TOP 100 JAVASCRIPT INTERVIEW QUESTION

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JavaScript Basics

1. What is JavaScript?

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language primarily used to create

interactive and dynamic content on web pages.

2. What are the different data types in JavaScript?

o Primitive types: String, Number, Boolean, Undefined, Null, BigInt, Symbol

o Non-primitive types: Objects (including Arrays, Functions, etc.)

3. What is the difference between var, let, and const?

o var: Function-scoped, can be redeclared and updated.

o let: Block-scoped, cannot be redeclared, but can be updated.

o const: Block-scoped, cannot be redeclared or updated.

4. What are template literals?

Template literals use backticks (`) and allow embedding expressions using ${expression}.
Example: `Hello, ${name}!`.

5. What is the difference between == and ===?

o ==: Compares values with type coercion.

o ===: Compares values without type coercion.

Functions

6. What are arrow functions?

Arrow functions provide a concise syntax for writing functions. They don’t bind their context.

7. What is the difference between function declaration and function expression?

o Function declaration: Defined with the function keyword. Example: function greet()
{}.

o Function expression: Assigned to a variable. Example: const greet = function() {};.

8. What is a callback function?

A function passed as an argument to another function and executed after the completion of
that function.

9. What is a pure function?

A pure function always produces the same output for the same input and has no side effects.

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 10. What is the purpose of closures?

Closures allow a function to access variables from its outer scope even after the outer
function has been executed.

Advanced JavaScript

11. What is the difference between null and undefined?

o null: Explicitly set to indicate "no value."

o undefined: A variable has been declared but not assigned a value.

12. What are JavaScript promises?

Promises represent a value that may be available now, in the future, or never. They can be in
one of three states: pending, fulfilled, or rejected.

13. What is async/await?

It is a syntax for handling asynchronous code, making it look synchronous and easier to read.

14. What are higher-order functions?

Functions that can take other functions as arguments or return them.

15. What is the difference between call, apply, and bind?

o call: Invokes a function with a specified context and arguments passed individually.

o apply: Similar to a call but takes arguments as an array.

o bind: Returns a new function with this bound to a specified object.

DOM Manipulation

16. How can you select elements in the DOM?

o getElementById()

o getElementsByClassName()

o getElementsByTagName()

o querySelector()

o querySelectorAll()

17. What is the difference between a window and a document?

o window: Represents the browser window and global context.

o document: Represents the DOM (content of the web page).

18. What is the purpose of addEventListener?

It adds an event handler to an element without overwriting existing handlers.

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 19. How do you create a DOM element in JavaScript?

Using [Link]() and appending it to the DOM using methods like

appendChild.

20. What is event delegation?

Attaching a single event listener to a parent element to manage events for child elements.

ES6+ Features

21. What are rest and spread operators?

o Rest (...args): Collects arguments into an array.

o Spread (...array): Spreads elements of an array/object.

22. What are JavaScript modules?

Modules allow code to be divided into reusable chunks using import and export.

23. What is destructuring?

A syntax to extract values from arrays or objects into variables.

24. What are generators?

Functions that can pause execution (yield) and resume later, returning an iterator.

25. What is the difference between Map and WeakMap?

o Map: Stores key-value pairs. Keys can be any type.

o WeakMap: Keys must be objects, and they are weakly referenced.

JavaScript Objects and Prototypes

26. What is the difference between an object and a Map in JavaScript?

• Object: Keys are strings or symbols, unordered.

• Map: Keys can be any type and maintain insertion order.

27. What is prototypal inheritance?

Prototypal inheritance allows objects to inherit properties and methods from another object.

28. What is the [Link]() method?

It creates a new object with the specified prototype object and properties.

29. How do you clone an object in JavaScript?

• Using [Link]({}, obj)

• Using the spread operator: { ...obj }

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 30. What is a JavaScript class?
Classes are syntactic sugar over JavaScript’s prototype-based inheritance to define
constructors and methods.

Error Handling

31. What is the purpose of try...catch in JavaScript?

It handles exceptions by running the code inside try and executing catch if an error occurs.

32. What is the final block used for?

It executes code after try and catch, regardless of the outcome.

33. How can you create a custom error in JavaScript?

By using the Error class:

throw new Error('Custom error message');

34. What is the error event in JavaScript?

It is triggered when a runtime error occurs in the script.

35. How can you handle asynchronous errors?

By using .catch() for Promises or try...catch with async/await.

Asynchronous JavaScript

36. What is the event loop in JavaScript?

It is a mechanism that handles the execution of multiple tasks, including callbacks and
asynchronous code.

37. What is the difference between microtasks and microtasks?

• Microtasks: Processed before microtasks, e.g., Promises.

• Macrotasks: These include tasks like setTimeout and setInterval.

38. How does setTimeout work in JavaScript?

It schedules a task to run after a specified delay.

39. What is Promise? All?

It resolves when all promises passed as an array are resolved or rejected when any promise
fails.

40. What is the purpose of Promise? Race?

It resolves or rejects as soon as any one of the promises in the array is resolved or rejected.

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JavaScript Arrays

41. What are the different ways to iterate over an array?

• for loop

• forEach()

• map()

• for...of loop

42. What is the difference between map() and forEach()?

• map(): Creates a new array with the results of calling a function.

• forEach(): Executes a function on each array element without returning a new array.

43. What is the use of reduce() in JavaScript?

It reduces an array to a single value by applying a function on each element.

44. What is the purpose of [Link]()?

It creates a new array from array-like or iterable objects.

45. How do you remove duplicates from an array?

• Using Set:

• [...new Set(array)];

Memory and Performance

46. What is a memory leak in JavaScript?

It occurs when memory that is no longer needed is not released, e.g., unused variables with
global references.

47. What is garbage collection?

The process of automatically reclaiming memory by removing objects that are no longer in
use.

48. What is the difference between deep copy and shallow copy?

• Shallow copy: Only top-level properties are copied.

• Deep copy: All levels of properties are copied recursively.

49. How do you optimise JavaScript performance?

• Minimize DOM access

• Use requestAnimationFrame for animations

• Debounce or throttle events

• Use asynchronous code effectively.

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 50. What are web workers in JavaScript?
Web Workers allow you to run JavaScript in the background, parallel to the main thread.

Miscellaneous

51. What is hoisting in JavaScript?

Hoisting moves variable and function declarations to the top of their scope during
compilation.

52. What is the purpose of this keyword?

It refers to the object that is currently calling the function.

53. What is the difference between == and [Link]()?

• ==: Compares values with type coercion.

• [Link](): Strict equality comparison, but considers NaN equal to itself and -0 different from
+0.

54. What is currying in JavaScript?

Currying transforms a function with multiple arguments into a sequence of functions, each
taking a single argument.

55. What is memoization?

A technique to cache function results to avoid redundant calculations.

Event Handling

56. What is event bubbling?

Event bubbling occurs when an event starts at the target element and propagates upward to
its ancestors.

57. What is event capturing?

Event capturing (or trickling) occurs when an event starts at the topmost element and
propagates down to the target element.

58. How can you stop event propagation?

Using [Link]().

59. What is the difference between stopPropagation and preventDefault?

• stopPropagation: Stops the event from propagating to parent elements.

• preventDefault: Prevents the default action associated with the event.

60. What are synthetic events in React?

Synthetic events are React's cross-browser wrapper around the browser's native events.

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JavaScript Strings

61. What are template literals, and how are they used?
Template literals use backticks (`) and allow embedded expressions using ${}:

const greeting = Hello, ${name};

62. How do you check if a string contains a substring?

Using includes():

const password = "Hello World".includes("World"); // true

63. What is the difference between substrate and substring?

• substring (start, length): Extracts part of a string based on a start index and length.

• substring(start, end): Extracts characters between start and end indices.

64. What is the purpose of split() in strings?

Splits a string into an array based on a specified delimiter.

"a,b,c".split(","); // ['a', 'b', 'c']

65. How do you reverse a string in JavaScript?

const reversed = [Link]('').reverse().join('');

Regular Expressions

66. What is a regular expression in JavaScript?

A pattern used to match character combinations in strings. Example:

const regex = /ABC/;

67. What does the g flag do in a regular expression?

The g flag stands for "global," allowing the regex to find all matches instead of stopping at
the first.

68. What is the purpose of the test() method in regular expressions?

Tests whether a regex matches a string.

/abc/.test("abcdef"); // true

69. What is the exec() method in regular expressions?

Executes a regex search and returns the matched result or null.

70. How can you replace text using a regular expression?

Using replace():

"hello world".replace(/world/, "JavaScript");

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JavaScript Numbers

71. How do you check if a value is a number in JavaScript?

Using typeof or [Link]():

[Link](123); // true

72. How do you convert a string to a number?

• Number("123")

• parseInt("123")

• parseFloat("123.45")

73. What is the difference between parseInt and Number?

• parseInt: Parses only the integer part of a string.

• Number: Converts the entire string into a number.

74. What is NaN in JavaScript?

NaN stands for "Not a Number" and represents an invalid number.

isNaN("abc"); // true

75. How do you generate a random number in JavaScript?

Using [Link]():

const randomNum = [Link](); // Between 0 and 1

Miscellaneous

76. What is the difference between windows? onload and

[Link]('DOMContentLoaded')?

• [Link]: Fires after the entire page (including assets) is loaded.

• DOMContentLoaded: Fires when the DOM is fully loaded without waiting for assets.

77. What are JavaScript cookies?

Cookies store small pieces of data on the client side. Example:

[Link] = "username=JohnDoe";

78. What is the eval() function in JavaScript?

It executes a string of JavaScript code.
Warning: Avoid using it for security and performance reasons.

79. What is use strict?

A directive that enforces stricter parsing and error handling.

Example: "use strict";

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 80. What is the difference between setTimeout and setInterval?

• setTimeout: Executes a function once after a delay.

• setInterval: Repeats a function at regular intervals.

TypeScript

81. What is TypeScript?

TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that adds static typing.

82. What are the advantages of TypeScript?

• Type safety

• Improved IDE support

• Easier debugging

• Scalability for large projects

83. How do you declare a variable in TypeScript?

let age: number = 25;

84. What are interfaces in TypeScript?

Interfaces define the shape of an object.

interface Person {

name: string;

age: number;

85. What is a union type in TypeScript?

Allows a variable to hold more than one type.

let value: string | number;

Best Practices

86. What is the purpose of IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression)?

To create a private scope and avoid polluting the global namespace.

(function() {

[Link]("IIFE");

})();

87. What are design patterns in JavaScript?

Reusable solutions to common problems, e.g., Singleton, Factory, and Module patterns.

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 88. What is a polyfill?
A piece of code that provides modern functionality in older browsers.

89. What is the purpose of deferring in a <script> tag?

It loads the script in parallel but executes it only after the DOM is fully parsed.

90. What is the difference between local storage, session storage, and cookies?

• localStorage: Data persists indefinitely.

• sessionStorage: Data persists until the session ends.

• Cookies: Data sent with every request, limited to 4KB.

Advanced JavaScript Concepts

91. What is the difference between call(), apply(), and bind()?

• call(): Invokes a function with a specified value and arguments provided one by one.

• apply(): Similar to call(), but arguments are provided as an array.

• bind(): Returns a new function with a specified value and arguments.

92. What are generator functions in JavaScript?

93. Generator functions, declared with function*, can pause execution using yield and resume
later.

function* generator() {

yield 1;

yield 2;

93. What is the difference between [Link]() and [Link]()?

• [Link](): Prevents adding or removing properties but allows modification of existing

properties.

• [Link](): Prevents adding, removing, or modifying properties.

94. What is the purpose of the Reflect API in JavaScript?

The Reflect API provides methods for interceptable JavaScript operations, like property
manipulation.
Example:

[Link](obj, 'key', 'value');

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 95. What is the async and await syntax in JavaScript?

• async: Declares a function that always returns a Promise.

• await: Pauses the execution of an async function until a Promise is resolved or rejected.
Example:

async function fetch data() {

const response = await fetch(url);

[Link](response);

JavaScript DOM

96. How do you select elements in the DOM?

• [Link]('id')

• [Link]('.class')

• [Link]('tag')

97. What is the difference between innerHTML and textContent?

• innerHTML: Returns or sets the HTML content of an element.

• textContent: Returns or sets the text content, without HTML tags.

98. What is the purpose of the addEventListener() method?

It attaches an event handler to an element.

[Link]('click', function() {

[Link]('Clicked!');

});

JavaScript Modules

99. What is the difference between named and default exports in JavaScript modules?

• Named exports: Export multiple values by name.

• Default exports: Export a single value or function.

Example:

export const value = 42; // Named export

export default function() {} // Default export

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