1

Entry test 46 A(> Unit 23)

If you have the wrong answer, see the units indicated for more 47 C(> Unit 23)

information. 48 BO Unit 24)

B (. Unit 1) 49 CO Unit 24)
2C(, Unit 1) 50 A O Unit 25)
3 B(, Unit 2)
4 B(. Unit 2)
Unit X
5 C(. Unit 2) A: Context listening
6B(, Unit 3) 2 1 playing and watching football; playing the guitar in a band
7 A(. Unit 3) 3 IT 2 F He is studying really hard for his exams this month.
8B(, Unit 4) 3 F His parents own a restaurant. 4 F He practises the

9C(, Unit 4) piano most mornings. 5 T 6 F His cousin is living in

10 A(. Unit 5)
Thailand. 7 F He supports his local team.

11 A (.Unit 4 1 sentences 3 and 7 2 sentences 4 and 5 3 sentence 1

5)
4 sentences 2 and 6
12 C ( . Unit 6)
13 B(. Unit 6) C: Grammar exercises
14 C(. Unit 7) 1 2b 3a 4b 5a 6b 7a 8 b (. B1 and B2)
15 B (. Unit 7) 2 2 sees 3 isn’t studying; don’t think 4 ’s he doing; ’s trying
16 A(. UnitS) 5 breathe in; give out 6 want 7 drive 8 are travelling

[Link]
9 runs 10 are falling ( B1-B3)
17 C(. Unit 8)
3 2 have (state verb) 3 is going up (year by year tells us this
18 A ( . Unit 8)
is

a gradual change over time) 4 is catching up 5 know

19 B (
. Unit 9)
6 is causing 7 think 8 agree ( B2 and B3)
20 C(. Unit 10)
4 2 ore increasing is increasing 3 decreases is decreasing
21 A(. Unit 10)
4 is warming warms 5 6 change changes
is rising rises
22 C(. Unit 10) (be careful of verb/subject agreement) ( . B1 and B2)
23 B(. Unit 11)
D: Test practice
24 C( Unit 11)
Listening
25 A (. Unit 12)
Questions 1-3: multiple choice
26 B (. Unit 12)
Test tip: Read all the questions carefully before you listen.
27 A(r Unit 13)
Underline or highlight any key information or words that you
28 B(. Unit 13)
need to listen for (e.g. How long is the heated swimming pool?)
29 A(. Unit 14) Use the questions to help you find your way through the listening
30 A(. Unit 14) text. If you miss an answer, just move on to the next one.

31 C(. Unit 15) 1 A (a heated indoor pool, which is just 15 metres long) 2 A (We
32 B(. Unit 15) even offer complimentary classes for beginners) 3 C (we can only
33 A(. Unit 16) have a maximum of seven people in the sauna at any one time so ,

34 A Unit 17)
you do need to put your name on the list for that)
( /

35 C(. Unit 17) Questions 4-10: notes completion

36 A Test Read through the notes carefully before you listen and
tip:
(. Unit 18)
try to predict what type of information you need to hear (e.g. for
37 C(. Unit 18)
question 4 you will need to write down two days of the week, or
38 B(. Unit 19)
for question 5 you will need to write a time). Pay careful
39 A(. Unit 19) attention to the word limit and check your spelling at the end.
40 B(. Unit 20) 4 Tuesday; Friday (There are classes on Monday, Tuesday and
41 B ( ^ Unit 20) Friday in the morning) 5 6.00/six (pm); 7.30/seven thirty (pm)
42 C Unit 21) (There are classes ... every Saturday and Sunday in the evening.

43 C(. Unit 21) Those classes are a bit longer, starting at 6.00 and finishing at 7.30.)

44 A(. Unit 22) 6 one day/1 day/once (each day is a different level, so you only
come once a week) 7 level(s)/class(es) (Most people start at the
45 B(. Unit 22)

223
lower
1 and then you can talk to the instructor about changing if
level, laboratory and then introduced Portia spiders.) 3 F (lions hunting
you think too easy.)
it’s 8 Doherty (My name is John Doherty at night, for example) 4 D (To simulate the shaking effect of a
that’s DOHERTY) 9 11.00/eleven (am) (I have appointments breeze the zoologists used either a model aircraft propeller or attached
from 9.00 to 10.30, so could you make it 11.007) 10 0117 965 478 a tiny magnet to the centre of the web) 5 B (They will attack

(my number’s 0117 965 478) something about twice their own size) 6 A (for jumping spiders
that sneak onto other spiders’ webs to prey on their owners, it can be
Grammar focus task
the difference between having lunch and becoming it) 7 B (Portia
want 2 are always looking 3 Do members have to
spiders live mostly in tropical forests, where the climate is hot and
4 don’t actually allow 5 suits 6 think humid.) 8 B (The fifteen known species of Portia jumping spiders)
9 F (Portia spiders are clearly intelligent and they often learn from
Unit 2 their prey as they are trying to capture it. They do this by ...)

A: Context listening Questions 10-13: multiple choice

1 A CDs B a laptop computer Ca roast chicken D a purse Test tip: Read all the questions and options and underline or
E a handbag F a TV highlight any important information or key words that
you need
2 1 CDs; a roast chicken; a purse 2 B (So you see, you do need Use the questions to locate the relevant
to find in the passage.

to be careful to lock your door at all times of the day) part of the reading passage. If you cannot find an answer, just

2 happened; was watching 3 used to keep

move on to the next one and come back to this one later.
3 1 called
4 would leave 5 walked 6 didn’t hear; was listening 10 A (Portia spiders moved more when the webs were shaking
7 went; opened; took (vibrating) than when they were still (motionless) so B is incorrect;

4 1 sentences 2 and 6 2 sentences 1 and 5 3 sentence 7

C is incorrect: they were more likely to capture their prey during tests

in which the webs were periodically shaken than in those where the
4 sentences 3 and 4 5 past simple; past continuous; would;
used to
webs were undisturbed ;
D is incorrect: If the spiders were placed onto
unoccupied webs, they would make no attempt to change their
C: Grammar exercises movements) 11 A (They’d make a big pluck with one of their hind
1 2 was 3 took 4 was 5 received 6 meant 7 invented legs = make strong vibrations with one leg; B and C are incorrect:
6

[Link]
8 laid 9 allowed 10 replaced 11 increased 12 did not the spiders would ... then creep forwards up to five millimetres before

own 13 walked 14 rode (, B1 and Appendix 1) the vibrations died down; D is incorrect: the violent twanging
2 2 made 3 were studying 4 was describing 5 picked up produces a pattern of vibrations that match those caused by a twig
6 noticed 7 was crying 8 apologised 9 said 10 didn’t falling onto the web) 12 C (this is the first example of an animal
know 11 made 12 happened 13 was showing making its own smokescreen that we know of, A is incorrect: lions
14 was examining 15 was smiling 16 got 17 said also do this; B is incorrect: Portia spiders mimic trapped insects

18 laughed 19 wasn’t looking 20 inspired 21 started not other prey-eating animals; D is incorrect: we are not told that
(r B1 and B2) spiders are the only animal that uses ‘trial and error’)

and have and used make 13 B (Sometimes they will even take an indirect route to reach a prey
Used to is possible in 1 2: used to to
spider ... When it does this, the Portia spider is actually solving
3 2 would/used to follow 3 moved 4 visited
problems and thinking ahead about its actions.)
5 would/used to give 6 Did you use to have ( would is not
used with state verbs or in questions) 7 really used to Grammar focus task
like/used to really like (would is not used with state verbs) la 2 c 3 b
8 used to/would go 9 used to/would spend 10 took
11 did you use to have to (would is not used in questions) Unit 3
12 used to have to (would is not used with state verbs)
13 didn’t use to look forward to (would is not generally used As Context listening
with negatives) ( B1 and B3) 1 A logical order would be: 1 F 2C3A4D5E6B
4 3 used to go 4 / 5 noticed 6/7 realised 21C2A3D4E5B
8 was snowing 9 skidded 10 / 11 phoned 12 / 3 1 *ve collected 2 read 3 Ve been feeling 4 *ve just got up
(background scene) 13 stopped (event) 14 / 15 came
4 a sentence 4 (present perfect simple) b sentence 1 (present
16 / (. B1-B3) perfect simple) c sentence 3 (present perfect continuous)

D: Test practice d sentence 2 (past simple)

Reading C: Grammar exercises

Questions 1-9: locating information 1 3 have already seen 4 have just received 5 were 6 /
Test tip: Scan the passage for relevant information, and then 7 represented 8 have played 9 / 10 have not travelled
check that it matches the question exactly (e.g. for question 2 the 11 went 12 / (, Bl)
experiment mentioned several times but only paragraph D
is 2 2 has increased (since) 3 rose (in 2005)
describes how it was done). Remember that the words in the 4 has risen (each year) 5 was (from 1995 to 2005)
passage may paraphrase the words in the questions. have overtaken (since 2005) 7 has grown (each year);
1 E (prey spiders did not respond to them in any way) 2 D (The occurred (between 1995 and 2000) ( Bl)
researchers allowed various prey spiders to spin webs in the

224
 Key

3 2 Ve been working 3 have now finished 4 ’ve made D: Test practice

5 said (at last week's lecture) 6 haven’t found 7 Ve done Reading
8 used 9 went 10 learnt 11 Ve been wondering
Questions 1-6: choosing paragraph headings
12 Ve given (V B1 and B2)
Testtip: Try to get the general idea of what each paragraph is
4 2 Ve been 3 Ve been studying
living (for the past three years)
about Make sure that the heading you choose reflects the overall
(focus on 4 Have you done 5 Ve been (state verb)
activity)
message in the paragraph and not just one fact.
6 Ve travelled 7 Ve done 8 Ve started 9 Ve been having
(’ve been taking is also possible - focus on activity and
1 vii (Paragraph A tells us about an advertisement for pens that
brought 5,000 people into a shop.) 2 ix (Paragraph B tells us
duration) 10 Ve just passed (recent activity) 11 Ve taken
about earlier pens and their problems; there were 350 patents for
(it's the first time) 12 Ve never felt ('ve never been is also
possible) 13 Ve been doing ('ve been taking is also possible - pens in fifty years. A patent is a formal application to
manufacture something so that no one else can copy it.) 3 vi
focus on activity) 14 ’ve always wanted 15 Ve always been
1
16 Vc already worked (> B1 and B2, Grammar extra)
(Paragraph C tells us
one of the Biro brothers was annoyed
that
at problems he had with fountain pens, so he decided to invent a
Answers will vary. Suggestions: 17 I’ve been studying English
new one.) 4 iv (Paragraph D tells us about the problem with
since I was six years old. 18 I haven’t studied any other
the first design and how this was solved with a second design
languages. / I have studied ... / 1 studied French at school but
5 which worked better. We also learn that the brothers moved to
I’ve forgotten almost everything now. 19 Fve been to ...
Argentina.) 5 viii (Paragraph E tells us that the United States
20 I Ve been reading a lot and taking lots of practice tests.
Department of War requested the pens be made in the U.S., so an
21 My life has changed a great deal. I’ve finished university ...
American company bought the rights from the Biro brothers.)
(^ B1 and B2)
6 iii (Paragraph F tells us that an American man on holiday in
D: Test practice Argentina saw the pens and copied them back in the U.S.)

General Training Writing Task 1 The following headings are incorrect: i (Although fountain pens

Test tip: Read the question carefully. Make sure you include all
are mentioned in the text none of the paragraphs tells us that

make they are no longer used = are history.) ii (The Biro brothers were
the information required in your letter and sure you stick
never very famous.) v (Paragraph E

[Link]
tells us that the United
to the time limit so that you leave enough time to answer Task 2.
States Department of War actually helped the progress of the
Do not write any addresses.
Biro pen.)
See model answer in unit.
Questions 7-9: multiple choice
Grammar focus task
Test tip: Read all the questions and options and underline or
I have lived in this town all my life 2 I have been working as
highlight any important information or key words that you need
a receptionist at a local hotel 3 I have read many guidebooks
to find in the passage. Use the questions to locate the relevant
part of the reading passage. If you cannot find an answer, just
Unit 4 move on to the next one and come back to this one later.

A: Context listening 7 D (Depending on the climate or air temperature, sometimes the

1 Id 2a 3 f 4c 5h 6b 7g 8j 9e 10 i
pens would do both i.e. leak and clog. A is incorrect: the pens were
never manufactured; B is incorrect: there isno mention of the
2 1 January 27, 1756 / 27 January 1756 / January 27th, 1756 /
manufacturing technology; C is incorrect: the first pen was
27th January 1756 2 one/1 3 (a) composer 4 six/6
designed for use on leather - we are not told that it could not
(the) violin
write on paper.) 8 A (The first Biro pen, like the designs that had
3 1 was bom; had already died 2 was; had also been
gone before it, relied on gravity for the ink to flow to the ball bearing
3 mastered; had copied 4 was; had written
at the tip. B is incorrect: the second pen was based on capillary
5 hurried; spread 6 were; had ever been
action, not the first; C
pen did not work with
is incorrect: the
4 1 past simple 2 past perfect heavy ink; D is pen only worked when held
incorrect: the

C: Grammar exercises upright.) 9 C (The Biro brothers had failed to secure a U.S. patent
on their invention. A is incorrect: it was Loud’s patent that had
1 2 had entered 3 had made 4 had not discovered
expired, not the Biro brothers’ patent; B is incorrect: we know
5 had also turned up 6 had multiplied (> Bl)
that a patent gave the sole rights to manufacture; D is incorrect:
2 2 had doubled 3 remained 4 began 5 had tripled
there no mention of Reynolds having any contact with the Biro
is
6 was 7 increased 8 had reached 9 had peaked
brothers, and they sold the permission to Eversharp.)
10 had managed (V 31)
3 2 ’d always been 3 ’d heard 4 arrived 5 ’d been feeling Questions 10-12: short-answer questions
6 had come 7 *d walked 8 ’d learnt 9 had prepared Test tip: Scan the text for the information you need. It is

10 been expecting (’d expected) 11 took off

’d important to write only the key words and take note of the word
12 didn’t feel 13 approached 14 had done 15 stepped limit (here you are told to write no more than two words and/or a
16 hadn’t burnt 17 ’d been hoping (’d hoped) number).
18 managed 19 ’d done ( Bl and B2, Grammar extra) 10 leather 11 (in) Argentina (not it was in Argentina)
4 2 had started 3 bought 4 ’d never taken 5 stayed; visited; 12 (in) 1945 (not k was m 1945)
’d been; ’d liked (liked); ’d decided 6 ’d been developing 7 ’d

already discussed; ’d made; ’d phoned; felt; hadn’t waited 8 ’d

been running (V Bl and B2)

225
 6
1

Grammar focus task C (Further education colleges offer academic courses and work-
had taken out; had sold 2 had patented; soon became related courses) 7 B a career in plumbing, a vocational course
(For

3 had observed 4 bought; returned; discovered; had long since is essential.) 8 A (You might prefer an academic course if you like
4 researching, analysing and presenting arguments.) 9 B (A
expired 5 challenged; lost; had failed
vocational course is better if you like doing things with your hands

Unit 5 and working manually.)

As Context listening
Grammar focus task
1 hockey; Scotland and Greece
1 will help 2 ’ll need 3 ’ll ensure 4 am I going to do
5 will help
2 1 Scotland 2 four/4 3 3/three 4 mountain lodge
The4 future forms used are: will, going to
5 Greece 6 three/3 7 four/4 8 9
(a) (small) hotel islands

31A2B3A4C5A Will

Going
is used to give suggestions and advice V B2
to is used to talk about future intentions B3
1 present continuous 2 wiU 3 going to 4 sentences 1 and 5
'

5 sentences 2-4
Unit 6
C: Grammar exercises
1 2 will be 3 are predicted to work 4 are going to feel
A: Context listening
5 will certainly have 6 is likely to become 2 Phil advises Janet to practise in front of the mirror.

7 are going to happen 8 will undoubtedly continue 3 1 will be working 2 will have given 3 will be feeling
9 will probably result 10 will find 11 are likely to lead to 4 will have rehearsed 5 leaves
1
12 will develop ( B2 and B3, Grammar extra) 4 1 sentences 2 and 4 2 sentences 1 and 3 3 sentence 5
2 2 well take 3 we’re going to visit 4 they’re holding
C: Grammar exercises
5 they aren’t staying 6 we’ll probably do 7 we’re going to do
1 2 won’t be reading 3 will be playing computer games
(will not)
8 we’re also going to try 9 You’ll love 10 you’ll probably
4 will be doing sport; studying 5 will be resting
end up 11 we’ll see (> B1-B3)
6 be seeing friends ( B3)

[Link]
will
3 2 ’m taking 3 ’ll tell 4 ’ll pick 5 ’m seeing
2 2 will have peaked - a 3 will have risen - d
6 will probably finish 7 ’ll need 8 ’m meeting
will have grown - f 5 will have gone up - b
9 ’ll probably want 10 won’t go on 11 will be
6 will have increased - e (‘ B4)
12 see B1 and B2)
2/3
’ll ('

3 -they won’t ask they don’t ask

4 Answers will vary. Suggestions: 1 I’m going to visit my
4 is your meeting about to start does your meeting start
grandmother. (I will insit my grandmother at the weekend
sounds like a promise rather than a planned visit.)
5 after Pll get after I get 6 / 7

2 I’m travelling to America next week.

8 We’re about to fly We fly
9 I’ll receive I receive (^ Bl)
3 I think we will stop using fax machines. (V B1-B3)
4 2 ’ll be 3 ’ll hopefuUy have saved up
travelling
D: Test practice 4 get (when + present simple) 5 ’ll probably have been
Reading traveUing (for a few months = duration) 6 ’ll have visited (by
Questions 1-5: sentence completion then) 1 was going to do 8 ’ll be starting/’m about to start
Test tip: Sentence completion with a box of possible answers is
9 won’t have finished 10 find out (os soon as) (, B1-B5,
similar to matching questions. Scan the passage for the key words Grammar extra)

in the questions and underline or highlight them. Then carefully D: Test practice
read the information close to those words and try to match it to the
Academic Writing Task 2
ideas in the options (A-F). Remember there are more options than
Test tip: Make sure that you read all parts of the question
you need to use. Some of the extra options may not be mentioned
carefuUy and address each point made. Organize your thoughts
at all, or may be the opposite of the information in the passage.
and ideas weU. Do not try to memorize essays. Make sure you
F ( For some careers like medicine and law, it’s essential you have
have at least 40 minutes to spend on this task and try to leave
specific qualifications.) 2 D ( Mature entrants don't always need
time to check you speUing at the end.
formal qualifications 3 E (If you are interested in self development
and meeting people, you should find out who else will he on the
Model answer
course.) 4 B (You might prefer an open or distance learning course Nowadays, most people worry about over-population and living in
if... you're at home looking after pre-school children.) 5 C (... and crowded cities. However, it is predicted that we will have the
want to he a journalist, you could write for the student newspaper or opposite problem by the year 2030 when one third of the
work on the radio) population wiH be aged 65 or over and birth rates are predicted

Questions 6-9: classification to decline. What effect wiU this have on our society?

Test tip: Underline or highlight the key words in the reading passage By 2030 the percentage of the population aged 65 or older will
academic vocational). Carefully read the information nearby and have risen significantly, to more than 30%. This means that fewer
(e.g. ,

try to match the information in the passage to the facts in the people will be working, and therefore fewer people wiU be paying

questions (6-9). Remember the words in the questions will not always income tax. In the future it may be necessary for governments to
match the words in the passage Here you need to decide
exactly.
increase the official retirement age to 70 or even older. When
whether these questions apply to only one type of course or to both.
226
 Key

today’s 30-year-olds are in their sixties it is unlikely that they will 1 D (Corpe Nove has made a prototype skirt that shortens its
...

enjoy the relaxed lifestyle that today’s older generation can sleeves when room temperature rises) 2 G (Nexia Biotechnologies ...

expect when they give up work. Governments will therefore need scientists have caused a stir by manufacturing spider silk from the
to make sure that this older generation is healthy and fit enough milk of genetically engineered goats) 3 C (Nano-Tex can make
...

to continue working. fabrics more durable comfortable,,

wrinkle-free and stain-resistant)
However, I believe the biggest impact will be on the younger 4 A (SchoeUer TextU ... uses nanotechnology to create fabrics that can

generation. In 2030 the younger generation will need to work store or release heat) 5 B (Created in 2003 by Quest International
much harder to support the large number of older people. If this ... and Woolmark ... SPT is a new technique of embedding chemicals
1
trend continues then it is possible that our entire culture will into fabric... Designers could incorporate signature scents into their
collections ... Hay fever sufferers might find relief by pulling on a T-
change. For example, most marketing companies today try to
target the younger generation with their products and shirt = hay fever sufferers would find relief if their medication was
advertisements. If the majority of the population is older then put into the material) 6 F (Developed by Cargill Dow, it is the first
this will change and companies will begin to target the older man-made fibre derived from a 100% annually renewable resource =
generation instead. environmentaUy-ftiendly)

So, what can be done now to prevent these problems? Firstly, I Options E and H are not used; E refers to a material that no one
believe that governments of developed countries should find has made yet (see paragraph 6) and H refers to materials made
5 to encourage people to have larger families and increase the
ways by companies not on this list (see paragraphs 7-9).
birth rate. Secondly, believe that they should encourage
I
Questions 7-14: summary completion
migration from developing countries so that the problems of
Test Read through the summary carefully and try to predict
tip:
over-crowding can be solved.
what type of information you need to find in the passage (e.g. for
Grammar focus task question 7 you will need to find the name of a company). Pay

will have risen 2 will be working 3 will be paying 4 are careful attention to the word limit you are given and make sure
you copy the words correctly.
Unit 7 7 Ingeo (Ingeo’s impact on fashion wiU derive instead from its

emphasis on using natural sustainable resources.) 8 soya bean

[Link]
A: Context listening (Soya bean fibre ... and ventilator than silk and
is a better absorber ,

2 1 A, C, G 2 B 9 weaving (Clunky earlier attempts

retains heat better than wool.)

3 1 room 2 garden 3 transport 4 60 5 week involved attaching electronic components after the normal weaving

6 electricity process.) 10 electronic components 11 battery (powered by a

4 Group 1 nouns are countable; group 2 nouns are uncountable. small battery, Luminex ...) 12 costumes (Costumes made of the
fabric wowed audiences at Verdi’s Aida in Washington DC, last
Other countable nouns: bed, bedside table, bills, desk, garden, ,

lamp, location, mirror, wardrobe, rent, room, types, view, week

year.) 13 of ambitions has remained elusive
fragile (this ultimate
in daily fashion, largely because electronic textiles capable of such
Other uncountable nouns: furniture, transport, electricity
wizardry are still too fragile to wear) 14 accessories / handbags
C: Grammar exercises (Accessories with this chameleon-like capacity -for instance, a

1 2 advice 3 information 4 cakes 5 sizes 6 situations handbag that alters its colour)

7 electricity ( Bl, B2 and Grammar extra)

Grammar focus task
2 2 has come 3 were 4 shows ( data is uncountable)
2C 3 U 4 C 5 U 6 C 7 C 8 C Choice can also be
is included 6 were 7 is 8 was ( Bl and Grammar extra)
uncountable: I don’t have much choice.
3 2 many 3 amount 4 few 5 little (sleep is uncountable)/
few ( hours are countable) 6 much/many 7 little Unit 8
8 number 9 many 10 many 11 much (- B3)
4 2 something (positive statement) 3/4 Few (places is A: Context listening
countable) 5 some/many (positive statement) 6 a few (a 1 environment: climate, global warming, ozone depiction
small quantity) 7 plenty of / a lot of / lots of much is not satellites: fully-equipped, observation, launch, monitoring,
8/9
(

usually used in positive sentences) any (= it does outer space, instrument, operational costs, precise
not matter which time) 10 / (plates is countable) 2 1 in 2002 2 ten/10 3 ERS 1 4 ERS 2
11 No (^ B2 and B3) 5 fifteen/15 years 6 two/2 cups
D: Test practice 3 1 a 2 The 3 the;- 4 this 5 None
Reading 4 1 Sentence 1 = the first time it is mentioned; sentence 2 = the
same satellitewe have just mentioned. 2 We use the with
Questions 1-6: matching
superlatives; we mean scientists in general, not a specific group.
Test tip: Underline or highlight each of the company names listed
3 2.3 billion euros 4 There are more than two countries.
Then read the relevant information for each
(1-6) in the passage.
company carefully and match it to one of the ideas in the box. C: Grammar exercises
Remember there will be more ideas in the box than you need and 1 3 The sun 4 the piano 5 the United Arab Emirates 6 /
that the words in the box will not match the words in the passage 7 by the- bus 8 a doctor 9 the (my) car 10 the river Nile
exactly. 11 / 12 the antiques ( Bl)

227
2 2 X (no article with countries) 3 the (referring back to Borneo 6 C (Running on a treadmill results in forces that are roughly two
which has been mentioned)
just 4 a 5 the (there is only one and a half times the subject’s body weight) 7 A (But using an
sultan of Borneo) 6 the (there is only one eighteenth century) elliptical machine gives forces that are roughly equal to the subject’s

7 X (no article necessary when the name of the university iveight) 8 A (This is much kinder on the body and makes the
comes first) 8 The (the findings of this study)/their (the impact comparable to that of walking) 9 B (when reaching speeds
scientists’ findings) 9 the (the specific differences between this above 14 kilometres per hour or so, running on firm ground uses up
DNA) 10 the (the elephant populations already mentioned) substantially more calories, and therefore leads to a greater reduction
11 the (the scientists mentioned earlier = biologists) 12 the in weight, than running on a treadmill - or using an elliptical

(the island of Borneo) 13 a (not mentioned before and only machine.) 10 B (running on firm ground creates a greater force
one of many which have occurred) 14 an (used to classify this on the body's joints than using machines)
group of elephants) ( Bl)
Grammar focus task
3 2 people’s (people in general) 3 interviews (not referred to
1 the parents of the current generation of people
before and plural) 4 questionnaires (not referred to before
2 relying on cars and other machines and eating fast food
and plural) 5 our (data for our survey) 6 Both (only two
3 the fact that people have poor health so are looking for answers
methods) 7 these (referring to something just mentioned)
4 45 million Americans 5 elliptical cross trainer
8 neither (only two arc mentioned) 9 Our findings (not
6 in respect of the impact on the body 7 running to gym
findings in general but the ones we got from our survey)
1 10 This (the idea just referred to: people like to take holidays in
Unit 9
thesummer) 11 the people 12 the survey (the one
previously mentioned) 13 Beach holidays (in general not A: Context listening
specific ones)
15 France
14 Spain (no article with countries)
16 Most (more than two were surveyed)
21A2B3A4B5C6A7C
3 1 you; mine 2 she; herself 3 me 4 1; we; they
17 Each (jierson is singular; would need to say all of the
it
5 myself 6 you; yourself 7 themselves 8 yours
people) 18 every ( all here means ‘the whole year’) 19 The
4 I, you, she, we, they; me, you; myself, yourself, herself,
price of the holiday ( holiday = thing, not person or animal)
themselves; mine, yours
(, B1-B4)

[Link]
4 2 Both 3 neither 4 Every (Each) 5 this (that) C: Grammar exercises
6 that (this) 7 my 8 their 9 That 10 none 1 2 themselves (these bats) 3 their 4 they 5 their
11 those /these (> B2-B4) 6 their 7 its (the bat) 8 its 9 it 10 itself
11 their (all bats) 12 they 13 their 14 themselves (- Bl
D: Test practice
and B2)
Listening
2 Dear Liz
Questions 1-5: multiple choice (one and multiple answers)
I’m sorry I haven’t emailed you for a while. I’m really busy
Test tip: Read all the questions carefully before you listen.
with my moment. My course is going well and
studies at the
Underline or highlight any key information or words that you
I’m enjoying my course it a lot. ITie trouble is that my course
need to listen for (e.g. for question 1 you need to listen for
ittakes up all my time. How is your course yours going?
information about Europe). Make sure you read the instructions
I hope you will be able to visit me soon. I’d like you to meet
carefully (e.g. for questions 3and 4 you need to write two letters).
my friends. My best friend here is Paul. Paul He lives in the
Use the questions to help you find your way through the listening
flat next to my flat mine, and usually eat most of my meals
I
text. If you miss an answer, just move on to the next one.
with -Paul him. At the moment I’m doing most of the cooking
C (health -club membership has doubled there as well) 2 A (even
though, because Paul he had an accident last week. One of
if people today ate no more than the previous generation, they would
the reasons for the accident is connected to some changes at
still be getting fatter) 3 &4 B, C (So what exactly has brought
the university recently. The university authorities They have
about thus change in fitness levels ? ... We can blame the carand
decided that students shouldn’t be allowed to bring cars up to
other such machines ... On top of this, the changes in how and where
the campus, so more and more of the stu dents us are cycling.
we work have reduced the amount of daily calories people actually
Because of this new rule, Paul was riding his bicycle to the
need.) 5 B (an exercise machine that did not even exist a decade
university. While he was cycling along a car driver drove into
ago - the elliptical cross trainer ... delivers an elliptical or swinging
the back of his bike. The car driver He didn’t stop to check if*

motion, mth both the hands and feet tracing semi-circular patterns -
Paul was okay. Luckily Paul- he was not badly hurt and
the feet on two moving platforms rather than bicycle pedals, and the
managed to pick up his bike and get to the doctor’s surgery.
hands gripping handles that move hut are not meant to support any
The doctor said his finger was probably broken and strapped
weight, which is important as there is no seat)
his finger it up, so he can’t hold anything in his right hand at
Questions 6-10: classification the moment and Paul he can’t really cook for Paul- himself.
Test tip: Listen carefully for the key words (e.g. treadmill, elliptical Anyway, he'd like to meet you, so we must arrange a time for
and match what you hear to the ideas in
trainer, running/road) you to come here.
the questions. Remember the words in the questions will not Get in touch soon. Love Sandy (> Bl and B2)
match the words in the recording exactly. 3 2 they 3 they 4 It 5 it 6 it (= to understand this is

difficult) 7 its 8 themselves 9 they 10 There (^ B1-B3)

228
 Key

4 2 it is 3 it (= for people to recycle their waste) C: Grammar exercises

4 their ( households = plural) 5 it (= the government making 1 3 tall 4 interesting wild animals 5 blue and
old trees
a new law) 6 you (= everyone in general) 7 It is not yellow stripes 6 dark wooden floor a beautiful 7/8
practical to 8 themselves (people in general) 9 it
do this. ancient ruined castle 9/10
narrow and winding ( and is
(to avoid repeating something) 10 the ones 11 they (to needed because the adjectives come after the noun)
avoid repeating the government) 12 There 13 it easier for 11 busy and noisy 12 happy childhood memories Bl)
(
people to recycle 14 they B1-B3)
(
2 impressively; slightly; steadily, sharply, steep (' B2)
D: Test practice 2a impressive b impressively
Academic Writing Task 2 3a dramatically b dramatic
4a steadily b steady 5a steeply; sharply b steep; sharp
Test tip: Make
sure that you read all parts of the question
(. Bl and B2)
carefully and address each point made. Organize your thoughts
and ideas well. Do not try to memorize essays. Make sure you 3 2 surprising -b 3 frightened -g 4 satisfying -e
have at least 40 minutes to spend on this task and try to leave 5 interested - h 6 relaxing - d 7 exciting - a 8 tired - f

time at the end to check your spelling. (> Bl)

4 2 work hard 3 often say 4 take action immediately
Model answer
5 really important 6 act responsibly 7 can install easily
There is always going to be a discussion about the amount of 8 work well 9 safely inside 10 absolutely essential B2)
(:

money that is spent on space exploration. Scientific studies of the

moon and the planets may provide information that is useful for D: Test practice
us on earth. However, some people believe this cannot justify the Reading
huge amount of money spent on space research when there is a Questions 1-8: multiple matching
greater need for it here.
Test tip: Read the questions (1-8) carefully to identify the kind of
In the past, different countries used space exploration to compete information you need to find; simply scanning the text for a key
with each other. For example, theUS and the USSR raced each word is not enough. Remember the words in the questions will
other to seewho could put a man on the moon first. It would not always match the words in the passage exactly.

[Link]
have been much easier and cheaper if they had pooled resources
1 A ( and an outdoor theatre hosts dance and drama performances
and information, and made a joint expedition into space. on weekends) 2 B (displays rare specimens of animals ores, and
,

Fortunately, nowadays this is happening more and more, and

species of insects ... shellfish, insects, butterflies and birds)
thus less money overall is being wasted. 3 E (This is the sole museum in Korea dedicated to sports = the only
Nevertheless, some critics believe that all money given to space one) 4 C (Audio guides, touch screens, and video rooms all help to
exploration is wasted. They argue that if the millions of dollars bring the ancient world alive here) 5 D (this museum is located on
spent on space research were put into health and education the former site of Kyonghee-gung palace) 6 A (Recently, a time
programmes around the world, many lives would be significantly capsule containing 600 items representing the lifestyle of modern-day
improved. It is certainly likely that if this money were invested in people of Seoul was buried to celebrate the city’s 600th anniversary.
crop development in different parts of the world, we could save In 2394, it will be opened!) 7 C (housing art and archaeological
many more lives in countries where people do not have enough relics from Korean prehistory) 8 D (the museum offers art courses
food. It is very difficult to argue against these criticisms. every Friday)
In my opinion, we need a balance betweenhow much money is
Question 9-14: identification of writer’s views (Yes / No / Not
spent on space exploration and how much money is invested into
Given)
solving problems here on earth. With continued co-operation
Test tip: Yes means the ideas or opinions in the statement match
between nations over space travel more will be achieved for less
the ideas or opinions in the passage. No means that the ideas or
money. This should leave more money to be spent on problems at
opinions in the statement are incorrect and do not match the
home.
ideas or opinions in the passage. Not Given means that these ideas
Grammar focus task are not mentioned in the passage.
1C2A3B4E5D 9 No 49 companies that sell or make rucksacks; few has a
(...

negative meaning) 10 Yes (consider what you want your rucksack

Unit 10 for) 11 Not given (We are only told that the writer has a
backpack and that it is big enough: My current backpack is a
A: Context listening
Craghopper AD30 (30 litres) which is just big enough. There is no
2 The man visited Morocco, Turkey and India. information about how comfortable it is.) 12 No (Today you can
3 1 Morocco 2 3 Turkey 4 boat
historical buildings get quite technically advanced backpacks boasting excellent features:
5 local crafts 6 Turkish carpet 7 India 8 Museum ... clever ventilation systems to keep your back cool) 13 Yes (choose
9 Indian silk 10 (more) remote 11 colourful 12 spiders a backpack that fits the length of your back. Being six feet I need a
4 historical; beautiful; good; local; Turkish; Gujarati; great; long, thin rucksack rather than a short, wider one.) 14 Yes (Last,

Indian; silk; remote; incredible; colourful; poisonous and probably least, we have the look of the sack to consider)

229
 1

Grammar focus task Grammar focus task

a frequency b manner c time d intensity e place greater than 2 fewer; the greatest 3 slightly more;
significantly higher than 4 as many 5 three times longer
Unit 11
Unit 12
A: Context listening
3 1 T 2 F Runners aged 50 and over are actually speeding up A: Context listening
more rapidly that younger people. 3 F Women aged 60-68 2 The study showed that there were more fish in areas with
3
running the New York marathon run on average four minutes rubbish. The team decided to put rubbish back into some
faster each year. 4 F They are just as likely to achieve their areas of the harbour.
peak fitness as younger athletes. 5 T 3 lh 2c 3 g 4 f 5a 6 e 7b 8 d
4 faster and fitter; less rapidly than; two minutes faster; less 4 noun + preposition: sea tulips with bright red bodies; the
likely than; weaker; less active than 1 sentence 1 (fitter, rubble of the past; other possible sites with submerged
faster ) sentence 4 (likely, younger) sentence 5 ( weaker active ; , rubbish
younger) 2 sentence 2 ( rapidly sentence 3 (faster) noun + past participle: the areas cleared of rubbish
3 Faster is both an adjective and an adverb. noun + -ing. other debris lying on the sea floor
noun + m-infinitive: a decision to expand our study
C: Grammar exercises
1 2 the smallest 3 better (best) 4 more effective C: Grammar exercises
5 the most exciting 6 braver 7 happier 8 most expensive 1 2 of 3 in 4 of 5 for 6 of 7 to 8 on 9 in
9 heavier ( Bl) 10 with (, Bl)
2 3 friendlier / 4 hotter 5 colder (and colder)
more friendly 2 1 working; moving 2 buying; produced; grown
6 not as good as 8 more delicious 9 the best
7 spicier concerning; made; manufactured; resulting ( B2 and B3)
10 not as expensive 11 earlier 12 more quickly 3 2 The number of people buying their own home is increasing.
13 The longer 14 the faster ( Bl and B2) 3 The proposal made by the education department was
5 more We have computer software

[Link]
3 2 fewer 3 most 4 twice 6 less rejected by the government. 4
7 lowest/smallest 8 highest/biggest/largest/greatest to predict (for predicting) earthquakes. 5 A new dictionary
9 significantly/considerably (much/far) 10 as containing more words than ever before is about to be
11 slightly/even ( Bl, B3 and B4) published. 6 My favourite novel is a story based on the
4 2 more silver medals as than gold 3 / 4 the second high author’s own experience. (V B1-B3)
highest 5 less fewer silver medals than gold medals 4 I recently had a wonderful holiday in Crete with my friends.
6 more good better than 7 as well as 8 -more (much) lower When we arrived we saw a bus wai ting to take us to our hotel.
9 significantly more successful 10 two more gold medals The hotel was nice with good views of the sea. The location
that than 11 / 12 the worse worst (
* B1-B4) was also very good with lots to do nearby. There are lots of

Minoan sites to visit. It’s a lovely island with bea utiful

D: Test practice
be aches We spent our time sightseeing, lying on the beach
.

Academic Writing Task 1

and walking. Actually, it was the walking that I liked best. We
Test tip: Make sure you read all of the information provided very did one amazing walk thr ough the Samarian Gorge. It took all
carefully. [Link] at the statistical information you are given and day, but was well worth it. We saw a snake curled up on a
choose the most important features. Look for data which is the rock. And lots of lizards and birds. We got really hot and were
same or similar and features which show important differences or very tired when we arrived at the beach at the end of the long
changes. walk. It was great to see the sea sparkling in the sun. We ran
Model answer into the water to cool down. It was the best holiday ever.

(> B1-B3)
The chart provides a summary of the average number of hours
married men and women work every day both inside and outside D: Test practice
of the home. In both age groups shown, the total number of
Reading
hours worked by married women is greater than the total number
Questions 1-5: multiple choice
of hours worked by men. Whilst women aged 45 to 64 may work
Test tip: all the questions and options and underline or
Read
fewer hours inside the home, they work the greatest number of
hours per day due to the extra hours of paid work that they do.
highlight any important information or key words that you need
to find in the passage. Use the questions to locate the relevant
Men aged 25 to 44 spend only slightly more time working outside
part of the reading passage. If you cannot find an answer, just
of the home than men aged 45 to 64, but this figure is
move on to the next one and come back to this one later.
significantly higher than the number of hours of paid work that
women of the same age do. 1 D ( the more paper qualifications you hold and the higher your
grades, the less able you are to cope ivith problems of everyday life
Women in the 25 to 44 age group work almost as many hours
and the lower your score in practical intelligence) 2 C ( Deficit
inside the home as outside, and there is only a slight difference in
refers back to the final idea mentioned in paragraph 3: some high
the 45 to 64 age group. However, men work on average three
times longer outside of the home than inside.

230
 Key

scorers failed to achieve in real life what was predicted by their tests) 3 2 Their jobs at the temple may/might/could have provided
3 D ( Instead of asking what intelligence was and investigating 3 they may/might/could have grown 4 she
whether it predicted success in life, Professor Sternberg asked what may/might/could have been 5 she must have worried
distinguished people who were
thriving from those that were not.) 6 she could not (cannot) have imagined (\ B3)
4 C ( high achievers are often unable to articulate or define what 4 Almost every family has a television these days, and many
they know) 5 A ( Training new or less capable employees to become children watch a whole range of programmes every day. Some
more practically intelligent will involve learning from the genuinely people believe that television is- can be harmful to children,
practically intelligent rather than from training manuals or courses) saying that it influences m av/can influence behaviour in a
negative way.
Questions 6-12: classification
Test tip: Underline or highlight the key words in the reading There are a lot of programmes on television that are not
educational and that contain violence and bad language.
passage (e.g. IQ, EQ, practiced intelligence). Carefully read the
1
information nearby and try to match the information in the passage However, watching violence on television encourages can/may

to the facts in the questions (6-12). Remember the words in the

encourage violent behaviour in children. This is-may_be true

questions will not always match the words in the passage exactly.
in cases of children who have already exhibited violent
3 tendencies, but it isnlt-can’t be true of all children, otherwise
6 C (most older adults contend that their ability to solve practical
we would have an epidemic of child crime. It is also argued
problems increases over the years) 7 B (EQ includes the abilities to
thatbad language on television e ncour ages can/may
... understand
2 and empathize with others) 8 C (practical
enco urage the same in children.
intelligence is scored by answers 9 A (IQ as
to real-life dilemmas)
a concept more than 100 years old the text also tells us that the However, overall I believe that restricting the viewing of
is ;

EQ and practical intelligence tests were devised after the IQ test) children to mainly educational programmes shown at a time

10 C (the best way to reach practical intelligence is to ask successful of daywhen there is no violence or bad language wffl-
people to relate examples of crucial incidents at work where they
overcome may overcome any risks of television being a bad
solved problems demonstrating skills they had learnt while doing
influence. (> B1-B4)
their jobs) 11 B (EQ includes the abilities to ... regulate moods and D: Test practice
keep distress from swamping the ability to think) 12 C (in practical

[Link]
Listening
intelligence tests - as in real life - there are several different solutions
Questions 1-10: summary completion
to the problem)
Test Read through the information in the summary carefully
tip:
Grammar focus task before you listen and try to predict what type of information you
record numbers of high school students; top grades in their need to hear. Pay careful attention to the word limit and check
final exams; expert on intelligence; the existence of a totally new your spelling at the end.
variety 2 the only explanation offered; a study just published 1 clothing ( initially it was only ever used on clothing) 2 modern
;

3 the basic skills to succeed (the use of soap for personal hygiene was unheard of until fairly
recently and this is considered to be a relatively modem notion)
13 practical skills (what these people lacked in technology they
certainly made up for in practical skills) 4 wealthy (soap would
A: Context listening
most likely have only been available in the wealthy communities)
2 The newspaper headline refers to a patient with amnesia that
5 Iron Age (there is no real evidence that the British colonies of the
the doctors are discussing.
Iron Age had access to 6 written texts (we have
such a product)
3 1 F He remember his personal details.
couldn’t had to rely almost entirely on written texts for our discoveries)
F He could have come from Yorkshire. 3 T 4 T 7 wool (The first known written mention of soap was on Sumerian
5 F Joe thinks he could have been married. 6 F He’s been clay tablets dating from about 2500 BC. The tablets spoke of the use
able to find his parents. 7 F She thinks that he must have
of soap in the washing of wool.) 8 vegetables (Egyptians ... made
hit his head. 8 F She thinks he could make a total recovery.
soap by combining alkaline salts and oil which they extracted from
4 Ability: could; couldn’t; be able to vegetables) 9 metal blade (they reached a steamy room where dirt
Certainty and impossibility: will; must; can’t was sweated out and scraped away with a metal blade) 10 soap
Possibility: could; might factory (During the excavation of Pompeii, a city that was buried
under the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, an entire soap factory was
C: Grammar exercises
revealed)
1 2 was able to / could (could is more natural) 3 managed to
(could is not used to talk about a specific occasion) 4 didn’t Grammar focus task
manage to / couldn’t 5 can/ will be able to (can is being 1 may be able to find (possibility) 2 must have provided
used to give permission) 6 can (it sometimes happens) (possibility) 3 could have discovered (ability) 4 might have
7 managed to 8 will be able to / will manage to 9 was observed (possibility) 5 have been able to make (ability)
able to 0 B1-B2)
2 2a 3a 4b 5b 6a 7b 8b (we do not use could
not for possibility) (% B2-B3)

231
1

Questions 7-13: identification of information in the text (True /

7
Unit 14
False / Not Given)
A: Context listening Test tip: True means the ideas or opinions in the statement

They discuss transport, languge lessons, work permits and match the ideas or opinions in the passage. False means that the
accommodation. ideas or opinions in the statement are incorrect and do not match

3 1 ’ll need to allow 2 should try to use 3 ’ll have to learn the ideas or opinions in the passage. Not Given means that these

4 should always carry 5 ’ll need 6 have to get ideas are not mentioned in the passage.

mustn’t dress 8 needn’t buy 9 ought to take 7 False (the material you cover is the same as in the courses offered
4 strong obligation or necessity: mustn’t, have to, need on campus) 8 Not given (There is no information about how
study materials will be delivered. Although there is a shipping
advice or suggestions: should, ought to
no obligation or necessity: needn’t, don’t need to and handling fee, we do not know if this relates to posting course
materials, and some materials may be delivered online.) 9 False
C: Grammar exercises (AH Independent Study students must purchase a Study Guide) 10
1 2 must not 3 have to (a fixed appointment = external False (This fee entitles a student to free replacement copies ofend-of-
obligation) 4 didn’t need to go (1 did not go) 5 must course documentation for life.) 11 False (A course can be finished
(formal notice) 6 mustn’t (don’t have to « it is not necessary) in a minimum of two weeks per module) 12 True (... and must be
7 had to (past tense) 8 have to / must (must is more natural 6
finished in a maximum offour weeks) 13 True (Modules cannot
if this is a written instruction) 9 11 have to 10 needn’t always be completed in the minimum amount of time.)
have worried (I did worry) B1 8t B2)
1
2 1 won’t have to / needn’t / don’t need to 2 has to / must /
Grammar focus task
needs to 3 Do you have to; didn’t have to; had to 1 must (obligation) 2 must (obligation) 3 need to (necessity)
4 didn’t have to / didn’t need to; will have to 5 mustn’t; 4 should (advice) 5 need to (necessity)
have to; do you really have to 6 have to; have to; should /

must ( B1-B3) Unit 15

3 3 must to encourage 4 / 5 also should should also A: Context listening
6/7/8

[Link]
reduce 9 must had to walk
ought to try
2 He mentions voluntary redundancy and good business sense.
(past tense) 10 should trying try 11 will must have to
3 1 ’ll be offering 2 hope 3 Are these cuts 4 hasn’t been
make / must make 12 mustn’t don’t have to make / needn’t
doing 5 has 6 are you saying 7 are not
make / don’t need to make (> B1-B4)
8 decided to change
4 2 have to consider (ought to consider) 3 have to have
4 1 announced 2 hoped 3 asked 4 denied 5 said
4 ought to work 5 don’t have to travel 6 ought to learn
6 claimed 7 assured 8 promised
7 mustn’t shout 8 must always walk 9 ought to find out
10 do you have to arrange 11 have to have 12 ought to 5 Reporting verbs are used to indicate the way in which things

organise (have to organise) (, B1-B4) were said in Exercise 4. There are changes in tense, word
order and pronouns.
D: Test practice
C: Grammar exercises
Reading
1 2 (that) I was doing it the following 3 (me) if I felt
Questions 1-6: multiple matching
4 that her classes had been 5 me (that) I'd made
Test tip: Read the questions (1-6) carefully to identify the kind of
7 me not to 8 (that) I’d worked
(that) I was feeling
information you need to find; simply scanning the text for a key
9 (that) I thought Fd be 10 was doing (v Bl, B3 and B4)
word is not enough (e.g. bicycles are mentioned several times in
2 2 urge 3 reminded 4 complained 5 suggested
the passage but question 3 asks you to find information about
6 insisted 7 refused 8 apologised 9 advised
keeping a bicycle secure). Remember the words in the questions
10 warned B2)
will not always match the words in the passage exactly.
3 2 encouraged students to take out 3 -did I want
D (In the case of a pupil being absent from school, please
if/whether I wanted 4 that they should to vote
telephone on the first day in all instances) 2 F
(If a pupil appears
5 making to make 6 promised to mark 7 going to go
to be doing too little work, parents should contact the form teacher at
8 were my hobbies my hobbies were 9 complained about
once.) 3 J (Any bicycles brought onto school grounds should be
the quality 10 announced about the changes
clearly labelled with the owner's name and must be left locked in the
11 to pay on paying 12 would 1 1 would (^ B2 8c B4)
bicycle sheds provided .) 4 C (The school stongly disapproves of
pupils taking paid employment.) 5 G (Homework can be excused
4 2 encouraged me to apply for the job. 3 refused to help me.

and approval by the teacher concerned of a

4 agreed to go to the meeting. 5 denied causing (having
only after the receipt
6 H (During the
caused) the accident. I that he had caused the accident.
letter from a parent setting out the reasons.)

holidays the school and its grounds are out-of-bounds for all pupils,
6 apologised for losing my application form. 7 asked why
unless accompanied by a teacher.)
there aren’t (weren't) many poisonous snakes in Britain.
8 asked if (whether) I was going to the lecture the next day. /
if I’m going to the lecture tomorrow. 9 she suggested (that)
I have (had) a day off. 10 persuaded Dan to go (come) to
the theatre with her. (V B1-B4)

232
 Key

D: Test practice 3 3/4 tried very hard to please 5 have made me feel
1
Listening 6 made me want will stop making7/8
9 /
10 don’t mind working 11 / 12 doesn’t force them to
Questions 1-3: sentence completion
teach 13 / 14 let their students decide (^ B1-B4)
Test tip: Try to identify the type of information you need before
4 2 did not 3 finished (had finished) talking
feel like waiting
you 2 you need to listen for a date, or for
listen (e.g. for question
4 tried to find 6 saw me standing
5 failed to do
question 3 you need to listen for a place). Pay careful attention to
7 needed (had needed) to send 8 carried on looking
the word limit and check your spelling at the end.
9 have bothered to write 10 started eating / to eat
(columns of) (hot) air (They actually work by using the sun to
11 considered leaving 12 expected him to get
make columns of hot air that rise upwards through the centre of the
13 hope to receive 14 advise you to give ( B1-B4)
tower.) 2 seventeenth/17th century (The first time solar energy
was produced was in the seventeenth century) D: Test practice
3 Spain (he chose Spain to build the first tower) Reading
Questions 4-8: flowchart completion Questions 1-6: identification of information in the text (True /

Completing a flowchart similar to completing notes. Read False / Not Given)

Test tip: is

through the flowchart carefully before you listen and try to predict Test tip: True means the ideas or opinions in the statement

what type of information you need to hear (e.g. for questions 4 and 5 match the ideas or opinions in the passage. False means that the
you need to listen for a type of material). Pay careful attention to the ideas or opinions in the statement are incorrect and do not match

word
2 limit and check your spelling at the end. the ideas or opinions in the passage. Not Given means that these

4 concrete (Theyre constructed out of high-strength concrete) ideas are not mentioned in the passage.

5 plastic (a sunlight collector which is basically a large sheet of plastic) 1 True (understanding how consumers make decisions and the

6 greenhouse (it acts like a greenhouse) 7 rises (this hot air rises crucial role of packaging in this process, has been a neglected area of
1
up the chimney or the tower and drives the turbines at the top) research so far) 2 True (heuristic processing ... is based on very
8 two hundred / 200 (it can generate 200 megawatts of power) simple rules: ... choose what a trusted source suggests) 3 False
1
(heuristic processing ... requires comparatively little effort ...

Questions 9-10: multiple choice (multiple answers)

[Link]
l
systematic processing involves *
much deeper levels of thought ... This
Test tip: Read all the questions carefully before you listen.
form of thinking, which is both analytical and conscious, involves
Underline or highlight any key information or words that you much more mental effort.) 4 Not given (the text does not give us
need to listen for. Some of the options may not be mentioned at any information about who developed this concept) 5 True
all; others will be incorrect. Pay attention to how many choices (‘systematic processing involves
>
... taking account of the product
you need to make (here you need to choose two letters).
information, including its price, its perceived quality and so on)
9 and 10 B, E in any order (One problem they do have is that a lot 6 False (Under heuristic processing, for example, consumers may
of the energy in the sunlight is lost in the form of heat from the simply need to be able to distinguish the pack from those of
collector ... keeping them stable is another drawback) competitors.)

Grammar
10 focus task Questions 7-8: multiple choice
Suggested answers: 1 asked 2 explained 3 denied Test tip: Read all the questions and options and underline or
4 admitted 5 insisted highlight any important information or key words that you need
to find in the [Link] the questions to locate the relevant
Unit 16 part of the reading passage. If you cannot find an answer, just
move on to the next one and come back to this one later.
A: Context listening
7 D (testing the effectivenessof your packaging can be ineffective if
1 She wants to work in a zoo or a safari park.
the methods you are employing concern one form of thinking ... but
2 1 She is doing a diploma course in animal management. your consumers are purchasing in the other mode) 8 A (getting
She enjoys feeding the animals most. 3 She has overcome consumers to change brands may involve developing packaging that
a fear of snakes. includes information that does stimulate systematic processing)
3 1 to do 2 to study 3 working 4 taking 5 cleaning
Questions 9-13: summary completion
6 treat 7 handle 8 feeling 9 to do 10 bark; to be
11 to work
Test tip: Notice that the summary has a tide; this helps you to locate
the part of the text being summarized. Read through the
4 1 decide, choose, remember, tell, would like 2 start, prefer,
information in the summary carefully and try to predict what type
not mind, remember 3 let, make, hear,
of information you need to find in the passage. Pay careful attention
Remember can be followed by either the fo-infinitive or -ing.
to the word limit and make sure you copy the words correcdy.
C: Grammar exercises 9 advantages / characteristics (A crucial role of packaging in this

1 2 to add 3 to have 4 to do 5 to finish 6 working / to situation is to communicate the characteristics of the product,
work 7 writing / to write 8 to complete 9 to get highlighting its advantages over possible competitors.) 10 situation
to show 11 putting 12 to be 13 to email (
people only engage in effort-demanding systematic processing when the

14 to remember (, B1 and B3) situation justifies it) 11 information (people have an upper limit to

2 2 looking 3 to become 4 cleaning 5 falling the amount of information they can absorb. If we present too much,
therefore, they will become confused. This, in turn, is likely to lead them
6 not to worry 7 to take 8 to renew 9 rising
10 to bring (* B3)
233
to disengage and choose something else.)
1
12 ingredients (wifl not be annual yields of 50 to 60 pods per tree for 25 to 30 years) 9 C (In
able to deal with things they do not already understand, the ingredients 1753, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus gave the cacao tree
offood products, for example) 13 simple (Our research has genus the name Theobroma)
differentiated between people with a high need for thinking - who
Questions 10-13: notes completion
routinely engage in analytical thinking - and those low in the need for
Test tip: Read through the notes carefully and try to predict what
cognition, who prefer to use very simple forms of thinking.)
type of information you need to find in the passage (e.g. for

Grammar focus task question 12 you need to identify a farming method). Pay careful
developing 2 looking at; thinking about 3 to be able to attention to the word limit and make sure you copy the words
4 to be able to 5 to be 6 thinking 7 making 8 to change; correctly.

developing; to challenge 10 disease (try to address this problem by establishing disease

resistant plants) 11 (local) middlemen (Most are at the mercy of
Unit 17 local middlemen who buy the beans then sell them for a much higher
price to the chocolate manufacturers. If the situation is to improve for
A: Context listening farmers, these people need to be removed from the process.)
2 They talk about a car, travelling and investing the money. 12 sustainable (ensure that sustainable farming practices are used)
3 lc 2 h 3 f 4a 5 g 6b 7 d 8 e 13 profits (Typically, farmers who grow cacao get a pittance for
1
4 provided that; unless; as long as their beans compared with the profits reaped by the rest of the
None of the sentences refer to events in the past. chocolate business ... They also need to empower the farmers by
guaranteeing them a higher price for their beans so that they will be
C: Grammar exercises encouraged to grow beans and can maintain their way of life.)
1 2 e 3b 4 d 5f 6h 7a 8 g (> Bl and B2)
Grammar focus task
2 1 became; were (was); ’d hate 2 didn’t have; wouldn’t know;
1 scoop 2 let 3 dry 4 roast 5 happens 6 become
don’t find (can’t find); ’ll find; will save; do 3 will surprise; are

used to 4 kept; ’d take; don’t have; ’ll have to B2 and B3) 7 grind 8 press 9 will obtain
(;

3/4

[Link]
3 2 don’t have will probably 5 start 6 have
7 isn’t 8/9
wouldn’t be able 10 / 11 met
Unit 18
12 might not happen (may not happen) 13 need 14 help A: Context listening
(, B1-B3) 1 Simon regrets buying a new car because it has cost him a lot
4 2 As long as 3 unless 4 unless 5 in case 6 as long as of money.
7 Provided that 8 When 9 if 10 unless (' B4)
21F2T3T4F5F
D: Test practice 3 1 *d bought; wouldn’t have needed 2 wouldn’t be; hadn’t
Reading almost doubled 3 *d waited; *d have managed 4 ’d
listened; would have happened 5 ’d taken; *d own
Questions 1-3: multiple choice
4 1 past perfect; past time 2 sentences 1,3 and 4; would have
Test dp: Read all the questions and options and underline or
+ past participle 3 sentences 2 and 5; would + infinitive
highlight any important information or key words that you need
without to
to find in the passage. Use the questions to locate the relevant
part of the reading passage. If you cannot find an answer, just C: Grammar exercises
move on to the next one and come back to this one later. 1 2 would (might) have got 3 would (might) have received
C (its sweet white buds hang from and along a few fat
the trunk 4 ’d made 5 would (might) have been 6 ’d planned
branches) 2 B ( using temporary plantings of banana to shade the 7 ’d prepared 8 would (might) have restricted 9 ’d
cacao while it's young) 3 A (In the United States, for example, started 10 wouldn’t have been 11 hadn’t left 12 would
imported cacao is the linchpin of an $8.6 billion domestic chocolate (might) have been able 13 ’d come 14 would (could) have
industry that in turn supports the nation's dairy and nut industries.) helped (* Bl)

Questions 4-9: locating information 2 2 had been any germs 3 wouldn’t have abandoned his
research 4 hadn’t seen Fleming’s research papers 5 hadn’t
Test tip: Scan the passage for relevant information, and then check
worked with RAF 6 wouldn’t have decided
that it matches the question exactly (e.g. for question 4 you need to
Remember that the 7 wouldn’t have failed 8 hadn’t opposed Bl)
find a list of countries or places, not just one).
words in the passage may paraphrase the words in the questions. 3 2 would you done would you have done 3 am starting
would be starting 4 would have kept had kept
4 E (from South America and the Caribbean to West Africa, east
5 didn’-t have hadn’t had 6 was very excited *d be very excited
Asia, and New Guinea and Vanuatu in the Pacific) 5 H (One such
7 might make might have made 8 will be would be
disease, touches broom, devastated the cacao plantations in the Bahia
region of Brazil) 6 C (which they frothed up with water and spices 9 didn’t maks wouldn’t have made 10 didn’t go hadn’t gone
to make bracing concoctions) 7 D (In the last 200 years the bean 0 Bl and B2)
has been thoroughly democratized - transformed from an elite drink 4 2 wish you’d asked 3 wish I hadn’t chosen (shouldn’t have

into ubiquitous candy bars, cocoa powders and confections. Today chosen); should have chosen 4 wish I’d studied 5 wish
chocolate is becoming popular with new markets opening up in he’d stop 6 should have let 7 wish I had 8 wish it
Eastern Europe and Asia.) 8 F (groves like this may produce would stop 9 wish I hadn’t done (shouldn’t have done)
10 shouldn’t have told (> B3 and B4)

234
 Key

D: Test practice C: Grammar exercises

Reading 1 2 A 3 C 4 C 5 B 6B 7A 8 B (, B1 &B2)
1
Questions 1-8: classification 2 2 amongst between 3 about for 4 / 5 to at 6 to for
Test tip: Underline or highlight the key words in the reading 7 about of 8 in by 9 at with 10 11 in on
passage (e.g. giant panda, spectacled bear). Carefully read the 12 in at (, Bl, B3 8t B4)
information nearby and try to match the information in the 3 2 bad for 4 depend on (rely on)
3 effect on
6
passage to the facts in the questions (1-8). Remember the words in 5 obsessed with 6 true for 7 worried about
the questions will not always match the words in the passage 8 choose between/from 9 rely on (depend on) ( B1-B3)
exactly. Here you need to decide whether these facts apply to only 4 2 for 3 by 4 for 5 about 6 for/of 7 for 8 at 9 of
one animal or to both. 10 with 11 by 12 of 13 for 14 of (:- B1-B4)
A ( the giant panda has evolved a sixth digit 2 B ( The spectacled
D: Test practice
bear is a more frequent climber ... They also construct tree nests to act
as a bed.) 3 C Both are survivors of an ancient lineage dating back Listening
(

18 million years) 4 B (Spectacled bears are highly adaptable and Questions 1-2: multiple choice
are found in a unde range of habitats including rainforest dry forest ,
Test tip: Read all the questions carefully before you listen.

and coastal scrub desert.) 5 A ( They (giant pandas) also both have Underline or highli gh t any key information or words that you need
a distinctive cry which they use to communicate with others in their to listen for(e.g. How far away is the nearest big town to Greenville 7)

group. Here the giant panda is being compared to the red panda.) Use the questions to help you find your way through the listening
1
C ( They (giant pandas) feed mainly on the ground but are capable text If you miss an answer, just move on to the next one.
of climbing trees as well. The spectacled bear is a more frequent 1 C (but emergency services have to drive 500 kilometres to reach us
climber) 7 C ( the giant panda supplements its diet with meat which from the closest large town) 2 B (thanks to the arrival of Doctor Jones
it scavenges. Spectacled bears eat carrion, too, and some have been we no
earlier this year, longer have to drive so far if anyone gets sick)
known to kill small calves) 8 A (the red panda, a member of the
Questions 3-10: notes completion
raccoon family The giant panda shares many physical
...

characteristics with the red panda) Test tip: Read through the notes carefully before you listen and try

[Link]
5 to predict what type of information you need to hear (e.g. for
Questions 9-13: sentence completion question 6 you will need to listen for a measurement, or for
Test dp: First identify the type of information you need to find question 10 you will need to listen for a month or date). Pay careful
(e.g. for question 1 you need to find out why a giant panda cats attention to the word limit and check your spelling at the end.
constantly). It may help to turn the sentences into questions (e.g.
3 contact / call / telephone (Well, immediately after the storm has
what do spectacled bears build to help them reach their food?) passed, the first thing you need to do is call the national weather
Make sure you stick to the word limit. station.) 4 report card that you simply have to complete what
(After
9 carnivore (This is rather strange given that its physiology is typical they call a report card) 5 (local) (news)papcr (keep an eye out for
of a carnivore) 10 digest (A panda manages to digest only about any reports in the localnewspaper of storms or storm damage. You
17% of the bamboo it eats) 11 hibernate (Unable to store fat need to cut these out and send them in as well.) 6 two centimetres /
effectively, it continues eating in the bitterly cold winter at a time ;
when 2cm (report any that is two centimetres in diameter or bigger)
many other bears hibernate.) 12 (tree) nests / platforms / a (tree) 7 large/big trees (They also need to know about damage caused by
nest / a platform (They also construct tree nests to act as a bed as well high winds, especially if it uproots large trees . ... restrict it to those big
as a platform to feed from fruit-laden branches.) 13 eye patches (Tn enough to cause a problem, especially on our roads.)
8 training (...
pandas, a stare is a threat,* Schaller says. The eye patches enlarge the well be conducting training next month. This will only take up a day
panda's small, dark eyes tenfold, making the stare more powerful .') so don't worry too much about it.) 9 police (Ifyou do have the time
and would like to come along then youll need to talk to the police who
Grammar focus task
are coordinating the event) 10 October (you 11 need to put your
had had; would/might have been able to 2 had not dissected;
name down by the end of October at the very latest)
might/would not have thought 3 did not resemble;
might/would not have been 4 had not contradicted; Grammar focus task
might/could/would have been 1 about 2 about 3 at 4 about 5 about 6 about 7 to

Unit 19 Unit 20
A: Context listening A: Context listening
2 She is worried about: finding maths difficult, being 2 The problems mentioned are: the ladder left out, the letters in
unprepared to teach, controlling the class and pupils being the letterbox, the open window, overhanging branches.
rude to her. 1 where there are
3 2 that could become 3 that can check
3 1 interested in 2 share 3 with 4 impressed by 4 which have 5 who can collect
5 learning about 6 warned 7 about 8 good at 4 Where
1 refers to a place. 2 That and who are used to refer
9 experience of 10 worried about 11 shout at to people. 3 That and which are used to refer to things.
4 1 warn; learn 2 worried 3 good 4 shout
interested 6 experience 7 share 8 impressed

235
 C: Grammar exercises 8 I (The team and their robot have already made a major breakthrough
1 2 who/that; e 3 which/that; i 4 where; a 5 when/that; f in the Australian wheat industry with Drysdale Wheat) 9 G (If the
6 who/that; c 7 who/that; g 8 why; j 9 whose; h skies darken due to rain, heavy' cloud cover or sunset, the robot makes its
10 whose; b The relative pronoun can be left out in way back to the garage to wait.) 10 B (a robot developed by the

sentences 6 and 8 (> B1 8t B2) Australian National University^s Research School of Biological Sciences)

2 2 Some students take a year out before university, which allows 11 H (Eight varieties of sunflower were examined.) 12 D (by
them to work or travel. 3 The Guggenheim Museum, which measuring the temperature of the leaves, scientists can determine how
is

in Bilbao, only displays contemporary art / The Guggenheim much water is being lost through transpiration.)

5Museum, which only displays contemporary art, is in Bilbao. Grammar focus task
4 My English teacher, whose lectures are very interesting, is 1 defining relative clause; that refers to a project and acts as the
leaving. 5 The lecture, which was about current economic
subject of aims 2 non-defining relative clause; which refers to
policy, was not very easy to understand. / The lecture, which wind speed and acts as the subject of could 3 non-defining relative
was not very easy to understand, was about current economic
clause; where refers to a garage and acts as the object of waits
policy. My parents arrived in New York in 1951, where they
6
4 defining relative clause; who refers to an agronomist and
1 acts as
stayed for the rest of their lives. 7 gave my assignment to I
the subject of could 5 non-defining relative clause; which refers
the faculty secretary, who was not very friendly, (r B3)
to Drysdale Wheat and acts as the subject of signalled
3 2 which saw -them- advertised 3 exhausting, that- which is
I

not 4 the lecture which you gave it on Wednesday Unit 21

5 It’s the one which in you have written your lecture notes in.
6 today’s newspaper, which has 7 those bread rolls what A: Context listening
(which/that) we had 8 a person who whose life is full 3 11 live 2 do you do 3 I always do; I go; they always put;
(> B1-B4) it costs 4 I always do; I work; there are 5 I did try; I didn’t
4 2 which/that; i 3 which/that; e 4 which; h like; can I ask; You can’t
which/that; c 6 where; b 7 which/that; f 8 which; a 4 In the conversation the subjects are mostly personal
9 which/that; d (, B1-B4) pronouns: you

[Link]
/,

D: Test practice
In the written report the subjects are mosdy noun phrases:
These supermarkets; The people who were interviewed the ;

Reading resjjondents.
Questions 1-4: sentence completion
Test tip: First identify the type of information you need to find
C: Grammar exercises
question you need 1 2 the government needs is a lot more loyal supporters
(e.g. for 1 to find a disease or health problem).
It may help to turn the sentences into questions (e.g. what is the
3 we want is action 4 I don’t enjoy is watching TV

name of the process that helps keep plants in good condition?) 5 is the bride who is the most important person at a wedding

Make sure you stick to the word limit. 6 is the causes of poverty (that) governments should be
dealing with, not the results of it 7 was when I was ill in
heart disease (Recognised as the type offatty' acid most able to
hospital as a child that I first decided to study medicine
protect against heart disease) 2 drought (a project that aims to
8 is your family that suffer the most ( > B4)
develop more drought-tolerant sunflowers) 3 transpiration
( Transpiration is mechanism by which plants 2 2 f These refers to changes. 3 git refers to a camera. 4 c
the lose water through
their leaves. 77 lis system is thought to facilitate the passage of minerals
5 e 6 a This refers to the primary role of the camera.

through the plant and 7 b (> B3)

is vital for healthy plants.) 4 wind (speed),
humidity (the research team discovered that its initial approach did not 3 2 This rise 3 Many countries 4 a solar roof 5 A one
cater for changes in unnd speed ... The team therefore needed a kilowatt solar panel 6 Solar panels
and , solar water heaters

technique to measure temperature continuously that would allow it to

wind generators 7 they 8 These renewable energy systems
examine the effects of other variables such as humidity ) 9 the government (> Bl, B3 and B5)
4 2 children need to- experience 3 these foods- tend not
Questions 5-12: locating information
4 It is often the lack of experience of eating different kinds of
Test Scan the passage for relevant information, and then
tip:
foods that 5 experiencing a wider-variety of foods- can
check that it matches the question exactly (e.g. for question 7 you
therefore lead 6 To provide support and help to parents is
need to find a mention of twx> processes used by plants, or for
important- It is important to provide support and help to
question 11 you need to look for a number). Remember that the
parents. 7 No child would feel ashamed or embarrassed- by'
words in the passage may paraphrase the words in the questions.
the contems-of their lunch boxes with this system. This
5 H ( The sunflower canopy had to be complete, with no visible soil, so
system would ensure that no child felt ashamed or
that the thermometers would only measure the temperature of the plants embarrassed by the contents of their lunch boxes.
and not the surrounding environment.) 6 F (The robot runs on an 8 Eating a healthy diet healthily ( B1-B4) ,

oblong track around the experimental plot and the thermometers

operate <m each side of the track.) 7 C (Plants undergo photosynthesis D: Test practice
to produce energy in the form
of sugar. This involves allowing carbon Academic Writing Task 2
dioxide to enter the leaves through pores called stomata. Transpiration Test tip: Make sure that you read all parts of the question
is the mechanism by which plants lose water through their leaves.) carefully and address each point made. Organize your thoughts

236
 Key

and ideas Do not try to memorize essays. Make sure you

well. 2 2 -has changed has been changed 3 might have been
have at least40 minutes to spend on this task and try to leave happened might have happened 4 have given have been
time at the end to check your spelling. given 5 have been benefi ted have benefited 6 have been
suggested have suggested 7 -are continued continue
Model answer
8 arc being become are becoming 9 feels is felt 10 have
Nowadays most children regularly play games on a computer or
been come have come 11 has affected has been affected
on their television. 'These games have become more violent over
12 will use will be used (V B1-B3)
the past few years. In fact, many parents worry about this and the
3 2 are (were) placed 3 was believed 4 have been allowed
games are having on their children. Some are
effect these
5 is being serviced 6
7 is expected
will be opened
concerned that playing violent games might encourage them to
become aggressive in real life. What we need to establish is 8 is made
9 claims 10 are known 11 encouraging (to

whether or not this is actually true. be encouraged) 12 to take (> B1-B4)

4 2 be absorbed 3 affects 4 continues 5 are used 6 to use
First, it may help to look back at the games that children used to
7 are being built 8 is said 9 to decide 10 tackling
play many years ago before the invention of computers. In those
11 have been passed 12 allows 13 are forced 14 know
days children would probably have played popular board games
15 will be used 16 have their cars checked B1-B5)
such as Monopoly or chess, or they may have played card games (

or some type of outdoor sport. These sports orgames would D: Test practice
probably only have encouraged children to become more
Academic Writing Task 1
competitive rather than violent.
Test Study the diagram carefully to identify all of the key
tip:
However, throughout history children have always played fighting
stages and make sure that you don’t miss any important
games with toy or pretend weapons. Even now many parents will
information out of your description. You may need to change the
buy a toy gun or sword for their child. Why do we never read
words on the diagram (e.g. to change verbs to nouns) to make
reports in the media about the impact plastic weapons could have
them
5 fit grammatically into your sentences.
on children? Perhaps this is because the link between play
fighting and actual fighting is not very strong. Model answer
1In conclusion, the way children play games has changed with the The diagram shows how fresh fruit is canned. First the fruit is

[Link]
times but the ideas behind those games have actually changed picked from trees by hand. It is then transported to the cannery
very litde. Just as playing at soldiers did not increase violence in by large trucks. At the cannery the fruit is washed and quality
the past, I believe that playing computer games will not lead to an checked, and any poor quality fruit is rejected. The good quality
increase in violence in the future. I think that if we looked more fruit is When it is ready for canning the
put into cold storage.
closely at life in our major cities then we would find there are fruit is weighed and graded. The grading ensures that fruit of a
many other possible causes for the increase in crime and violence. similar size is kept together. After this the fruit is peeled and the
cores are removed. It is then sliced into the required sizes and
Grammar focus task put into cans. Juice or syrup is also added to the cans. Once the
The new information is underlined .
cans have been filled they are sealed and cooked over heat to
Nowadays most children regularly play games ona computer or ensure that the cans are sterilized. When the cans are cool, a
o n the ir television. These games have become mo re violent over label is attached and they are placed into storage. The canned
the past few years. In factmany parents worry about this and the fruit is now ready to be despatched to supermarkets and sold.
effect thesegames are having on their children. Some are
concerned that playing violent games might e ncourage them to
Grammar focus task

b ecome aggressive in real life. What we need to establish is 1 The cans arc allowed to cool. 2 The cans are sterilized using

whether or not this is actually true. a special heating process. 3 The fruit is taken to the cannery in
large trucks. 4 The fruit is checked before storage and any poor
quality fruit
Unit 22 is rejected.
The correct order is: 3, 4, 2,
A: Context listening
1 If 2d 3a 4b 5 g 6 h 7c 8c Unit 23
2 1 They need to go to the library and fill in a form and have
A: Context listening
their photo taken. 2 It is a group which represents students’
1 lc 2 g 3a 4i 5 d 6 e 7 h 8 f 9b
views to the university. 3 It is responsible for extra
around the campus that are not related to study e.g.
facilities
21F2T3T4T5F6F7F8F
restaurants, entertainment and sports facilities. 3 1 in spite of 2 Despite 3 however 4 Firstly

3 1 Do they process; arc processed 2 does the university run;

Secondly 6 Finally 7 although 8 To sum up
is run 3 do you choose; is chosen 4 1 in spite of; however; despite; although

4 They become the subject of the passive verb.

2 firstly; secondly; finally 3 to sum up

C: Grammar exercises C: Grammar exercises

2 are peeled 3 are soaked 4 are put 5 are sliced 1 2 b 3 b 4 b (result) 5 a 6 b (contrasting idea)
6 are rinsed 7 are fried 8 are removed 9 are then left 7 a (contrasting idea) 8 a (restates the previous idea)
10 are added 11 be distributed 12 sold 9 a (contrasting idea) 10 b (reason) 11 a 12 b (reason)
B1 and B2)
<>
B1 and B2)

237
2 2 Firstly (the first idea in a list) 3 Furthermore (adds to the 7 D ( Neurologists at Northwest University came to this conclusion
previous idea) 4 therefore (this idea is a result of the after analyzing 50 people ... Darren Gleitman, who headed the study,
previous one) 5 Thirdly (introduces a third important concluded that older brains solved the problems just as effectively but
point) 6 Although (introduces a contrasting idea: despite by different means.)
cannot be followed by a subject + verb) 7 In addition (adds
Questions 8-12: summary completion
further information) 8 as a result (this idea is the result of
6 Test Read through the information in the summary carefully
tip:
the previous one) 9 Nevertheless (gives contrasting
and try to predict what type of information you need to find in
information) (^ B1 and B2)
the passage. Pay careful attention to the word limit and make
3 2 For example 3 Firsdy 4 Similarly 5 However
sure you copy the words correctly.
6 but; because 7 As a result (^ B1 and B2)
8 minds (Just as people’s bodies age at different rates, so do their
4 2 had to cancel all of my afternoon appointments because
I
minds.) 9 memories (As adults advance in age, the perception of
the head of my department called an emergency meeting.
sights, sounds and smells takes a bit longer and ... The ability to
3 Fewer people are going to the cinema these days due to the
;

fact that it is now much cheaper to rent a DVD at home.

retrieve memories also quickly slides.) 10 & 11 IN EITHER
ORDER: knowledge, experience (On the other hand, the ageing
4 Petrol prices ir creased last month. As a result, the cost of
1 brain can create significant benefits by tapping into its extensive
basic foods has risen. 5 There are over 30 girls on this
hoard of accumulated knowledge and experience.) 12 speed
course but the boys still outnumber the girls by two to one.
(Drawing on both sides of the brain gives them a tactical edge, even
There are some advantages to the pace of modern life.
if the speed of each hemisphere’s process is slower)
However, it also has its disadvantages. 7 In spite of the fact
that the number of red deer in the wild increased slightly in Grammar focus task
the 1980s, it (the increase) was not sufficient to take them off le 2g 3b 4c 5 f 6a 7 d
the endangered species list. / In spite of the slight increase in
the number of red deer in the wild in the 1980s, this was not Unit 24
sufficient to take them off the endangered species list / Red
deer were not taken off the endangered species list in spite of A: Context listening
numbers The home

[Link]
the fact that their in the wild increased slightly in 1 topic is whether children should be educated at or
the 1980s. (, B1 and B2) at school.

D: Test practice
21T2F3T4F5T6F
3 1 fortunately, I can see; I think 2 unfortunately, I can see;
Reading
certainly; I think; interestingly; Perhaps
Questions 1-3: multiple choice
4 1 see; think 2 fortunately; unfortunately; interestingly
Test Read all the questions and options and underline or
tip:
3 certainly; perhaps
highlight any important information or key words that you need
to find in the passage. Use the questions to locate the relevant C: Grammar exercises
part of the reading passage. If you cannot find an answer, just 1 2 Personally, 3 presumably 4 perhaps 5 Overall,
move on to the next one and come back to this one later. 6 probably 7 Surprisingly, 8 Unfortunately ( B2)
B (In that moment, Rita and Jake stumbled across an interesting 2 2 Apparently, the start of the course has been delayed
setof differences betu>een older and younger minds.) 2 D (In the because the tutor is ilL / The start of the course has been
end if better is defined as completing a clean paragraph both
1

,
'
,
delayed because, apparently, the tutor is ill. / The start of the
people may end up taking the same amount of time.) 3 A (subjects course has been delayed because the tutor is ill, apparently.
were told to look at a screen wait for an arrow that pointed in a
, 3 I definitely want togo to university when I leave school.
certain direction to appear, and then use a mouse to click on the 4 I was late for the exam because my bus didn’t come, but
arrow as soon as it appeared on the screen. The other arrows were luckily the exam hadn’t started on time so I only missed a few
used to distract the subjects.) minutes. / I was late for the exam because my bus didn’t
come, but the exam hadn’t started on rime, so luckily I only
Questions 4-7: sentence completion
missed a few minutes. 5 Unfortunately, the university has
Test tip: Sentence completion with a box of possible answers is
decided to close the music department. / The university has
similar to matching questions. Scan the passage for the key names
decided to close the music department, unfortunately. / The
or words in the questions and underline or highlight them. Then
university has unfortunately decided to close the music
carefully read the information close to those words and try to
department. 6 Perhaps it is time to reorganise our company
match it to the ideas in the options (A-F). Remember there are
structure. 7 On the whole, my tutor was impressed with the
more options than you need to use. Some of the extra options may
effort I had put into my assignment, but suggested a few
not be mentioned at all, or may be the opposite of the information
changes. / My tutor was impressed with the effort I had put
in the passage.
into my assignment on the whole, but suggested a few
4 E (Popular psychology says that as people age their brains
(
slow changes. 8 It is probably true that people are living longer
down’.) 5 C (scientists at the University of Michigan for example, today than in the past. (r B2)
have shown that ... and right side of the brain
seniors exploit the left
3 2 Frankly, 3 Surprisingly, 4 Unfortunately,
more men and women who are decades younger)
extensively than
5 On the whole, 6 Evidently 7 Possibly, 8 Actually,
6 B ( Michael Falkenstein found that when elders were presented
...
(> B2)
with new computer exercises they paused longer before reacting and
took longer to complete the tasks, yet they made 50% fewer errors) _
 Key

2
4 There are many reasons why people follow a vegetarian diet Unit 25
Firstly, it is because they believe that it is wrong to kill

animals. This may be -is due to religious beliefs, or it could be A: Context listening
-hr their own personal philosophy. 2 She experienced itching, pain, swelling and redness.
It is possible that another motivation for stopping eating meat is 3 1 She had a very bad reaction and had to go to hospital.
health. According_to research, the high fibre content of a On her foot. 3 It hurt. / It was very painful. 4 It went red
vegetarian diet seems to reduces the likelihood of suffering from and swelled up. 5 Her foot itched, it was difficult for her to
some bowel problems and heart disease. In addition, fewer breathe and she kept coughing.
vegetarians than meat-eaters are overweight A further advantage 4 1 burning pain 2 itching 3 swelling
is that a vegetarian diet can be is cheaper than eating meat. 4 breathing difficulties; a dry cough
Nevertheless, it is clear that there are some disadvantages. 5 1 The verbs are changed to nouns. 2 be, become (non-action verbs)
Vegetarians can lack a lot of the vitamins and minerals that
are present in meat, such as iron or vitamin B12, or calcium if
C: Grammar exercises
you do not include dairy products in your diet. There is also 1 2 study; studies; student 3 findings; find 4 response;

the social problem of not being able to eat food available at respondent 5 measurement; measure 6 earnings; earner
parties and restaurants. 7 advertisement; advertiser, advertising 8 examination; examiner
9 suggestion 10 creation; creator; creativity (> Bl)
Overall, however in terms of health a vegetarian is more likely

to be healthy than a non-vegetarian and personally I feel that 2 2 strength 3 depth 4 beauty 5 clarity 6 interest
the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. (> B1-B4) 7 difficulty 8 caution 9 significance 10 violence
11 controversy 12 confusion (> Bl)
D: Test practice 3 2 there are some quite significant differences 3 the largest
Academic Writing Task 2 proportion of expenditure was 4 food expenditure 5 total
Test tip: Make
sure that you read all parts of the question household budget 6 There has been a notable increase in
carefully and address each point made. Organize your thoughts money spent on clothing
7 a significant rise in the proportion of
and ideas well. Do not try to memorize essays. Make sure you 8 the proportion of fuel and lighting expenditure was roughly

[Link]
have at least 40 minutes to spend on this task and try to leave the same. {> Bl and B2)
1
time at the end to check your spelling. 4 2 Spending (expenditure); increase; influence 3 failure; illness

4 diet; reduction 5 Use; risk; loss 6 Contentment; success;

Model answer
communication 7 Developments; construction 8 difficulty
Nowadays, modern technology has totally changed our approach
(> Bl and B2)
to study. In many countries students no longer have to copy notes
by hand from the blackboard; instead the teacher gives them a D: Test practice
photocopy. Rather than messy ink and pen, students present a Academic Writing Task 1
typed-up copy of their assignments. Their computer even checks
Test Spend time studying the information first. The title given
tip:
their spelling as they go. In fact,some people believe that
may help you with your first sentence, but try to use different words
modern technology does a lot of our thinking for us and, as a
and don’t just copy words from the question paper. Try to identify key
result, we are losing our ability to think for ourselves.
areas in the data (e.g. where the data changes considerably or where
In my opinion, spelling skills have definitely deteriorated in recent there is no change over a period of time). Do not miss out any
years. So many young people use mobile phones to send text important details in your description and make sure you stick to the
messages where speed and conciseness are more important than time limit so that you leave enough time to answer Task 2.
spelling or grammar. Some teachers complain that these students
Model answer
take the same attitude towards their written assignments.
The total number of all UK has been
species of wild birds in the
On the other hand, typed assignments are much easier to read and
relatively stable over the lasttwo decades, although there were
are much neater. Frankly, 1 find some notes or texts which are
significant drops in numbers between 1977 and 1979 and again in 1982
handwritten almost impossible to read. Doctors, for example, have
and 1986. Since 1994 there has been an improvement in numbers of
often had a reputation for illegible handwriting, which could lead to
all species, although the graph shows a slight decrease in 2000.
disastrous medical mistakes. Perhaps it is time we focused not on
In contrast, the population of farmland birds has suffered a severe
handwriting but on presenting information as accurately as possible.
decline, particularly in 1978 when numbers fell dramatically. The
One advantage of computers is that access to the Internet has
rate of decline in the population appears to have slowed and it has
opened up a world of learning to us. We no longer have to wait for a
remained relatively stable since 2000.
book that has already been borrowed from the library before we can
There was also a fall in the number of woodland birds of around
do our research. In fact, the Internet can clearly be used to research
more 30% between 1974 and 1992. The population increased slighdy in
information in the same way as a library but conveniently.
2000 but it had dropped again by 2004.
On the whole, rather than holding students back, I believe
It is only coastal species that have seen a steady increase in population
modern technology has actually improved standards of education
over this period. Their numbers dropped slighdy in 1995 and again in
considerably.
2003 but the overall trend has been a positive one.
Grammar focus task
Grammar focus task
I believe (in my opinion) 2 actually
1 an improvement in numbers; a slight decrease 2 a fall in the
3 In my opinion (I believe); definitely 4 Frankly
number of woodland birds 3 a steady increase in population

239
 Pete: Actually, I joined the local football team
when was at school and I still play once a
I
Interviewer: Excuse me. I’m conducting a survey on how
month provided can get to training. much
1
people spend their free time. Do you mind if 1

prefer playing football to watching on TV, it

I ask you a few questions?
though do occasionally watch a match if
Pete: Oh, er, OK. Pm just waiting for my friends - I

there’s a big final or something.

they’re always late, so I should have a few
Interviewer: What about going to watch matches? live
minutes!
Pete: I’d love to be able to afford to go every
week
Interviewer: Right, now, can I have your name?
because I support my local team, but
Pete: It’s Peter, Peter Harley -HARLEY. students don’t generally have much money,
Interviewer: And do you work or are you a student, Peter?
you know! I can’t remember the last time I
Pete: Well, both actually. I’m studying really hard
went to a live match. Oh, sorry, I can see my
for my exams this month - I’m doing maths
friends - I have to go now.
at university - but I also help my parents out.
Interviewer: Thank you for your time.
They own a restaurant and I work there as a
waiter in the evenings, so I don’t get a lot of Recording lb
free time during the week.
Man: Westfield Sports Centre, can I help you?
Interviewer: sounds as if you’re very busy.
It
Woman: Yes, 1 hope so. I’ve recently moved to the area
Pete: Yes, I am, and my mum’s always saying I
and I want to do some sports activities.
don’t help enough in the restaurant! But I do
we have excellent facilities, including a

[Link]
Man: Well,
manage to find some free time most days.
new gymnasium and several tennis courts. Our
Interviewer: Great. Now, can you have a look at this list
tennis team are always looking for new people.
and tell me whether you do any of these
Woman: Oh, I was never any good at gymnastics and I
things and if so, how often?
don’t think I’ve got the time to put into
Pete: Sure. OK, well, I love music and I’m learning
learning tennis. No, I’m more interested in
to play the piano. I get up really early and
swimming, and I’d also like to take a few yoga
practise for an hour or so just about every
classes if I can.
day. I also play the guitar in a band with
Man: OK, well, we have three swimming pools: an
some other friends. We used to practise
Olympic size 50 metre pool and a 25 metre
together at least three times a week but these
pool, which are both outdoors, and a heated
days we only manage to meet about once
indoor pool, which is just 15 metres long but is
every two weeks.
very popular with our members in the winter!
Interviewer: What about the next thing on the list:
Woman: I bet it is! Do members have to pay to use the
computer games? I assume you’re too busy to
pools?
play them.
Man: Well, members don’t pay for the pools if they
Pete: Well, used to play them all the time but now
I
just want to swim laps on their own. We even
I’m too busy studying and I don’t miss them
offer complimentary classes for beginners, but
at all!
we do charge a small fee if you want to take part
Interviewer: And do you use a computer for other things?
in the advanced training sessions, and there’s
Pete: I use the Internet just about every day for my
also a fee for our water-based keep-fit class.
studies,and I also use it to keep in touch with
Woman: Right. And would I need
book any of the
to
my friends and family. My cousin is living in
facilities or can I just come whenever I want?
Thailand at the moment and he sends me
Man: We don’t actually allow anyone to book the
regular emails to let me know how much fun
swimming lanes or the gym equipment, but for
he’s having! He’s always visiting exciting
safety reasons we can only have a maximum of
places.
Severn people in the sauna at any one time, so you
Interviewer: Yes, the Internet is making it much easier for
do need to put your name on the list for that
people to stay in touch with each other. Now,
how about team sport?

240
 Recording scripts
I

Woman: Fine. Now, Fd also really like to take a yoga Bill Murphy: Thank you, yes, that’s right. As you say, I used
class. Do you have any? to work for the police force and I must have
Man: Yes. There are classes on Monday, Tuesday and seen hundreds of burglaries during that time.
Friday in the morning from ten till eleven, and Unfortunately, burglary seems to be on the
then every Saturday and Sunday in the increase; the number of burglaries in our area
evening. Those classes are a bit longer, starting rose by 25% last year. What’s so frustrating is

at six and finishing at seven thirty. that it’s possible to prevent many burglaries.
Woman: Right, I’ll just make a note of that. So, does For example, a few weeks ago a woman called
that mean that if I enrol I can come on each of to report a robbery at her house. It happened
those days? at five in the afternoon while she was
Man: No, each day is a different level, so you only watching the news on TV in a room at the
come once a week. back of the house. Her son was also at home;
Woman: Oh, I sec. Well, I’ve been doing yoga for a little he was doing his homework in his bedroom
while now, but I am still finding it quite when the burglar came into the house.
difficult. Which level do you think I should Presenter: So, how did the burglar break in without
choose? anybody hearing him?
Man: Mosi people start at the lowest level, and then Bill Murphy: Well, this woman used to keep the front door
you can talk to the instructor about changing if locked at all times, but when her son got
you think it’s too easy. older he often went out to visit his friends
Woman: OK. How much are the classes? after school, so she would leave the door
Man: They're £1.50 an hour for members. unlocked whenever she was at home so he
Woman: Great. Now, Fd like to come in and look at the could come and go easily. The burglar simply
facilities. Would someone be able to show me walked in through the front door, which was

[Link]
around? unlocked, and no one heard a thing. So you
Man: Yes, no problem. see, you do need to be careful to lock your
Woman: Who should I ask for? door at all times of the day.
Man: Ask for me. My name is John Doherty - that’s Presenter: Absolutely. And what did the burglar steal?
DOHERTY. Bill Murphy: On this occasion, the burglar came in
Woman: And should I just ask for you at the reception? through the front door, picked up the
Man: Actually, my office is on a different level. Take woman’s handbag and while she was
the lift up to level one and you’ll see my name watching the TV, he emptied it out and stole
on the door right in front of you. her purse. The son didn’t hear anything
Woman: Great. Fd like to come tomorrow if that’s OK. because he was listening to music and
What time suits you? working on his computer upstairs. Then the
Man: Well, I have appointments from nine to ten burglar went into the front room, opened all

thirty, so could you make it eleven? the cupboards and took a valuable collection
Woman: I'm sure that will be fine, but can I just take of CDs. But the surprising thing is that after
your direct number in case something else that he went into the kitchen and stole the
crops up? roast chicken the woman had cooked for
Man: That’s a good idea - my number’s 0117 965 478. dinner! So you see, it really is important to ...

Woman: Great. I think that’s everything, so I’ll see you

tomorrow. Oh, my name’s Alison Martin, by Recording 3
the way. Sue: Hi Have you written your assignment yet?
Carl.
Man: Thanks, Alison. See you tomorrow. Carl: Hi Sue. No,I haven’t, but I’ve been trying to

get some ideas together.

Recording 2 Sue: What sorts of things have you been doing?
Presenter: Today’s guest is Bill Murphy, who worked for Carl: Well, Fve worked really hard for the last two
the police force for over 17 years until his weeks and Fve nearly finished all the books on
retirement last week. Welcome to the show, the reading list. Fve made quite a lot of notes
Bill. You’re going to tell us how to protect but they’re not very structured. What about
our homes, is that right? you?

241
Sue: I did the reading a few weeks ago, and I made Recording 4
notes on the most important things. Fve
Good morning and welcome to today’s talk on famous
written a rough plan this morning, and I was
composers. Today we’re going to look at the remarkable
going to make a start on writing the
career of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozart was born in
assignment today but Fve decided need to I
Salzburg on January 27, 1756, the last of seven children.
read the most important parts of the books
However, when Mozart was born, five of his siblings had
again before I do that. Fm actually finding it
already died in infancy or early childhood. His only
quite hard. It’s the first time Fve ever had to
write such a long essay so Fm a bit nervous surviving sibling was his sister, Nannerl, who was five
years older. Mozart’s father, Leopold, was a composer and
about it.
his grandfatherhad also been a musician. Times were
Carl: Yes, it’s the longest essay Fve ever had to write
hard and the family had been struggling for some time.
as well. I find all the reading so difficult. I read
five books last week, and they all said different When she was Nannerl began keyboard lessons with
eight,

things! her father. Mozart’s was extremely gifted at the

sister

(Pause) keyboard and she had been making excellent progress

Sue: I find the best approach is to read only the when her brother, then aged three, demanded to be
sections thatyou need in order to answer the taught as well. In just 30 minutes Mozart mastered the
question. You don’t usually have to read the piece of music, which his father had copied into Nannerl’s
whole book. Fve collected plenty of notebook. Wolfgang’s achievement was followed in rapid
information for the assignment that way. succession by [Link] the time he was six, the little boy
Carl: That’s good advice. Fve been trying to read the had written a composition of his own into the notebook.
whole of each book, and the more I read, the And by age seven, he had taught himself how to play the
more confused I get. I probably wasted a lot of violin without ever having received a lesson.

[Link]
time last week. When Leopold Mozart saw how extraordinary his son was,
Sue: Oh, I’ll you what other things I found
tell he decided not to waste Wolfgang’s precocious talents and
really helpful. When I was in the library last took him on a tour across Europe with his sister. At Linz,
week, I read those leaflets called ‘How to get Wolfgang gave his first public concert. Among the
the best out of the library’ and ‘How to write audience were some important statesmen who were
assignments’. They really helped. Have you astonished and hurried on to Vienna to spread sensational
read them? reports of what they had seen. By the time he was 17,
Carl: No, I haven’t even seen them. I’ll have to get Mozart’s reputation had already begun to spread through
hold of a copy; they sound very useful. I really Europe and his family were richer than they had ever
need some direction. I find Fm so tired at the been before.
moment. Fve read six articles this week but I
can barely remember what they said! In fact, Recording 5
Fve been feeling tired since I started this
Amanda: Hi Tim, just ringing to see if you’ve got the
course!
details of the hockey team’s trip for next
Sue: Hmm, I know what you mean. I felt like that as month.
my tutors told me
well at the start until one of
Tim: Hi Amanda. Yes, I went to the travel agency
it was far more important to get enough rest
this morning. Fve got the details right here in
than to stay up late studying. Fve gone to bed
front of me.
early every night since then and I manage to
Amanda: Oh, great. Well, why don’t you tell me all about
concentrate for longer during the day, so in the
it and I’ll pass on the information to the rest of
end do actually get more done. I went to bed
1
the team.
and I feel great.
at ten thirty last night
Tim: Good, well, first of all we’re flying to Scotland.
Carl: Well, Fve just got up and Fm already tired. I
We’ll have to get up really early because our
must try going to bed earlier - at least till Fve flight leaves at six thirty in the morning. We’re
done this assignment. playing four matches there, which I know
Sue: Yeah, it should help.
sounds like a lot but we’ll also have three days
free. So, we’re going to hire a bus and then
drive through the mountains and we’ll probably
stay in some mountain lodge there.
sort of
Amanda: Sounds wonderful. I hope the weather’s good.
Tim: Me too, but it’ll probably rain every day.

242
 Recording scripts

Amanda: Still, not to worry - Pm sure we’ll enjoy it Janet: Yes, thesame one I gave last month on plant
whatever the weather. Where to after that? diversityand environmental changes. By the
Tim: From there we fly to Greece. We were end of the year I will have given the same talk
supposed to be playing five matches there but at six conferences! Luckily it’s a different
two have been cancelled, so it’s only three now. audience each time, but soon be getting I’ll

Still, that means there’s a bit of free time to do polite requests to do something different! The
some tourist things as well, as we now have funny thing is I still get nervous every time
four days free altogether. before I give it
Amanda: Great. What about accommodation over there? Phil: Oh come on, I don’t believe that.
Tim: Well, it’s more luxurious than last year’s Janet No, it’s true. I’ll be feeling really nervous when
camping trip, so I think everyone will be happy I get to Rome. I won’t be able to relax until Pm
with it. This time we’re staying in a small hotel actually giving my talk. Don’t you get nervous
near the centre of Athens for a few days, and when you give talks at conferences?
then we’re going to get a boat to a couple of Phil: Not really, although I always make sure I

the islands, although we haven’t decided which prepare well. I always practise in front of a
ones yet. mirror. I look a bit of an idiot, but no one can
Amanda: I’m sure we’ll have good weather there, see so I don’t mind. I’m giving a talk in London
anyway, so lots of time for sunbathing on the next month and by the time I give the talk I’ll

beach. have rehearsed it at least ten times. Practising

Tim: Yes, I think it’ll be extremely hot there. like that makes me feel confident - you should
Amanda: You’re right - we’ll probably end up wishing try it.

we were back in Scotland! Well, we’re certainly Janet: That’s a good idea. But even practice doesn’t
going to have a varied trip. seem to help me.
Tim: Yes. In Scotland we’re probably going to do good luck, I’ll be thinking of you in

[Link]
lots Phil: Well,
of walking and in Greece we’re going to be Rome. When are you leaving?
lying on the beach. I imagine we’ll even get a Janet: Well, I was going to leave this morning but
bit of a tan. they cancelled my flight, so I’m on the evening
Amanda: I think it’s going to be a great trip! flight. Actually, I’d better get a move on, as the
Tim: Ha! Just don’t forget to concentrate on your train to the airport leaves in 20 minutes.
game! Oh, and one more thing, don’t forget
that the manager is having a party just after we Recording 7
get back to celebrate the team’s great results Sara: Alan! Will you help me write this
last season, and the best player on the tour will advertisement for the spare room?
get a special trophy. Alan: Yes, we’ve got so much space. It would be great
Amanda: Wow! Don’t worry, I’ll let everyone know. to get some money to help with the rent.
Sara: Now, we need to make it sound inviting.
Recording G Alan: Well, the room might be on the small side but
Phil: Hey Janet, have you finished the report yet? the windows are very big so the natural light is
Sarah was asking about it. really nice. Few rooms have such good natural
Janet: I’m afraid not. I’m about to go to Rome for a light.
conference and I won’t be able to finish the Sara: Yeah, it’s a great room for working in during
report before I go. the day, and it’s also got a great view of the
Phil: Oh. When do you think it will be ready? garden.
Janet: The conference only lasts three days, so I’m Alan: Exactly. What shall we say about the furniture?
not in Rome for long - just the weekend. Then Sara: Well, it’s not luxurious but it is very
be working on the report all next week.
I’ll comfortable. The room has everything you
Phil: Can you do it before we have the departmental need. Oh, except they will need to bring their
meeting at the end of the month? own lamp; both of the lights in the ceiling are
Janet: Oh, I’ll easily have finished it by next Friday. really old and not very bright.
I’ve got it in my diary. Alan: That’s true. But it has got a nice bed.
Phil: That’s great. I’ll be seeing Sarah at lunch, so I’ll Sara: Yes, and it’s got a great wardrobe, which has
tell her. even got a few shelves for clothes as well. They
Janet: Thanks. will need to bring their own mirror if they
Phil: Are you giving a talk at the conference? want one, though.

243
 Alan: Yes - there isn’t one in the room at the and climate monitoring, and more. The total cost of the
moment. Now, there’s no room for a bedside Envisat programme is 2.3 billion euros over 15 years.
table but there is a good study desk in there. Included in this sum is the development and construction of
Sara: Yes, I wouldn’t mind a desk like that myself, the instrument systems as well as the cost of the satellites,
actually. It’s better than mine. It’s got three the launch and the operational costs. Each European citizen
drawers - mine hasn’t got any at all. has therefore invested seven euros in the environment or
Alan: Why don’t you put it in your study then? about the cost of two cups of coffee per year. For that, every
Sara: too big. There isn’t much room in there.
It’s have access to precise information about changes
citizen will
Alan: Isuppose not, because the desk has got shelves in theenvironment including global warming, ozone
on top as well. They’re really handy for putting depletion and climate change. This information is absolutely
books on. Now, what else? essential and long overdue as the basis for political decisions.
Sara: What about the location? We could say it’s The gas envelope around the earth is not determined by
close to transport. We’re really lucky because boundaries and none of our countries is able to
political
we’ve got the bus and the train nearby. ignore the implications of global warming.
Alan: That’s true. And what shall we say about the
rent? Shall we ask for £50 a week or is that too Recording 8b
little? Hello everyone and welcome to today’s talk about the
Sara: Well, let’s say it includes electricity and any current trends in health and fitness. Nowadays, it seems
other household bills and make it £60. Our as though everyone in the wealthiest parts of the world is
expenses are bound to go up with an extra battling with their weightand as a consequence, more and
person in the house. more people are joining local gyms or buying home-
Alan: Yes, you’re right, a hadn’t thought of that! Now, exercise machines.
pass me the newspaper. In fact, according to the International Health, Racquet
Sara: thought you’d already read the news today?

[Link]
I
and Sportsclub Association, membership in health clubs
Alan: Yes, I have, but there are lots of advertisements
in America doubled from a little over 17 million in 1987 to
for accommodation and I want to look at them more than 36 million in 2005. While the Figures for
before we finish ours.
Europe are harder to come by, evidence over the past
decade suggests that health club membership has doubled
Recording 8a
there as well.
Good morning everyone. As part of the conference on
environmental awareness
What few people nowadays realize is that the average
I’d like to talk to you this
morning about an exciting development in monitoring
person in the developed world is now burning 800 fewer
calories a day than a generation ago. This means that even
climate change: Europe’s technological showpiece, Envisat.
if people today ate no more than the previous generation,
Envisat is a fully-equipped observation satellite and it is
they would still be getting fatter. Unfortunately, instead of
the largest, most technologically advanced, and most
eating less than their parents did, as they should, many
powerful one that the European Space Agency (the ESA)
people consume a lot more.
has ever created.
So what exactly has brought about this change in fitness
The ssatellite was launched in 2002 and is on the trail of
levels? Well, people in
developed countries are not only
climate change, delivering up-to-the-minute information
eating more but are also doing less exercise. Increased
about our changing environment. Seeing the earth from
technology has not helped. The car and other such
outer space highlights how tiny and fragile this planet of
machines designed to help reduce our work load are as
ours is. Envisat helps people to understand that and

encourages us to protect our blue planet as our place of

much to blame as deep-fried fast food. On top of this, the

birth, and as the ancestral home where our children and

changes in how and where we work have reduced the
amount of daily calories people actually need. Such factors
grandchildren will live after us.
are taking their toll on our health, with health costs soaring.
With its ten instrument systems Envisat is equipped with the
And this is where exercise machines come in. Walking
best eyes possible and offers everything that scientists could
machines or treadmills and the like may not be the most
wish for. This unique flying environment station follows in
the footsteps of the successful remote sensing
efficient way of burning off those excess calories and
satellites ERS1
boosting cardiovascular fitness but they arc certainly the
and ERS2, which were both launched in the 1990s.
most common. According to the Sporting Goods
Climate protection is a challenge for our entire society. The Manufacturing Association International, some 45 million
ESA contributes to such endeavours and has provided Americans used a treadmill in 2003. That’s an amazing
impressive scientific results in the field of atmosphere, ozone
number of people and an awful lot of treadmills.

244
 Recording scripts

Having said that, an exercise machine that did not even Recording 9
exist a decade ago - the elliptical cross trainer - is fast
Mrs Smith: Hello, you must be Chi Wen. I’m Mrs Smith,
replacing the traditional treadmill. As its name implies, the
machine delivers an elliptical or swinging motion, with
but my homestay students all call me Lucy.
Chi Wen: Oh, hello, Lucy. I’m very pleased to meet you.
both the hands and feet tracing semi-circular patterns -
Mrs Smith: So,how long have you been in Australia, Chi
the feet on two moving platforms rather than bicycle
Wen?
pedals, and the hands gripping handles that move but are
Chi Wen: Well, I only arrived last month and I’m still
not meant to support any weight, which is important as
finding it all a bit strange, actually.
there is no seat. Since the machine was introduced there,
Mrs Smith: Oh, don’t worry. I’m sure it won’t take long to
the number of people using elliptical machines in America
settle in. If you like, I can introduce you to a
has tripled to more than 11 million a year.
friend of mine, Yi Ling. She’s a student from
We have been doing some tests to find out if these China who stayed with me last year. I know
machines are actually any better than the previous she’s really enjoying herself here in Australia.
machines or if they are just another passing trend. Dr Chi Wen: Oh, that would be nice.
John Porcari, a professor of exercise and sport science, Mrs Smith: Now, I have had a lot of students staying with
believes that ellipticals are at least better than the me over the years and I do have a few rules.
previous exercisers, but no better than treadmills in terms Chi Wen: Oh, of course.
of increasing cardiovascular fitness. In one set of tests, Dr Mrs Smith: First of all, my husband and I want everyone
Porcari measured the oxygen consumption, heart rate and home so we treat everyone as if
to feel at
calorific expenditure of 16 volunteers, and found that
they were a member of our own family.
there was virtually no difference between elliptical Chi Wen: That sounds lovely.
machines and treadmills. But elliptical machines have a Mrs Smith: I cook and serve dinner for everyone at six.
lower impact on the user than running, claim their We also make everyone speak English at

[Link]
manufacturers. True, says Dr Porcari, who measured the dinner; it’s really important to practise your
‘ground reaction forces’ of the test subjects on the various English as often as you can.
machines. Running on a treadmill results in forces that Chi Wen: I see, that’s a very good idea. And what about
are roughly two and a half times the subject’s body other meals? Can I cook for myself?
weight. But using an elliptical machine gives forces that Mrs Smith: Yes, everyone makes their own breakfast. I do
are roughly equal to the subject’s weight. This is much the shopping, and I always make sure there is
kinder on the body and makes the impact comparable to plenty of food in the fridge so you can
that of walking. In that respect, ellipticals are superior. prepare yourself a packed lunch to take to
However, those who do not want to shell out for fancy college if you like.

exercise machines will be heartened by the results of a Chi Wen: Yes, I’ve noticed that in Australia you often
seminal study in 1969 by Lewis Pugh, a British eat sandwiches for lunch.
physiologist,which has been confirmed many times since. Mrs Smith: Well, we often eat lunch in a bit of a hurry, so
Dr Pugh found that, when reaching speeds above 14 sandwiches are very convenient. Now, do you
kilometres per hour or so, running on firm ground uses have any other questions about the house
up substantially more calories, and therefore leads to a rules?
greater reduction in weight, than running on a treadmill Chi Wen: What about laundry? Can I use the washing
or using an elliptical machine. Dr Pugh attributed the machine?
difference to air resistance. Manufacturers of exercise Mrs Smith: Oh, yes. I expect everyone to wash and iron
machines point out, correctly, that running on firm for themselves, although I can put a load of
ground creates a greater force on the body’s joints than washing on if you need me to. I will give you
using machines, in particular the knees and ankles. But, clean bed sheets every week. I clean the
what they don’t say is that modem running shoes go a kitchen and the living areas myself but I
long way to reducing the impact of such forces. So, expect all my students to help out and clean
perhaps the best exercise of all is simply to leave the car at their own rooms.
home, and run to the gym - and then right past it. After Chi Wen: I have one other question. I don’t have a
that, just keep going and going and going ... mobile phone here yet. Can I use yours to
make a couple of local calls?
Mrs Smith: That shouldn’t be a problem. Just let me
know when you want to use it.

245
 Recording 10 Recording 11
Good As many of you know I often
evening, everyone. The Olympics is probably the most exciting event in the
travel for my job as a rug buyer and this evening I’ve been sports calendar. one of the few opportunities we get to
It’s

asked to give a talk about travelling in Europe and Asia. see some of the best athletes in the world competing
Fll try to pass on some useful advice for those of you who against each other. And amazingly, each year they seem to
are planning to travel there yourselves. At the end of my be getting better and better. So, you might imagine that
talk, I’ll be happy to answer questions. the Masters Games, which is for athletes aged 30 and over,
My first piece of advice is to work hard on your research would be less exciting to watch. Well, this may not be true
before you go if you want to make your trip enjoyable and for long because recent studies have shown that older
rewarding. my trips very carefully for at least three
I plan athletes are getter faster and fitter.

months before I leave, reading about the places I am going Now, it’s true they’re not as fast as their younger
to visit on the Internet and in books. counterparts, and probably younger runners will always
I had a very memorable trip recently, starting out in be faster than older runners. However, runners aged 50
Morocco. The city of Marrakech is an absolutely amazing and over are actually speeding up more rapidly than
place to visit and well worth adding to your itinerary. Try younger people. The researchers analysed the finishing
to stay near the old part of the city. There are so many times of 415,000 runners in the New York marathon
historical buildings and so much to see. The mosques in between 1983 and 1999 and discovered that finishers from
particular are very beautiful. the older group showed the greatest increases in speed.
Interestingly, women aged 60 to 68 improved the most
After leaving Morocco I took a long tiring boat ride to
markedly, running on average four minutes faster each
Turkey. was well worth the trip, especially if you like
It
year. Men of the same age ran just over one minute faster
local crafts. I bought a beautiful Turkish carpet in one of
than previously.
the villages while I was there. The man that sold it to me

[Link]
spoke very good English and he told me all about the Not only that, a second study proved that older athletes can
different styles of carpet. I was fascinated to see the achieve the same degree of physical improvement as those
extraordinary range of patterns. in their twenties and thirties. In other words, they are just
as likely to achieve their peak fitness as younger athletes.
I leftthe small mountain villages of Turkey to travel to
the huge, crowded cities of India. India is a fascinating 25 years ago few 60-year-old men and even fewer women
country, and have always enjoyed my visits there.
I would have considered it possible to complete a marathon
Everywhere you go the people are very welcoming and letalone set record running times. The researchers
friendly towards visitors. They always seem pleased to see concluded that people grow weaker not simply because of
you. It’s easy to see why India is such a popular age, but because they don’t keep as active as they did

destination for travellers. when they were younger. It would seem that the longer
athletes keep competing, the greater their chances of
One of the highlights for me on this visit was the Gujarati
setting new records are.
Textile Museum. It was the first time I had been there. If
you are interested in textiles, this museum is really
Recording 12
impressive, with lots of information and some absolutely
stunning examples of Indian silk embroidery, and other Good morning, everyone. What you can see on the screen
fabrics. behind me is Sydney Harbour and it may surprise you to
learn that this horrible rubbish lying at die bottom of the
If you’re interested in seeing wildlife I recommend
harbour was actually put there intentionally as part of a
travelling in the more remote areas of the country. I was
conservation project! Now, the idea of putting rubbish
amazed at the variety of wonderful animals which I saw
into the harbour instead of cleaning it out may seem
on my trip and the most incredible colourful birds with
absurd to you, but allow me to explain. Two years ago I
vivid blue and green feathers. I also saw several poisonous
spiders, although I have to say that I found the insects
was involved in a study with the University of Sydney. We
were asked to try to calculate the number of fish and
rather frightening!
different species living in Sydney harbour. During this
study, the divers noticed that in the areas cleared of
rubbish very little life remained, whereas the old cars and

other debris lying on the sea floor actually provided a rich

habitat for an abundance of creatures including up to
twenty species of fish, crabs and seahorses and amazing
plants such as sea tulips with bright red bodies.

246
 Recording scripts

We realized that if you remove all of the rubbish Joe: He could have had a wife and children waiting
contained in the harbour then you also take away the for him somewhere wondering what had
homes of the creatures living there. Earlier this year, with happened. Do you know if he was married?
the help of the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust, we Deborah: Well, he can’t have been, because if he’d been
reached a decision to expand our study and start putting married, his wife would have reported him
rubbish back into particular areas of the harbour. missing.

So far wc have used things like old car tyres and rope, but Joe: Do you know what happened to him
we have a plan to carry out a more detailed study to test afterwards?

out a variety of artificial structures and see whether the Deborah: Well, apparently he’s been able to find his
sea creatures in the harbour find these as attractive a parents and now he’s back in England living

home as the rubble of the past. We’ll also catalogue the with them.
creatures living there and the data collected from the sites Joe: That’s amazing. Did you ever work out how he
will be analysed to establish whether these artificial reefs had lost his memory?
have in fact helped to increase the volume of fish in the Deborah: Well, when he arrived at the hospital he had a

harbour. head injury and no personal effects - no wallet

or phone or anything. We assumed that he had
In the meantime, you have any suggestions of other
if
probably been attacked and robbed, and he
possible sites with submerged rubbish that would be
must have hit his head, resulting in the loss of
suitable for our research, please speak to me after the
memory.
lecture.
Joe: It can’t be easy for his parents, living with
Recording 13a someone who doesn’t remember their past.
They must be having a difficult time adjusting
Deborah: Hi Joe.
to it all.
Joe: Hello Deborah. Listen, have you had much
Deborah: my experience of these

[Link]
Well, in cases pieces of
experience dealing with amnesia?
memory do gradually come back. He may
Deborah: Actually, yes I have. It was a patient I had last
remember some things already, and over a few
year when I was working in a hospital in Canada.
years he’ll probably be able to remember quite
Joe: Can you remember much about it?
a lot. He could make a total recovery one day.
Deborah: Well, a man was brought to us with some facial
and head injuries and he couldn’t remember Recording 13b
who he was, where he lived or how he came to
Good afternoon, everyone. Today I am going to tell you
be in Canada.
about the research I have been conducting into the history
Joe: Were there any clues at all?
of soap. While you may be able to find some information
Deborah: Well,he spoke with a strong British accent so
on the origins of soap, it is not a substance which has
the police realized he couldn’t be Canadian.
excited a great deal of study so far. What we do know is
They took him to a language expert who said
that even as long ago as 2500 BC soap was being used. Of
that he could have come from Yorkshire, in
course, initially it was only ever used on clothing rather
England. The police also managed to find out
than the body itself. In fact, although soap has existed for
that he could speak French and Italian. But he
so many years, the use of soap for personal hygiene was
couldn’t remember his name, address, age, or
unheard of until fairly recently and is considered to be a
anything. Can you imagine what it must be like
relatively modern notion. So we can only assume that
to have your whole life lost like that?
other activities must have provided the basis from which
Joe: Yes, it must be awful. But do you think he was
this key concept arose.
genuine? He might have been trying to run
away from his past or something. People can To make soap you need to combine three materials in

do funny things when they’ve experienced relatively exact proportions. So, how is it that these

something terrible. primitive people from over two thousand years ago could

Deborah: Well, if he was, it certainly wasn’t the best way have discovered soap? Well, what these people lacked in
to go about it, because his picture was in all technology they certainly made up for in practical skills. I
the papers and on the news. He wouldn’t have carried out some experiments using basic techniques to

been able to fool everybody for so long if it what people without any chemical
try to find out

wasn’t true, Pm sure. At some point he was knowledge might have observed. And I was able to
bound to have said something to give it away. demonstrate that they would indeed have been able to

No, I think he really had genuinely lost his make a soap-like substance that is not dissimilar to the
memory and couldn’t remember anything. one we know today.

247
However, it is fair to assume that, as the process requires a Jack: Oh, I hadn’t thought of that. What’s the
certain amount of time and specialization, soap would accommodation like?
most likely have only been available in the wealthy Claire: Well, the rooms tend to be smaller than here
communities. Although there are claims that the British but you can get bigger places on one of the
Celts and their European counterparts used soap, there is other islands. A friend of mine rented a lovely
no real evidence that the British colonies of the Iron Age place on Lamma Island. The only problem was
had access to such a product. he had to get up really early to catch the ferry
Now, the history of soap is not easy to discover. As soap is to work.

an organic substance no traces of it remain in Jack: What’s the transport like generally?

archaeological sites, so we have had to rely almost entirely Claire: Fantastic! The underground system is called

on written texts for our discoveries. Fortunately there are the MTR and there are trains every couple of
many of these. The first known written mention of soap minutes, so you don’t have to wait for ages like

was on Sumerian clay tablets dating from about 2500 BC. we do whenever
here. You should try to use it

The tablets spoke of the use of soap in the washing of you can. The bus system is a bit more
wool. In another incidence, a medical document from complicated because there are normal double

about 1500 BC mentions that Egyptians bathed regularly. decker buses but there are also smaller buses
It also describes how they made soap by combining
called ‘public light buses’. They only stop when
alkaline salts and oil which they extracted from you ask them to so you’ll have to learn some
vegetables. Cantonese if you want to take one of those.
The Star Ferry is amazing. It’s so cheap and
We also know that the Romans used a mixture of earth,
you get the best view of the harbour - you
soda and wine to clean their clothes and pots. For the
really have to see it to believe it. You should
Romans bathing was not just a matter of hygiene; it was a
always carry plenty of loose change though for
form of relaxation, a social activity. The bather moved
the buses and the ferries.

[Link]
from room to room, getting progressively hotter, until
Jack: The company has offered us Cantonese lessons
they reached a steamy room where dirt was sweated out
when I get there. Do you think I should take
and scraped away with a metal blade. The Romans used
them?
scented bath oils but these were used to moisturize the
Claire: Oh, definitely, you must have lessons if you
skin rather than to cleanse it and there is no evidence that
want to be able to pronounce things correctly.
they used soap in this way. This is not to say that the
You don’t need to speak Cantonese in the
Romans did not have soap. During the excavation of
bigger shops but you’ll need some basic
Pompeii, a city that was buried under the eruption of
phrases when you go shopping in the local
Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, an entire soap factory was
market.
revealed, showing that they did in fact have access to soap
Jack: Is I need to know?
there anything else
but that they simply did not use it for personal hygiene.
Claire: Well, nowadays you have to get a work permit
before you go. We didn’t have to worry about
Recording 14
those when I was there.
Claire: Hello Jack. How much longer before you leave Jack: Yes, that’s already taken care of.
for Hong Kong? Claire: And you mustn’t dress too casually for work.
Jack: Hi Claire, about a month now. Actually
it’s 1
Everyone dresses really well in Hong Kong.
could use a bit of advice. You used to live Jack: I’ll remember that.
there, didn’t you? Claire: Oh, and you needn’t buy lots of guide books
Claire: I'hat’s right. What sorts of things do you need before you go. You can get great ones there for
to know? a fraction of the price. Also, you ought to take
Jack: Well, I’ve got to find somewhere to live quite lots of passport photos with you. You’ll find
quickly. The company are only paying for me you need lots to fill in any application forms.
to stay in a hotel for one week. Will that be Great! I’m getting pretty excited now.
Jack:
enough? Claire: I’m not surprised. Oh, one last thing ...

Claire: Yes, you should be able to find something by What’s that?

Jack:
then, but you’ll need to allow a bit of extra Claire: You must invite me to visit you!
time to get over the jet lag; there’s a big time
difference between there and the UK.

248
 Recording scripts

Recording 15a Recording 15c

Interviewer: So, Mr West, what does the future hold for Tutor: OK, so it’s Millie’s turn to give her tutorial
Angleside? today, isn’t it?

Mr West: Well, we’ve just announced our future plans Millie: That’s right. I’m going to talk about renewable
for the company. energy sources, and specifically solar towers.
Interviewer: And how many jobs have to go?
will I’m not sure how much you already know
Mr West: We’ll be losing 100 jobs here in Swindon, and about solar towers, so I thought I’d start with a
another 50 jobs will go from our few questions. First of all, does anyone know
Birmingham branch. However, we’ll be how solar towers work?
offering voluntary redundancy and early Tanya: Don’t they somehow use the sun’s energy to
retirement and hope to cover most of the job create electricity?
losses this way. Millie: Yes, in a way. They actually work by using the
Interviewer: And what has led to this situation? Are these sun to make columns of hot air that rise
cuts a result of Angleside’s poor upwards through the centre of the tower. Now,
performance over the past five years? do you know how old this idea is?
Mr West: No, the company hasn’t been doing badly. Luke: I would have thought it was a twentieth-
This has nothing to do with the figures; it century idea. That’s when we’ve had to start
makes good business sense.
just thinking about how to solve energy problems,
Interviewer: So arc you saying that your figures are not isn’t it?

the basis for this decision to cut jobs? Tanya: No, I read something about this last week. The
Mr West: Absolutely. We decided to change the way first time solar energy was produced was in the
we operate our business two years ago. seventeenth century, wasn’t it?

Interviewer: So are you confident that the company will Millie: That’s right, so it’s not a modern idea at

[Link]
all.

continue to operate into the future? And Leonardo Da Vinci also made sketches of
Mr West: Yes, of course. We are completely confident a solar tower, though he never actually built
about this. one. Their recent history starts really with a
Interviewer: And how are you going to deal with the man called Jorg Schlaich.
discontent of your workforce over this Tanya: Yes, 1 read about him. He’s a professor from
announcement? Germany and he needed a country with plenty
Mr West: We will do our very best to make things as of sunshine and land for his research so he
easy as possible for our employees. chose Spain to build the first tower.
Interviewer: Well, we’re out of time. Thank you very Millie: Correct! Well, everyone seems to know
much for answering my questions. something about these towers.
Mr West: Thank you. Luke: Yes, but I still don’t really understand how they
work.
Recording ISb Millie: Well, I’ve made a flowchart to help you. Firstly,
At local company Angleside, up to 150 employees will lose you have to realize that they are very tall
their jobs. Christopher West, the Managing Director, towers. They’re constructed out of high-
announced they would be offering voluntary redundancy strength concrete and they can be as high as
and early retirement and hoped to cover the job losses in 1,000 feet; there’s one being built in Australia
this way. I asked Mr West if these cuts were a result of that’s one kilometre high. Now, all around the
Angleside’s poor performance over the past five years but base of the tower they have a sunlight collector
he denied that the company had not been doing well and which is basically a large sheet of plastic. It

said that the job losses have nothing to do with the extends out for as much as seven kilometres,
figures. West claimed that they decided to make changes and it is raised off the ground slightly so it

two years ago. He assured me that the company would heats up the air underneath it.

continue to operate in the future and promised to do his Luke: So it acts like a greenhouse then?
best for the employees. Millie: That’s exactly right. In fact, they plan to try
and grow plants underneath it as well.
Tanya: So what happens to the air?

249
Millie: Well, the sunlight collector heats it to 65° C- Freya: No, not really. I chose to study at Fairfield
that’s on average 35° greater than the outside College becauseit’s got a good range of

temperature - and the laws of physics mean animals and everyone’s really friendly.
that this hot air rises up the chimney or the Presenter: So, tell us a little about the course.
tower and drives the turbines at the top. As the Freya: Well, we get a lot of practical experience and
turbines revolve, they generate electricity. In there’s also a lot of theory, but not so much
fact, they can generate 200 megawatts of power that it’s boring. I want to learn to manage the
or enough for 200,000 houses. animals and the business side of The course
it.

Tanya: Wow, that sounds impressive. But it can’t all be is only three days a week, so I’ve already
good news. What are the disadvantages? I’ll bet started working part-time at a pet shop.
they’re really expensive to operate. Presenter: That must be interesting.
Millie: Well, no, not necessarily, because sunlight is Freya: Yes, it’s quite a varied job. My favourite job is

free after all, so it’s really only the initial feeding the animals. Some people rush
outlay that is costly. After that they’re very through this but I prefer taking time so I can
efficient. get to know them. In fact, I like having the
Luke: But what about at night when there is no sun? chance hold them. I don’t even mind
to
Millie: Well, they’ve managed to find a way to store cleaningthem out.
the electricity produced during the day, so it’s Presenter: And have you been pleased with the course so
no problem even on cloudy days.
at night or far?
Tanya: So, there are no drawbacks then? Freya: Oh yes, it’s been everything I expected it to be
Millie: I didn’t say that. One problem they do have is and more, really. We’ve practised handling
that a lot of the energy in the sunlight is lost animals and they’ve let us treat some minor
from the collector in the form of heat, and problems, like removing splinters from paws.

[Link]
then, of the remaining heat, a large proportion They make us handle all kinds of animals
escapes from the top of the tower. But they are including spiders and snakes, even if we don’t
still worth the investment because, as I said, want to. At first I didn’t want to touch the
sunlight is free! snakes, and I remember feeling really scared,
Luke: Hang on. If these towers are so tall, how do but they let us take it slowly, and taught us
they cope in high winds? Surely they become exactly how to hold them. As long as you
dangerous then? remember to do it the way you’ve been
Millie: Yes, keeping them stable is another drawback. I taught, it’s fine. I still don’t like holding them,
believe they anchor the towers to the ground but I’m not scared any more. This course has
with wires to stabilize them so they’re not taught me to respect all animals and overcome
dangerous, but it is an issue. my fears.
Tutor: You have certainly found an interesting topic Presenter: What has been the most useful thing you’ve
today, so thanks Millie. Perhaps we can have a learned so far?
look at your pictures now. Freya: Learning about the behaviour of dogs on the
course has helped me understand my own dog
Recording 16
heard him bark, I just told
better. Before, if I
Presenter: Good afternoon, and welcome to Education him to be quiet. Now, I stop to think about
Today. This afternoon Freya Smith tells us why he’s doing it.
about her diploma course in animal Presenter: And what do you hope to do when you’ve
management. Welcome, Freya. finished?
Freya: Thank you. Freya: Well, I was thinking about doing another
Presenter: Now, tell me, Freya - was animal care course when I finish, but now I’ve decided I’m
something you always hoped to do? going to stop studying for a while and go out
Frcva: Oh, yes, absolutely. I’ve always been interested to work. I’d really like to work in cither a zoo
in working with animals and during my last or a safari park.
year at school I decided to do an animal
management course.
Presenter: Right, and was it difficult to find the right
course?
 Recording scripts

Recording 17 Recording 18
Father: Simon, do you have time for a little chat? Anna: Hi Simon, how are you? How is your new car
Simon: Sure, Dad. going?
Father: I just wondered if you’d thought about what Simon: Oh, don’t ask me, Anna. It’s a nightmare! I

you were going to do with the money your should never have bought it!

grandfather left you? Anna: Why? What’s wrong? I thought you’d got one
Simon: Well, I have started to give some thought.
it It’s of those fancy new models?
quite a lot of money so I want to make sure I Simon: I did, but that’s part of the problem. If I’d

don’t just waste it. I had thought about leaving bought a second-hand car, I wouldn’t have
it bank for a while.
in the taken out this big bank loan I’ve got now.
Father: you invest it properly, you won’t
Well, unless Anna: Oh, so I suppose you’ve got big repayments to

earn much interest and it may lose value over make?

time. Simon: Yes, and I can’t sell the car until I’ve paid for it.

Simon: Yes, but if I invest it, I won’t be able to access But it’s not only that. I had no idea running a
the money quickly when I’ve decided what to car was going to be so expensive! I wish I’d

do with it, will I? thought about the other costs before I bought
Father: Well, what sort of thing would you like to do? it.

Simon: Well, at first I thought about taking a trip Anna: It probably wouldn’t be so bad if the price of
around the world, but if I went travelling, I’d petrol hadn’t almost doubled last month.
lose a year of study and I wouldn’t have any Simon: Don’t remind me - the petrol alone is costing
money left over for anything else. me a fortune!
Father: Very true. If you were to spend a year Anna: Lucky you’ve got that part-time job then!
travelling around the world, you’d probably Simon: That’s just the thing. Nearly all of my wages

[Link]
need an awful lot more money than this! are going on the car. If I’d waited a bit before
Simon: Right, so the other thing I wanted to do was buying the car, I’d have managed to save quite
buy a car. a bit by now. I might even have gone on that
Father: Do you think that’s a good idea? It’s not just college trip last week; it sounded great.
the initial cost of the car you have to consider, Anna: Oh, dear. Can’t you ask your dad to help you
you know. If you own a car, you also have to out?
pay for insurance and road tax every year and Simon: No way! When my granddad left me some

then there’s the petrol ... money, my dad didn’t want me to spend it on a
Simon: Yes, Dad, but I’m planning to get a part-time car. If only I’d listened to him, none of this

job as well and it would be great if I could would have happened! I wish he wasn’t always
drive to work instead of travelling on the bus, right!

especially if I have to work late at night. Anna: Well, maybe you should value his opinions

Father: I still think you should think about investing more. You do seem to argue with him a lot. If
some of your money for the future. you got on better with him, you might have
Simon: But I’m scared that if I invest it, I might lose it listened to his suggestions.
all when the stock market goes down. Simon: The worst thing is, Dad wanted me to buy
Father: Well, it’s best not to look at You it like that. some shares with the money and now they’ve
won’t lose any money provided that you think gone up by thirty per cent. I should have
of it as a long-term investment. Now, I know listened to him. If I’d taken his advice, I’d own
you want to buy a car but as long as you get a a small fortune now instead of a big debt!
second-hand one, you should still be able to Anna: Oh, Simon, you poor thing. I wish I could help
invest some of the money as well. That’s what I you but I have even less money than you. At
would do if I were you. leastyou have a car!
Simon: But Dad, there’s this fantastic new car that I’ve Simon: Oh, don’t say that! I wish I’d never bought the
seen ... car! If it weren’t for the car, I’d have no money
worries now.

251
 Recording 19a Interviewer: Well, most people are frightened of being in
front of a class for the first time, but the
Interviewer: Come in Sarah. I do apologize for keeping
tutors will help you to feel more confident.
you waiting. Would you like a cup of tea or
Sarah: I haven’t had any real experience of teaching
coffee?
and I’m worried about not being able to
Sarah: That’s very kind of you, but I’m fine thanks.
and the pupils being rude to
control a class,
Interviewer: Now, I just want to run through a few
me. If they shout at me in class, I’m not sure
questions with you. Firstly, why have you
what I’ll do.
applied for this course?
Interviewer: That’s a common worry but you will be
Sarah: Well, I’ve always been interested in teaching
taught how to deal with those things by the
and I’ve just finished my first degree at
tutors on the course. In the end, of course,
Stamford University, so I’d like to gain a
you have to take responsibility for what
teaching qualification.
happens in your classroom, but you will be
Interviewer: Right, and can you explain your reasons for
much better able to cope after training.
choosing our college specifically?
Sarah: Well, that makes me feel a bit better. Thanks.
Sarah: Well, that’s easy. My brother lives in the city Interviewer: Right, well, want to make you late for
I don’t
and I’m hoping for a place on this course
your train. Thank you for coming and we’ll
because then I'll be able to share a flat with
be in touch soon by email, if that’s okay.
him.
Interviewer: Oh, I see. So there isn’t anything about our Recording 19b
course that attracts you?
Hello everyone and welcome to Greenville community
Sarah: Oh, I didn’t mean it like that. I was really
centre. Today we’re going to be talking about what we as a
impressed with the description of the course
community can do to help each other in severe weather.
in your prospectus. I haven’t applied to the
Our lovely little village is, as you know, quite remote.

[Link]
other university in the city because their
There may be other similar sized communities only 25
course didn’t appeal to me as much.
kilometres away but emergency services have to drive 500
Interviewer: That’s interesting. Can you say a bit more
kilometres to reach us from the closest large town. That
about what interests you about this course?
can mean a wait of up to ten hours before help arrives.
Sarah: Well, I like the structure of it and the fact
that all the focus in the first term is on Having said that, we are very lucky in that we’ve always
theory. I like the idea of learning about
had our own fire service and, thanks to the arrival of Dr
teaching before being asked to do it. Do you Jones earlier this year, wc no longer have to drive so far if
see what I mean? anyone gets sick. What we don’t have, and are unlikely to
Interviewer: Yes, and sounds like a good reason to
it
get in the near future, is a weather station.

apply for our course. Have you talked to Now, the National Weather Bureau can provide a lot of
anyone who has done this course? helpful information and even warn us about severe
Sarah: Yes, my friend did it last year. She warned storms, but they can only do this if they build up a
me about all of the hard work! But that’s database of information and to do that they need local
OK, I expea to work hard. help. That means us. What we’d like to do is set up a
Interviewer: Excellent! Now, do you have any concerns group of volunteer storm spotters to pass information on
about the course? to the Weather Bureau.
Sarah: Well, I must admit there are some aspects of So, what do these storm spotters have to do? Well,
the course that I’m a bit scared of. thankfully you don’t have to be particularly skilled at
Interviewer: Oh, what are they? anything. Quite simply, immediately after a storm has
Sarah: you can see from my application form
Well, passed, the first thing you have to do is call the national
that I'm not very good at maths. Will that weather station to let them know. After that you have to
cause me any problems? complete a report card, which is very simple and won’t
Interviewer: That’s very honest of you, but there is no take more than a few minutes to do. The only other thing
need to worry about that. It’s not important they ask is that we keep an eye out
any reports in the for
for this course. local newspaper of storms or storm damage. You need to
Sarah: Oh, that’s a relief. But the thing I’m most cut these out and send them in as well. Damage that
worried about is the classroom practice. makes news here is unlikely to make it into the national
papers, so these can be an important source of extra
information.

252
 Recording scripts

So that’s all as far as the duties go. Now, what sort of thing Do you have a garden or, if you live in a block

do you need to report? Well, they don’t want to hear of flats, perhaps you have a balcony or
about every single storm that we have, only the ones that veranda? If so, make sure you store away any
bring some unusual conditions. For example, we don’t objects that could become damaging missiles if
need to call them just because there is hail, but we should picked up by strong wind, things like outdoor
report any hailstones that are two centimetres in diameter furniture or even plants, for example. These
or bigger. They also need to know about damage caused can be especially dangerous if you live in a flat

by high wind, especially if it uproots large trees. Again, which is in a large high-rise building.
don't contact them every time you see a tree fallen over. Once you’ve taken care of the outdoors you
You should use your common sense and restrict it to those haveto consider what could go wrong inside.
big enough to cause a problem, especially on our roads. Remember this isn’t just a house or a flat; this
They’d also like to hear about very heavy rainfall and isyour home, the place where you keep your
more especially any localized flash floods. most treasured possessions. What would
So,what should you do if you care about our community happen to them in a flood, for instance? If

and you want to help? Well, obviously you’ll need a bit you’re leaving for an extended period of time,
more information and preparation than I’ve given you is to find someone that can check
the best idea
today so we’ll be conducting a training session next on your home while you’re away. Perhaps you
month. This will only take up a day, so don’t worry too have a family member who lives close by, or
much about you do have the time and would like to
it. If you may have a neighbour that you can rely on.
come along, then you’ll need to talk to the police who arc Another possible problem is having your home
coordinating the event. And as our storm season is from burgled while you are away. Now, there are
November right to the end of January, you’ll need to put often very good reasons why one house is
your name down by the end of October at the very latest, burgled and another is not. In the evening, a

[Link]
but ifyou’d like to get in early, Sergeant Phillips is here home that’s very dark can really stand out. So
this afternoon and he’s happy to take names now. This why not install lights which have a timer and
really is important for our community, and we’re hoping programme them to come on at times when
to get a lot of support. Thank you. you would normally be home? Also, make sure
you find someone who can collect your mail for
Recording 20 you. You’ll be amazed how quickly a letterbox
Presenter: Good morning, listeners! The holiday season is can become crammed full of uncollected letters
here and this is the time when many of us plan and papers, which is a great help to a burglar
to get away from it all, but what about the looking for homes that are empty!
home you’re leaving behind? Well, please
welcome Mike Bowers, who is going to talk
Recording 21
about how to look after your home when you Student: Excuse me, can you spare a few minutes to
are travelling. answer some questions?

Mike: That’s right, Matthew. Whether you’re a person Woman: Umm, yes, I suppose so. What’s it for?
Student: I’m doing a survey about people’s shopping
whose job involves a lot of travel or whether
habits for a university assignment.
you travel for pleasure, you really need to
consider who will look after your home when Woman: Oh, all right then.
Student: Great. First I need to ask about your
you are away.
household. Do you live alone?
Now, some people seem to think it’s just a
Woman: No, I live with my family - my husband and
all the doors and windows,
matter of locking
three children.
which is fine as long as there are no nasty
Student: And how many times a week do you do the
storms while you are away. If you’re going to be
food shopping?
away during a stormy or windy season, then you
Woman: Well, I usually do my food shopping once a
also need to take a good look outside your
week at the supermarket.
home. Perhaps you live in an area where there
Student: Do you usually shop alone or with someone
are a lot of tall trees, in which case you will
else in your family?
need to cut off any dead branches that overhang
Woman: Oh, I always do it on my own. If I go with the
your property.
others, they always put too many things in the
trolley and it costs me a fortune!

253
Student: Right. And do you always shop at this Student 2: And how do you choose the executive
supermarket? committee?
Woman: Yes. It’s very close to my house so it’s very Jack: Well, the executive committee is chosen by the
convenient. students through an election process.
Student: And do you tend to do the shopping on the Student 2: And what exactly do they do?
same day of the week? Jack: Well, the students’ union is responsible for
Woman: Yes, actually I always do the food shopping on many of the extra facilitiesaround the campus
Thursdays because I work Monday to that are not related to study. We run the
Wednesday and there arc fewer people in the restaurants and entertainment and the sports
supermarket on Thursday than on Friday. facilities,which are said to be among the best
Student: Great. Finally, would you ever consider using a in the country. So if you think any of these
computer to buy your shopping online? facilities need improving around the campus, or

Woman: Well, I did try it once but I didn’t like it. if there are other services you think we need to

Student: Can I ask you why not? provide, (hen please come to one of our union
Woman: Well, what I like is being able to see the meetings and make a suggestion. Now, any
products and walking around the shop, and other questions? Yes, at the back ...

maybe buying things that aren’ton my

shopping list, you know. You can’t do that on I
Recording 23
your computer, can you? Fish has long been a staple food in many cultures, but

Student: No, I suppose not. there has been some controversy recently about the
benefits and risks of fish consumption. For example, we
Recording 22 know that fish supplies us with polyunsaturated fatty
Jack: Well, welcome to the university. My
firstly, acids, substances that have been found to protect against

[Link]
name’s Jack Dawson and I’m president of the heart disease. Moreover, because it is beneficial to the
students’ union. I’m here to answer any development of the brain, in many cultures fish is known
questions you may have about university life. as a ‘brain food’. However, recent studies have shown that
Would anyone like to start? fish can also contain mercury, which is poisonous in large

Student 1: Er, yes, I’m not sure how to get a library card. doses and has been linked to lower intelligence. As a
Jack: Ah, yes, that’s very important. You need to go result, people are unsure whether to increase or decrease

to the reception at the library and they’ll give the amount of fish they eat.

you a form to complete. You’ll also need to We recently undertook a project to evaluate the health
have your photo taken for the card. advice currently being given about fish consumption.
Student 1: I’ve already got a passport photo. Can I use Although this work was supported by grants from the
that? Fisheries Scholarship Fund, this did not affect the
Jack: Yes, in which case just give them your photo research findings or interpretations of the results. We
with the filled-in form and they will do the discovered that, in spite of the literature available on the
rest. risks and benefits of fish consumption, there arc still

Student 1 : I'm keen to start using the library as soon as important gaps in this information. Despite these gaps,
possible. Do they process applications quite however, decisions about how to advise people on fish
quickly? consumption should be made based on what we know
Jack: Oh, yes. All applications are processed on the now.
spot so they’ll be able to issue you a card
Firstly, in terms of heart disease, it has been shown that
straight away. Now, are there any other
consuming even small quantities of fish can lower your
questions?
risk of heart disease by 17%. Secondly, consuming fish is
Student 2: Can you explain a little bit about the students’
known to have a beneficial effect on brain development.
union? I’m not really sure what it does.
Finally, although exposure to mercury through eating fish
Jack: Well, the students’ union is a group which
can have a negative effect on IQ levels, the effects that
represents your views to the university.
have been observed are relatively small.
Student 2: So, does the university run the students’
union? To sum up, it would seem that the health benefits of
run by students, seven eating fish outweigh the risks.
Jack: No, the union is

students to be precise, who are called the

executive committee.

254
 Recording scripts

Recording 24 That's certainly the way my friend felt. Mind

you, do think she finds it hard to interact in
I
Tutor: Well, today’s topic for debate is ‘home
large groups of people. And, interestingly, she
schooling’. And the question we’re asking is, ‘Is
doesn’t have a great relationship writh her
it better for us to educate our children at home
parents these days. Perhaps she had enough of
rather than send them to school?’ What do you
them as a child!
think, Tina?
Nick: Well, anyway. I’m glad that my parents didn't
Tina: Well, I was educated at an ordinary school and
educate me at home. Some of my best friends
I don’t have any regrets. Personally, I feel the
today were friends I met at school.
teachers did a really good job and that I have
benefited from the experience. Recording 25
Tutor: What about you, Nick?
Julie: When I was a teenager I was stung by a bee.
Nick: Well, I'm a bit like you, [Link] to a I
For most people, that’s not much of a problem
normal school and, fortunately, I had a great - it just hurts a lot. But I reacted really badly
experience there. Mind you, I can see that
to ended up having to go to hospital where
it. I
being educated at home would be good for
they gave me an injection to stop the reaction.
some There was a boy in my class
children.
What happened was that 1 trod on a bee that
who by some older boys, and I
w’as bullied
was crawling along the floor in the kitchen - it
think he must look back at his school days and
was summer and I was barefoot. My first
feel really bad. If he’d been educated at home,
feeling was, ‘Ow - that hurts!’ Then really
he’d probably feel quite differently. But, in
quickly my foot began to go red and swell up.
general I don’t think it is a good idea.
It just got bigger and bigger. It itched a bit too.
Tutor: So, do you know of anyone who was home-
1 was really surprised by how much it hurt.
schooled?

[Link]
Then it got even scarier because I began to
Tina: Yes, a girl on my course was taught at home by
find it difficult to breathe and kept coughing.
her mother.
Luckily my mum was there and she said, ‘Right
Nick: Surely her mum can't know enough to teach
you’re going straight to hospital!' It was quite
her everything? She must have missed out on a
near our house, but she drove really fast. I was
lot of subjects!
given an injection and soon recovered, but I

Tina: Actually, she believes that she received a better

have to be really careful now in case I get
education as a result.
stung again.
Nick: Frankly, I’d be totally bored staying at home all

day.
Tina: Well, according to my friend they did lots of fun
things like going out for w alks and looking
r
at
nature and going to the theatre to see literature
in action. I can see the benefits of that.
Nick: Yes, butwhat about the social aspect. Doesn’t
your friend feel she missed out on making new
friends?
Tina: No, I don’t think so. Apparently there’s a
network of parents who teach at home, and
they have clubs where their children meet and
that's how' they made friends.
Nick: Yes, but it's those people will be
likely that
very similar. doubt that they met many
I

people from different backgrounds and

cultures, which in many schools it is possible to
do. In my opinion that’s a disadvantage.
Tina: Yes, I think that's a good point. But,
unfortunately, schools do seem to be more
overcrowded and less w'ell-funded these days
and I can see the advantages of home
education in terms of the quality of education.

255
Verb Past simple Past participle ft1 Verb Past simple Past participle 1

be was/were been lie lay lain

beat beat beaten light lit lit

become became become lose lost lost

begin began begun make made made

bend bent bent mean meant meant
bet bet bet meet met met
bite bit bitten pay paid paid
bleed bled bled put put put
blow blew blown read read read
break broke broken ride rode ridden
bring brought brought ring rang rung
build built built rise rose risen
burn burnt burnt run ran run
burst burst burst say said said
buy bought bought see saw seen
catch caught caught sell sold sold
choose chose chosen send sent sent
come came come set set set

cost cost cost shake shook shaken

creep crept crept shine shone shone
cut cut cut shoot shot shot
show showed shown

[Link]
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug shrink shrank shrunk
do did done shut shut shut
draw drew drawn sing sang sung
dream dreamt dreamt sink sank sunk
drink drank drunk sit sat sat

drive drove driven sleep slept slept

eat ate eaten slide slid slid

fall fell fallen smell smelt smelt

feed fed fed speak spoke spoken
feel felt felt spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
fight fought fought spend spent spent
find found found spill spilt spilt

fly flew flown split split split

forbid forbade forbidden spoil spoilt spoilt

forget forgot forgotten spread spread spread

forgive forgave forgiven spring sprang sprung
freeze froze frozen stand stood stood
get got got steal stole stolen
give gave given stick stuck stuck
go went gone sting stung stung
grow grew grown strike struck struck
hang hung hung swear swore sworn
have had had swell swelled swollen
hear heard heard swim swam swum
hide hid hidden swing swung swung
hit hit hit take took taken
hold held held teach taught taught
hurt hurt hurt tear tore tom
keep kept kept tell told told
kneel knelt knelt think thought thought
know knew known throw threw thrown
lay laid laid understand understood understood
lead led led wake woke woken
lean leant leant wear wore worn
learn learnt learnt weep wept wept
leave left left win won won
let let let write wrote written

256
 Appendix

A
2: Phrasal verbs

These are some useful phrasal verbs. Many phrasal verbs have more than one meaning
Check them in a good dictionary before using this list.
account for cut down head for see through
act as deal with hear from see to
agree to depend on/upon help out send (off/away) for/to
aim at dispose of hold on send out
allow for do up hold on to set aside
amount to do without hold up set out
aspire to draw up join in setup
attribute to eat out keep from settle down
base on engage in keep on doing settle into somewhere
be into enter into keep up (with) sort out
believe in even out lay off speak out/up
belong to fall apart lead to standby
break down fall back on lead up to stand for
bring about figure out let down stand up to
bring back fill in/out let off start afresh
bring in find out live on start over

[Link]
bring out finish off live up to stay out of
bring up fit in look after stick at
build up focus on/upon look ahead stick out
call for get across look at stick to
call off get at look forward to stick together
call on get away with look into sum up
care for get back lookup switch off
carry on get in make up take after
carryout get off make up for take away
catch up get on miss out on take down
cater for get out of name after take in
check in get round to name for take off
check out get through pass on take on
cheer up give away pay back takeout
clearup give back pick out take over
dose down give in pick up take up
come about give up play down think about
come across go back point out think of
come along go down put aside think over
come around go into put forward throw away/out
come back go off put off try out
come down go on put on turn into
come from go over put up turn out
come out go through put up with turn to
come up go together refer to use up
come up against go up relate to wake up
come up with hand in result in work at
consist of hand out rule out work out
count on have (got) on run out write up

257