressure of solution containing a non-volatile solute is ‘equal to the mole fraction of the solute. BoP =x, where, vapour pressure of pure solvent -apour pressure of solution mole fraction of solute Ideal solutions ‘Non-ideal solutions Positive deviation from Raoult’ law ‘Negative deviation from Raoult’s law ‘Vapour pressure ‘Vapour pressure t + felon 4, “See Fac Da PS ng 5 Pils 8 eri P% [Pro 15 ba 7 i E ri 5 BLAS. £ & ‘xa=l xA=0 %, *x4=1 xa=0 age eS xg=0 B Me faction “8 aes Molen xB *B *B A~ Binteractions = A - Aand B - B interactions A Binteractions << A~A and B-B interactions A-Binteractions >> A - A and B-B interactions AH = 0, AVng=0 | AFlmix > Os AV > 0 MH <0, AVox <0 eg, dilute solution, benzene + toluene, hexane + n-heptane eg, acetone + ethanol, acetone + CS», ‘water + methanol eg, acetone + aniline, acetone + chloroform, ([Link] + CHsCOOH Ankit tyagi 2 © Azcotropes: The mixtures of liquids which boil at constant temperature like a pure liquid and possess same composition of components in liquid as wells vapour phase are called constant boiling mixtures ot azeotropic mixtures. > Minimum boiling azeotropes : ‘They formed by those liquid pairs which show positive deviations from ideal behaviour ‘eg. ethanol-water mixture o > Maximum boiling azeotropes : They are formed by those liquid pairs which show negative deviations from ideal behaviour eg. nitric acid-water mixture Colligative properties : Properties which depend only on the number of solute particles dissolved in a definite amount of the solvent and not on the nature of the solute are called ‘Twosolutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions. > Ifone solution is of lower osmotic pressure, it is called hypotonic with respect to the more concentrated solution. The more ‘concentrated solution issaid to be hypertonic with respect to the dilute solution. > Ifapressurehigherthan the osmoticpressure is applied on the solution, the solvent will flow from the solution into the pure solvent through the semipermeable membrane and the process is called reverse osmosis, It is used in desalination of sea water. Abnormal molecular mass : When the molecular mass of a substance determined by any of the colligative properties comes out to be different than the expected value, the substance is said to show abnormal molecular mass. > Abnormal molecular masses are observed when the solution is non-ideal (not dilute) or the solute undergoes association or dissociation © van't Hoff Factor : It is defined as the ratio of the experimental value of the colligative property to the calculated value of the colligative property. Observed value of the coligative property Calculated value of the colligative property Calculated molecular mass. Observed molecular mass (Total number of moles of particles after association / dissociation) (Total number of moles of particles before association / dissociation) If i > 1, solute undergoes dissociation in the solution and if / < 1, solute undergoes association in the solution. Lssciaion soca For substances undergoing association or dissociation in the solution, the various expressions for the colligative properties are modified as follows : PRP ik; AT, = iKym; AT, = iKym; m= iCRT

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