EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

ENG GEO 1 1. Identify igneous rocks and the

steps of the rock cycle related to
their formation.
UNIT 3 2. Identify sedimentary rocks and
the steps of the rock cycle related
to their formation.
Petrology 3. Identify metamorphic rocks and
the steps of the rock cycle related
to their formation.
4. Familiarize with the uses of
rocks like Igneous rocks,
Prepared by: sedimentary rocks and
Engr. Mary Joanne G. Calpito metamorphic rocks to construction
industry.
ROCK FORMING MINERALS

Rocks are assemblies of minerals; it is

formed by various minerals or rock
fragments come together or consists of a
large number of accumulations of a single
mineral.
🠶 It is found in the majority of 8 element
minerals as rock builder, representing more
than 98% of the weight of the continental
crust.
🠶 The rocks that make up the Earth's crust
are the various minerals or single
minerals, rock fragments, or both
mineral and rock fragments.

🠶 For example, Magmatic rocks such as

granite, gabbro, syenite are formed by
minerals; marble, quartzite are formed by a
single mineral; various types of sandstones
and conglomerates are formed by rocks
and mineral
ROCK CYCLE DIAGRAM

🠶 It shows the diagram of the

formation cycle of different types of
rock and processes associated with
them.
🠶 Rocks are broadly classified into
three groups: igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic, and the simplest
diagram of the "rock cycle" puts
these three groups in a circle with
arrows pointing from "igneous" to
"sedimentary," from "sedimentary" to
"metamorphic," and from
"metamorphic" to "igneous" again.
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS
🠶 Igneous rocks form from the
cooling of magma – molten
materials in the earth’s crust.
🠶 Directly or indirectly, all types of
rocks are derived from the igneous
type.
🠶 For instance, igneous rocks after
being subjected to extremely
high-pressure result in
metamorphic rocks.
MODE OF FORMATION:
• MAGMA - is the parent material of igneous
rocks. It is a complex high temperature solution
which is liquid or molten rock present at
considerable depth within the earth.
Magma is made up of:
- silicates with some oxides
- sulphides
- some steam (water)
- other gases held in solution by pressure.
• LAVA - is the magma that has reached the
earth’s surface through cracks and fissures
HOW MAGMA GENERATES?
- Magma is generated where the requisite
pressure and temperature conditions for rock
melting are reached.
(high temperatures ranging from 500° C to
12000° C)
a. formed in the earth’s mantle,
b. other magmas have formed when the rocks of
the lower part of the crust melted (subduction
zones)
- apparently consisted of mixtures from the mantle
and the crust.
 2. EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
- formed when molten magma spill over to the
surface as a result of volcanic eruption.
TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
- magma on the surface (lava) cools faster on
1. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
the surface to form igneous rocks that are fine
- formed when the magma cools off
grained.
slowly under the earth’s crust and
- Ex. pumice, basalt, or obsidian
hardens into rocks.
- very hard in nature and are often
coarse-grained.
- Ex. Gabbro and granite
 MAIN TYPES OF TEXTURE
1. APHANITIC TEXTURE
- Aphanitic texture consists of
small crystals that cannot
TEXTURES AND STRUCTURES be seen by the eye with or
WHAT DETERMINES IGNEOUS ROCK hand lens. The entire rock is
TEXTURE? made up of small crystals,
Factors: which are generally less than
-the diffusion rate, which is how atoms 1/2 mm in size. This texture
results from rapid cooling in
and molecules move through the liquid.
volcanic or hypabyssal
- cooling process (shallow subsurface)
a. Faster solidification, the finer will be environments.
its texture. 2. GLASSY
b. Longer solidification, more - If a rock looks like a block of
(colored) glass, with no
coarse-grained texture it will have.
visible mineral crystals, it has a
Igneous textures are used by geologists glassy texture.
in determining the mode of origin Superficially, a glassy texture
igneous rocks and are used in rock suggests cooling that was so
classification. extremely fast that no crystals
could form.
However, composition is also
vitally important.
 5. PORPHYRITHIC
- The porphyritic texture can
3. PHANERITHIC also form when magma is
- Phaneritic textured rocks are crystallized under a volcano
comprised of large but eruption occurs before
crystals that are clearly visible to the crystallization is
the eye with or without a hand lens complete. As a result, the
or binocular microscope. The lava formed crystallizes
entire rock is made up of large much faster with
crystals, which are generally 1/2 smaller-sized crystals.
mm to several centimeters in size; 6. PYROCLASTIC
no fine matrix material is present. - A pyroclastic texture shows a
mixture of rock fragments,
pumice, and volcanic ash. The
4. PEGMATITIC
ash is very fine grained, so only
- This type of texture is formed
the rock fragments and pumice
when magma cools and
are identifiable.
some minerals increase in size
- Also occur when explosive
extensively. The sizes may
eruptions blast the lava into the air
range from some centimeters to
resulting in fragmental, typically
quite a number of meters
glassy material
which fall as volcanic ash, lapilli
and volcanic bombs.
 a. FLOW
STRUCTURE
- parallel or sub
parallel bands or
streaks which are
caused by the flow of
STRUCTURES OF IGNEOUS magma or lava during
ROCKS cooling and
Structures of Igneous Rocks are crystallization.
the features that are of large b. PILLOW STRUCTURE
scale and are developed in - This is characterized by the
development of bulbous,
extrusive or intrusive igneous overlapping, pillow like structure
body. They may be recognized in the body of igneous mass.
a. easily on visual inspection or - It is typical structure of rock
formed from mobile basaltic
b. microscopic (thin section) lava.
- In such a lava flow its upper
surface gets solidify while the
lava beneath remains hot and
capable of moving.
c. ROCKY AND ROPY LAVA 4. VESICULAR
- - These are structural variation STRUCTURE
developed in the - Vesicles – gas cavities
volcanic rocks due to different mobility. formed during cooling
Highly viscous “dry” lava undergoes very because of
little movement after their eruption and the presence of gas and
before cooling. volatiles escaping into the
atmosphere
a. Blocky lava - surface show broken - the volcanic rock contains
and vesicles is said to have a
fragmented appearance. “vesicular structure”.
b. Ropy lava - very mobile lava flow,
upper surface is smooth wrinkled rather
than that actually broken. 5. AMYGDALOIDAL
STRUCTURE
- Form when vesicles of volcanic
rocks are filled with secondary
minerals such as calcite and
zeolites during
cooling.
- This rock is said to have an
“amygdaloidal structure”.
 6. PEGMATITIC USES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS IN
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
- the rock is said to have a - Igneous rocks are basically used in flooring,
“pegmatitic structure when landscaping and construction projects.
constituent mineral grains
exceed several centimeters
in size,
DIORITE
- Rock produced are courser
- this dark-colored, sturdy rock was used for
and very irregular type of
inscription, statues and for carving works.
crystallization.
- In modern days, the application of diorite is
restricted to flooring and landscaping
7. XENOLITHIC works. 5
STRUCTURE - serves as a highly durable stone slab for
- entrapped fragments landscaping. (due to its hardness)
of foreign rocks are
called the ‘xenoliths’
and the structure is
called the
“Xenolith structure”.
- It produces
heterogeneity in the
texture
 OBSIDIAN
- This volcanic glass is used in
GRANITE
making scalpel blades,
- popular (polished granite) in
ornamental stones and
flooring and wall tiles.
decorative specimens.
- large-sized granite dimension
- Of all the igneous rock types,
stones are used in decorative
basalt and granite are found
monuments, bridges
abundantly in the earth’s
and commercial buildings.
crust.
- granite is one of the most
frequently used
- In fact, basalt is the most
building materials
commonly occurring solid
form of lava.
PUMICE
- This volcanic rock is popularly
used in household products RHYOLITE
(scouring stones), cosmetics - In addition, rhyolite
(exfoliants), and construction can be used as an
works (used in place of abrasive and scouring
cement for making stone.
concrete).
 BASALT
This igneous rock type is 2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
identified by its dark shade 🠶 Deposits formed by weathering may
and fine-grained texture. become compacted by overburden
- It is used as flooring, pressure and cemented by agents like
cobblestone, countertops and iron oxide, calcite, dolomite and quartz.
in construction projects.
🠶 These are types of rock that are
- And also, you will find
formed by the accumulation or
crushed basalt rocks in
railroad track ballast. deposition of small particles and
subsequent cementation of mineral or
GABBRO organic particles on the floor of oceans
- mineral composition of
or other bodies of water at the Earth's
gabbro is similar to that of
basalt. They differ in
surface.
texture; gabbro is a
coarse-grained igneous
rock, while basalt is a
fine-grained type.
- After polishing, it is used
for making work surface,
floor tiles, facing stone
and cemetery markers.
 WEATHERING
- It is the process of breaking down
rocks by mechanical and chemical
processes into smaller pieces

TWO TYPES OF WEATHERING

1. MECHANICAL WEATHERING
- caused by expansion and contraction
of rocks from the continous gain and
loss of heat
- water seeps into the pores and
existing rocks cracks in rocks
- glacier ice, wind, running water in
streams and ocean waves can affect in
the disintegration of rocks
 2. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
- original rock minerals are
transformed into new minerals by
chemical reaction
- water and carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere will react with the
existing rock minerals that will form
new minerals or soluble salts.
- soluble salts present in
groundwater and organic acids
formed from decayed organic
matter also cause chemical
weathering
TRANSPORTATION OF WEATHERING
PRODUCTS
- Products of weathering may stay in the
same place or may be moved to other
places by ice, water, wind and gravity
- Soils formed by weathered products at
their place of origin are called “residual
soils”
(soil that remains at the place of
formation)

While transported soil is blown or

washed away from its parent rock
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORTED
SOILS
🠶 Glacial Soils -Formed by transportation
and deposition of glaciers
🠶 Alluvial soils – transported by running
water and deposited along the stream
🠶 Lacustrine soils – formed by deposition
of quiet lakes
🠶 Marine Soils – formed by deposition in
the sea
🠶 Aeolian Soils – transported and
deposited by wind
🠶 Colluvial Soils – formed by movement of
soil from its original place by gravity, such as
during landslides
 2. CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
TWO TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY - Forms when mineral constituents in solution
ROCKS become supersaturated and inorganically
1. DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS precipitate.
- These are composed of rock - Common chemical sedimentary rocks
fragments that have been weathered include oolites limestone and rocks composed
from pre-existing rocks. They are the of evaporite minerals, such as halite (rock
most common rocks on the surface of salt), sylvite, baryte and gypsum.
the earth.
- These grains of sediments are what
get cemented together to form
sedimentary rocks.
 USES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
 SANDSTONE
o Sandstone, which is easy to work with, has
been broadly utilized in the construction of
buildings specifically in areas where large
quantity of sandstone is available.
o For example, The Cliffe Castle Museum in
England is composed completely of sandstone.
In addition to Red Fort building stone in India.
Marble is also used mainly in building
construction.
o Famous marble buildings are Taj Mahal in
India, the leaning tower of Pisa in Italy, the
Parthenon in Greece
 LIMESTONE
o Limestone has been used in several
important building constructions for instance
monuments.
2. STRUCTURAL WALL
CONSTRUCTION
 Both sandstone and
limestone are suitable for the
construction of structural walls.
Nonetheless, sandstone shall
be considered carefully
because it might be excessively
porous and fragile for load
bearing structures.
 5. TUNNELING
 Sandstone is suitable type of rock for tunneling
3. CEMENT PRODUCTION
especially thick bedded, well cemented, and
 Limestone is the main
siliceous or ferruginous sandstone
source material for the
 Tunneling is easily progressed in shale formation
production of Portland cement.
due to its softness, but proper lining shall be
 Shale is used as a
provided.
component in cement
production

4. PAVEMENT AND ROAD

CONSTRUCTION
 Sandstone and limestone
have been used for the
construction of pavement
stone and road stone. 6. BRICK AND TILE MANUFACTURING
 Shale is used as aggregate  Shale is used as one component of materials
in road construction used in the construction of bricks and tiles.
 Sedimentary rocks are used
in highway roadbed.
 8. BUILDING INTERIOR AND FAÇADE
DECORATION
7. ARCHITECTURAL AND
 Marble is recrystallized and then used for
MONUMENTAL STONES decoration of building interior. It is also used for
 There are certain types of sedimentary statues, table surfaces and novelties.
rock that can be used as an architectural  Portland stone can be used for the
and monumental stone for example construction of facades of reinforced concrete
Portland stone (a white -grey limestone). buildings.
 It can withstand weathering affects  Conglomerate used in decoration
adequately. More importantly, Portland 9. OTHERS
 Sedimentary rocks are used in the construction
stone can be cut and craved comfortably
of earthen dam, railroad ballast, canals, and as a
by masons which is crucial advantage.
rock fill.
That is why it is one of the most favored
architectural and monumental stone.
 Portland stone has been used in the
construction of St. Paul’s Cathedral,
Buckingham Palace, Westminster palace,
British Museum, the Bank of England.
 3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- rocks arise from the transformation of
existing rock types, in a process called
metamorphism, which means "change
in form".
- form when rocks are subjected to high
heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids
or, more commonly, some combination of
these factors.

METAMORPHISM
- the process of changing the composition
and texture of rocks without melting.
 2. REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
TYPES OF METAMORPHISM - occurs when rocks are buried deep in
1. CONTACT METAMORPHISM the crust. This is commonly associated
- occurs when magma comes in with convergent plate boundaries and the
contact with an already existing formation of mountain ranges. Because
body of rock. burial to 10 km to 20 km is required, the
- occurs when magma intrudes or areas affected tend to be large.
forces its way into existing rock - The high pressures and temperatures
that result from the movements of tectonic
plates may cause chemical changes in
the minerals.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE AGENT OF METAMORPHISM
BETWEEN REGIONAL AND 1. HEAT
CONTACT METAMORPHISM? - Heat is the most important agent of
metamorphism.
Contact metamorphism is a type - The gradient is much higher in some
areas, for example at the edges of
of metamorphism where rock continents where one oceanic plate dives
minerals and texture are changed, under another or where plutons have
mainly by heat, due to contact become embedded in the crust.
with magma. Regional
metamorphism is a type of TWO SOURCES OF HEAT
 heat from magma
metamorphism where rock  an increase in temperature with depth
minerals and texture are changed due to the geothermal gradient
by heat and pressure over a wide
area or region.
2. PRESSURE
- Pressure increases with depth so that
there is 1,000 kg/cm2 @ 4 km depth
- Increased pressure may cause minerals
to melt or may cause atoms to move into
configurations that represent tighter
packing.

TYPES OF PRESSURE
 Confining Pressure (lithostatic) –
equal pressure in all directions tends to
cause objects to uniformly become
smaller.
 Differential stress – if the stress is not
equal from all directions
 Shear stress – cause object to be
smeared out in the direction of applied
stress.
3. TIME 4. FLUID PHASE
- Because metamorphism involves - Any existing open space between
changing the rock while it is solid, mineral grains in a rock can potentially
metamorphic change is a slow contain a fluid.
process. During metamorphism, - This fluid is mostly H2O, but contains
several processes are at work. dissolved ions.
Laboratory experiments suggest that - The fluid phase is important because
the sizes of the mineral grains chemical reactions that involve
produced during metamorphism changing solid mineral into a new solid
increases with time. Thus, coarse mineral can be greatly speeded up by
grained metamorphic rocks involve having dissolved ions transported by
long times of metamorphism. the fluid.
Experiments suggest that the time - If chemical alteration of the rock
involved is tens of millions of years. takes place as a result of these fluids,
the process is called metasomatism.
 2. NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCK
CLASSIFICATIONS OF METAMORPHC - Metamorphic rocks that form under either
ROCKS low-pressure conditions or just confining
1. FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCK pressure
- When a rock is squeezed under directed
pressure during metamorphism it is likely
to be deformed, and this can result in a
textural change such that the minerals are
elongated in the direction perpendicular to
the main stress
 USES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS TO
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2. Schist and slate are sometimes
1. Metamorphic rocks are very hard and can used as building and landscape
be used in the construction industry. They are materials.
also used for rip rap in coastal defense
schemes.
3. MARBLES are beautiful for statues 4. QUARTZITE is very hard and is often
and decorative items such as vases. crushed and used in building railroad tracks.
ACTIVITY
Look around your community and
make a documentation of an
example of igneous rock, -Printed (Long Coupon Bond)
sedimentary rock, and metamorphic - One example per rock
rock present in your community. -Documentation must have real proof.
Make a short discussion on how it -Submission : (before the class)
is formed and possible applications
to construction. -Quiz 1()