Sta je teorija?
WHAT is "theory"? The question seems a rather easy one for
contemporary science. Theory for most researchers is the
sum- total of propositions about a subject, the propositions
being so linked with each other that a few are basic and the
rest derive from these. The smaller the number of primary
principles in comparison with the derivations, the more perfect
the theory. The real validity of the theory depends on the
derived proposi- tions being consonant with the actual facts. If
experience and theory contradict each other, one of the two
must be reexamined. Either the scientist has failed to observe
correctly or something is wrong with the principles of the
theory. In relation to facts, therefore, a theory always remains
a hypothesis. One must be ready to change it if its
weaknesses begin to show as one works through the
material. Theory is stored-up knowledge, put in a form that
makes it useful for the closest possible description of facts.
The general goal of all theory is a universal systematic
science, not limited to any particular subject matter but
embracing all possible objects.
1. Traditional Theory:
○ Traditional theory, as understood by Horkheimer,
tends to uphold the status quo and existing social
structures.
○ It often emphasizes objectivity, neutrality, and
empirical research methods.
○ Traditional theory seeks to understand and explain
social phenomena within the framework of
established institutions and norms.
○ Horkheimer acknowledges the value of traditional
theory in providing insights into societal functioning
but criticizes its tendency to overlook or justify
existing power structures and inequalities.
2. Critical Theory:
○ Critical theory, on the other hand, challenges the
status quo and aims to uncover and critique power
dynamics and social injustices.
○ According to Horkheimer, critical theory goes
beyond mere description and analysis of society; it
aims to transform it.
○ Critical theory emphasizes the importance of
reflexivity, self-awareness, and questioning of
assumptions.
○ Horkheimer argues that critical theory should not
only critique existing social conditions but also
propose alternatives and strive for social change.
○ Critical theory is interdisciplinary and often draws on
insights from various fields, including sociology,
philosophy, psychology, and political theory.
In summary, while traditional theory tends to maintain the
existing social order and relies on objectivity and empiricism,
critical theory challenges dominant narratives, questions
power structures, and advocates for social transformation.
Horkheimer's work contributed significantly to the
development of critical theory, emphasizing the need for
critical reflection and societal chang