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ASIA
Asia is the largest continent both in terms of size and population. Most of it lies in Northern
Hemisphere except few Islands of Indonesia. It occupies about 30% of the total area of the
Earth. It has extremely diverse geographic features as well as climates. Climates range from
arctic and subarctic in Siberia to tropical in southern India and Southeast Asia.

It is also the world’s most populous continent, with roughly 60% of the total population.

It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean in the south; Arctic Ocean in the north; the Pacific
Ocean in the east; Ural Mountains, Caspian Sea, Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea in the
west. It is separated from Africa by the Red Sea and Suez Canal and from North
America by Bering Strait.

Arabian Peninsula is the largest Peninsula in the World.

The deepest trench of the world: Mariana Trench lies in the Pacific Ocean near Philippines.

The highest point i.e. Mount Everest and lowest point i.e. Dead Sea of the World lies in this
continent.

Pamir Plateau is known as ‘Roof of the World’ situated in the Central Asia.

The highest rainfall in the World is received at Mawsynram near Cherapunji is situated in
the Khasi Hills in Meghalya.

Asian rivers are called ‘Cradles of Civilization’ and Asian continent is called ‘The Birthplace
of All the Religion’.

The World’s highest railway line has been constructed in China. It starts from Qinghai
provinces of China to Lhasa of Tibet. Its height is 4500m above sea-level.

The longest (9439m) railway route in the world i.e. Trans-Siberian Railway has one end in
Asia and other in Europe. It is running between Moscow to Vladivostok.

The longest river in Asia and third longest in the World is the Yangtze (6,211 km) which
flows through China.

Largest Urban Area - Tokyo-Yokohama, Japan (37.8 million people)

Largest Watershed - Ob River ,Russia

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Most Renewable Electricity Produced - Bhutan (99.9%, hydropower)

Population Density - 150 people / Km2

More than 90 per cent of the world’s rice is grown in Asia.

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REGIONS OF ASIA

CENTRAL ASIA Commonly understood as comprising; Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan.

EAST ASIA China, Hong Kong, Macau, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Mongolia.

SOUTH ASIA : Commonly understood as comprising; Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Maldives,

Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh. A common approximate synonym for South Asia is the
Indian subcontinent, plus Afghanistan.

SOUTH EAST ASIA : Commonly understood as comprising; Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia,

Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam.

WEST ASIA : Commonly understood as comprising; Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia,

Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, the Gaza Strip, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria,
Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.

CLIMATE

Asia’s climate can be most generally divided into three zones:

1. The continent’s north/central zone is affected by cold and dry Arctic winds, especially
the Siberia region of Russia. Here permanent frosts inhibit plant growth therefore, Animal
husbandry is very important in this zone. In Mongolia, for example, 75 percent of
agricultural land is allocated to the rearing of livestock, such as sheep, goats, and cattle.

2. The southwest zone is a dry, hot region that stretches from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia
through Pakistan, Iran, and into the Arabian Peninsula. This zone has very few areas with
enough moisture and precipitation to produce crops. Grains, such as barley and corn, are
the principal irrigated crops of some countries.

3. The southeast zone is greatly affected by the summer monsoon season. During this
season, a low-pressure system south of the Himalayas attracts moisture-laden winds from
the Indian Ocean.

AGRICULTURE

The high temperatures and precipitation levels of Southeast Asia are the perfect conditions
for the production of rice and tropical fruits. Rice is one of Asia’s most important
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agricultural commodities and a major food staple of the entire continent, accounting for
more than 50 percent of the continent’s total cereal production—and roughly 90 percent of
total global rice production . Southeast Asia is also a major producer of tropical fruits, such
as mango, papaya, and pineapple. India is the world’s largest mango-producing nation,
accounting for roughly 40 percent of total global output in 2010. Thailand and the
Philippines are the region’s major producers of pineapple. Luzon – Largest Island of
Philippines and also known as Rice Bowl of Philippines .

IMPORTANT WATER BODIES

Tata Strait connects Sea of Okhotsk with Sea of Japan

Korea Strait connects Yellow Sea with Sea of Japan

Bering Strait connects East Siberian Sea with Bering Sea

Sunda Strait connects Java Sea with India Ocean

Malacca Strait connects Java Sea with Andaman Sea

Strait of Bosporus connects Black Sea with Sea of Marmara.

Formosa Strait connects East China Sea with South China Sea

Luzon Strait connects South China Sea with Pacific Ocean

Strait of Hormuz connects Persian Gulf with Gulf of Oman.

Strait of Beb-el-Mandep Connects Red Sea with Gulf of Aden.

DESERTS OF ASIA
Rub-al-Khali – Largest Continuous sand desert in the southern part of Saudi Arabia .

Al Nafud Desrt – Deserts land in the north eastern region of saudi arabia .

Dasht – i – kavir – Largest salt desert of the world situated in the northern Iran .
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Dasht – i –Lut – Barren Desert in Iran Situated in the eastern part of country .

Gobi Desert - Situated to the southeast of Mongolians Plateau and extends into China. Aridity due to
interior location shows the features of undulating sand sea as well as barren sheets or rock and
stone.

LAKES OF ASIA
Lake Baikal – Source of Lena river. It is the deepest continental body of water on Earth having a
maximum depth of 1620 m. It is the largest lake of Asia.

Aral Sea – Located between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Two principal rivers , the Amu Darya and
Syr Darya flow into it .

Lake Asad - Located in Syria.

Dead Sea - It is an example of rift valley lake which lies along the West Bank of Jordan. One of the
deepest points of Asia is the world’s lowest lake. The Jordan river flows into the Dead Sea, which has
no outlet, and evaportation balances the inflow

Lake Toba - Situated in Sumatra (Indonesia). An example of crater of caldera lake.

Caspian Sea - The largest lake in the world which is five times larger than the Lake Superior. It
separates Europe from Asia.

Lake Van Golu - The largest lake of Turkey. One of the saltiest lake in the world.

Lake Turnool - The northernmost extent of East African Rift Valley. Located in the Anatolia Peninsula
of Turkey.

RIVERS OF ASIA
Hwang Ho – Also known as Sorrow of China , It rises in Tibetian Plateau and falls in Yellow Sea .

Yangtse – Kiang – It is the longest river of Asia , Rises in Tibetian Plateau and falls in East China Sea .

Tigris – Eupharates – Important rivers of Iraq and falls in Persian Gulf.

Amu Darya and Syr Darya - are the principal rivers of Central Asia flow in to the Aral Sea through the
semi and depression.
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Sikiang – It rises in the Yunan and falls in China Sea . More than half of the total Silk production
comes from the delta of Sikiang and Yangtse .

Mekong – It pass through China , Laos and Thailand Border , Cambodia and Vietnam . It rises in the
Tibetian Plateau and falls in South China Sea after travelling for 4160 Km . It is longest river in South
east Asia and passes through Ho Chi Minch and Phnom Penh .

Chao Phraya - Principal river of Thailand and passes through Bangkok and falls in Gulf of Thailand .

Salween – It rises in Tibetian Plateau and passes through China and Shan Plateau of Myanmar .

Irrawaddy – Also known as life line of Myanmar . Chindwin is the chief tributary of Irrawaddy . Its
flood plains are known as the rice bowl of Myanmar . It falls in Bay of Bengal .

Ob River – Originates from the Altai mountains on the border of China, Russia, Kazakhstan and
Mongolia.

Lena River – Originates from lake Baikal and flows in northern direction to fall in Arctic Ocean.
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MOUNTAIN RANGES OF ASIA

Hindukush Mountains - Running westwards from the Pamir Knot to the Elburz Mountains in
Iran.

Elburz Mountains - Hindukush Mountain joins the Armenian Knot near the Caspian Sea
under the name of Elburz Mountains in Iran.

Sulaiman Range - It proceeds southwards from the Pamir Knot along the border between
Pakistan and Afganistan. The most famous pass across this mountain wall is the Khyber,
linking Pakistan with Afghanistan.

Kirthar Range - Sulaiman Range takes the name of Kirthan in the south.

Makran Range - Kirthan Range turns westward on the Arabian Sea coast and assumes the
name of Makran.
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Zagros - Running to the northwest of Makran, ultimately ends up in the Armenian Knot.

Pontic Mountain Range - Running to the northwest of Armenian Knot in Turkey.

Taurus Mountain Range - Running to the southwest of Armenian Knot along the
Mediterranean coast in Turkey.

MINERAL RESOURCES

COAL

Asia has enormous reserves of coal, amounting to nearly three-fifths of the world’s total,
but they are unevenly distributed. The largest reserves are found in Siberia, the Central
Asian republics, India, and especially China; Indonesia, Japan, and North Korea have smaller
but nevertheless economically important reserves. China has chiefly high-grade coal
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reserves. Every province has at least one coalfield, but the largest reserves are in Shanxi and
Shaanxi in the Ordos River basin in the north.

Enormous coal reserves are found in North and Central Asia, and some 200 fields have been
worked throughout the region. Most of the known coal supplies of North Asia lie in Siberia,
but the total extent and quality of Siberian deposits have not been fully explored. The Ural
Mountains are not rich in coal, but there are some small fields of lower-grade coals. The
Kuznetsk Basin in south-central Siberia has become a giant producer.

The Qaraghandy fields in east-central Kazakhstan contain the largest deposits in Central
Asia. The Chinese and Indian economies in particular have depended heavily on coal, and
their coal consumption has grown along with their industrial economies since the late 20th
century. Concern has been raised by environmentalists about the possibility that increasing
coal consumption in these two countries would raise global atmospheric carbon dioxide
levels.

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

At least two-thirds of the world’s known crude oil and natural gas reserves are found in
Asia; the proportion may prove higher as Siberia, the Caspian basin, and the seas of south
eastern Asia are further explored. Siberia produces more natural gas than Southwest Asia
and is a significant oil producer as well. The flanks of the Ural Mountains have a number of
large oil fields and small gas fields.

Azerbaijan and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia also possess large deposits of oil
and natural gas. Much of this is centred in the Caspian basin, particularly in areas claimed by
Azerbaijan. The capital, Baku, has become a new world centre for oil exploration.
Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have also substantial portion of oil reserves.

Many of the island chains bordering eastern Asia have geologic formations favouring
petroleum accumulation, and oil fields—both on land and offshore—are in production in
the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo and in China, Brunei, and Malaysia.

Malaysia is the only important oil-producing area on the mainland of Southeast Asia,
although offshore waters may yield production after further exploration; Vietnam also has
some offshore potential. The area of the South China Sea has been actively tested, but
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disputes among the surrounding countries about sovereignty over the Spratly Islands has
inhibited development.

Western Asia has the largest known oil reserves, located in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran,
Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.

South Asia have limited amounts of oil, and known petroleum reserves on the Indian
subcontinent are small as well.

URANIUM

Reserves of uranium ore are found in Asia’s ancient crystalline rocks. The richest ore fields
are found in Kyrgyzstan, between Osh and Tuya Muyun. China and India have their own
deposits. Chinese uranium resources are thought to be in northern Xinjiang and southern
Hunan provinces.

IRON

Indonesia and India both have large deposits of good iron ores that are reasonably
distributed. Many regions of Asia have deposits of iron ore, although not every country has
its own domestic supply. South Korea, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, and several smaller countries in
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Southwest Asia appear to have only small iron ore supplies. Japan has far less than is
needed by its large iron and steel industry and depends largely on imported supplies. The
Philippines exports ore. Malaysia produces a considerable volume. Thailand, Myanmar, and
Pakistan have fair amounts of relatively low-grade ores, and Vietnam and Turkey have good
ores in substantial volume.

China now ranks among the world’s major producers of iron ore. Huge quantities of
varying grades of ores have been discovered that are widely distributed and often located
close to coal supplies.

Iron ore long has been extracted from the Ural Mountains, and there appears to be a
virtually unlimited supply of low-grade ore in the Qostanay Basin east of the Southern Urals
in northwestern Kazakhstan and southwestern Siberia. Large deposits of medium-grade ore
have been found northwest of Lake Baikal.

COPPER

Asia is not richly endowed with copper. In Central Asia the main sites are Olmaliq,
southeast of Tashkent (Uzbekistan) and Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan). In Siberia, production is
mainly from the Kuznetsk Basin. Japan’s once widespread copper ore reserves are no longer
worked, and the Philippines has limited reserves. China has deposits in Gansu, Hebei, Anhui,
and Hubei, but production is insignificant. Turkey, Myanmar, Malaysia, Mongolia, India, and
North Korea have small reserves.

BAUXITE

Asia has enormous reserves of bauxite. The largest fields are located in Kazakhstan and in
south-central Siberia in the Sayan Mountains. There also are large deposits in India,
Indonesia, Turkey, and Malaysia, as well as significant reserves in China.
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AFRICA

• Africa is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in
the west, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, the Suez Canal, the Red Sea and the
Arabian Sea in the northeast.
• The Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean Sea, Suez Canal, Red Sea and the Arabian
Sea separate it from Asia and Europe.
• Africa is located between the latitudes 37° North and 35° South and between the
longitudes 50° East and 20° West.
• Africa is the only continent which is traversed by the equator, the Tropic of Capricorn
and the Tropic of Cancer.
• The Greenwich Meridian passes through the western part of Africa.
• It is the only continent where the 0° latitude meets the 0° longitudes. These lines
meet at the Gulf of Guiana.
• It is the Second largest continent after Asia.
• Africa is called as the “Dark Continent’ because the greater part of its vast interior
remained little known to the outside world until the last century.
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PHYSICAL FEATURES OF AFRICA

Africa has many varied physical features like deserts, rift valleys, mountains, plateaus, rivers,
and islands.

• The Plateau: Ethiopian Plateau, Tibesti Plateau, Katang Plateau and the Abyssinia
Plateau
• The Fold Mountains: The Atlas mountains, The Drakensberg and the Great Karoo
• Volcanic mountain: Mount Kilimanjaro
• The Rift Valley: Great rift valley
• Lakes: Lake Victoria Tanganyika, Nyasa or Malawi, and Kivu.
• Lake Victoria is at the border of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. It is the largest tropical lake
of the world and largest fresh water lake of Africa. Equator pass through this lake.
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• World’s third largest lake after Caspian Sea and Lake Superior.
• Lake chad is the largest lake (shallow fresh water lake) of Sahara in chad.
• Lake Kariba is the Southernmost lake which is located on the Zambezi River in
Zambia. It is one of the biggest man-made lake where commercial fishing is done. It
is the Largest producer of hydroelectricity in Africa.
• Deserts: Sahara desert, Nubian, Libyan, Namib and Kalahari desert (Semi desert region of
Botswana lies to the east of Namib desert. Home of one of the Africa’s oldest races, the
Kalahari Bushmen).

• Rivers: the Nile, the Congo, the Niger, the Zambezi, the Zaire and the Orange.
• Nile river is the longest river. It is the lifeline of Egypt. Nile originates at lake Victoria
and empties into the Mediterranean sea.
• Waterfall: The Victoria Falls and Stanley Falls.
• Islands: Madagascar, Mauritius and the Seychelles (Indian Ocean) the Sao Tome and
Malabo islands (the Atlantic Ocean)
• Highest peak Mt. Kilimanjaro (5895 m), Tanzania
• Lowest point Lake Assal (-156m below sea level), Djibouti
• Highest recorded temperature Al-Azizia, Libya (58 C)
• Lowest recorded temperature Ifrane, Morocco (-24 C )
• Longest range Atlas range
• Largest island Madagascar
• Largest Lake Victoria lake followed by Tanganyika lake
• Longest river Nile river followed by Congo river
• Largest Country Algeria by area and Nigeria by population
• Smallest country Seychelles by both area & population

CLIMATE OF AFRICA

• The Equator, the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer pass through this
continent. So when it is winter in South Africa, it is summer in the North of Africa
• Africa records high temperatures throughout the year as it lies in the tropical zone.
• World’s highest temperature in Al Azyziyah in Lybia has recorded at 58° C.
• The equatorial forests which are found on both sides of the equator receive high
temperatures and daily rainfall.
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• The types of vegetation found in African continent are the equatorial forests, desert
vegetation, Savanna grasslands, Mediterranean vegetation, and temperate
grasslands

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

• In Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia cattle and sheep rearing are practiced especially the
Merino sheep are reared for its quality wool.

• Agriculture is practiced only in certain parts of Africa especially in the bank of river
Nile
• Food crops like wheat, maize, barley, cotton, groundnuts, and rice are cultivated in
large scale
• World’s major gold reserves are found in the African continent.
• South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Central African Republic, and Ghana are leading
producers of gold.
• Diamond mines are found in Botswana, Zaire, and South Africa.
• Africa is the leading exporter of diamonds.
• Minerals like copper, uranium, and manganese are also found in various parts of
Africa.
• Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) is the largest producer of Copper & Diamond
• Africa has agro-based industries which produce items like sugar, cigarette, wine, and
cotton clothes.
• The leather and woollen industries have also flourished in several areas of Africa.
• Heavy industries like the cement industry and the iron and steel industry are mostly
located in South Africa and Egypt.
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EUROPE

▪ It is surrounded by water-bodies in three sides- Arctic Ocean in the north, Atlantic

Ocean in the west, and Mediterranean Sea in the south and Ural mountain in the
east. It is separated from Asia by Caspian Sea, Black seas, Caucasus and Ural
mountainS.

▪ Population - 60 corers

▪ Europe is the second smallest continent in the world. Australia is the smallest
continent.

▪ Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Denmark are together called ‘Scandinavia’.

▪ In Netherlands (Holland), land has been reclaimed by pushing the sea water
backwards for agricultural purposes. The embankments constructed to restrict the
sea are called ‘dykes’ and the lands thus reclaimed are called ‘polder lands’.

▪ Coastal land of Norway represents an excellent example of fiord coast. Fjord coast
are two such types formed by submergence of land in the sea either due to the rise
in the level of sea water or the sinking of land due to some other reason.

▪ Finland is called the ‘Land of Lakes’ because several lakes are formed due to the
melting of ice-sheets.

▪ Spain and Portugal together form the ‘Iberia’ and the peninsula they occupy is
known as Iberian Peninsula

▪ Yugoslavia, Greece, Romania and Albania, situated on the coast of Black Sea and
Mediterranean Sea are called ‘Balkan states’.

▪ Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are together called ‘Baltic states’.

▪ Trans-Siberian Rail Route is the longest rail route in the world. It connects St.
Petersburg in the west and Vladivostok in the east.

▪ Moscow is called the ‘Port of Five Seas’. It is connected to five seas through rivers
and canals. The five seas are Caspian Sea, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea and Lake
Ladoga.
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▪ Number of Countries: According to the United Nations, there are 44 countries in

Europe.
▪ Europe's largest country is Russia (37% of total continent area). 77% of the total
population of the country lives on the European side. Moscow is the capital city and
is the largest city in Russia.
▪ Ukraine is the second largest country followed by France, Spain, Sweden, Norway,
Germany, Finland and Poland

▪ Europe's smallest country is Vatican City, which occupies only a tiny territory in the
center of Rome.
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PHYSICAL FEATURES

Pustaz in Hungary and Steppe in Ukraine are the temperate grasslands of Europe. Steppe
region of Ukraine is called the ‘Granary of the world’ or ‘Bread Basket of the world’.

Lake Ladoga and Onega are the largest and second largest lake of Europe located in Russia.

IMPORTANT RIVERS

Rivers of Italy – Po (Venice on its bank) and Tiber (Rome on its bank)

Rivers of France – Seine (Paris on the bank) and Loire (Longest river of France)

Spain – Ebro

Rhine River – Originates from Alps (Switzerland) and drains in North Sea. It flows through
Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Netherlands, where the delta is located. It
serves as the boundary between France and Germany. Rhine River is the busiest waterway
of Europe.

The Volga is the longest river in the Europe, which has been connected with Don River and
hence forms a waterway for the vessels from the Black Sea into the interior parts of the
continent.

Danube is the second longest river of Europe passes through five capital cities of Europe
namely -
Bucharest (Romania), Bratislava (Slovenia), Belgrade (Yugoslavia), Budapest (Hungary),
and Vienna (Austria).

IMPORTANT WATER BODIES

Gulf of Bothnia – separates Finland and Sweden

English Channel – separates Britain and France

Bay of Biscay – separates France and Spain

Strait of Gibraltar - connects Atlantic ocean with Mediterranean Sea

Bosporus Strait - connects Black Sea with Sea of Marmara

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Strait of Kerch - connects Sea of Azov with Black Sea

IMPORTANT MOUNTAINS

APPENNINES - also known as backbone of Italy since they pass through centre of Italy. They
extend from the western Alps to the southern tip of mainland in Italy. They are an example
of Limestone hillls, which is well known for wine making.
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VOSGES - Lies in France and separate it from Italy. They are an example of Block mountain.

ALPS - Lies in the south-eastern part of France and separates it from Italy. Mount Blanc
(4,807 m) is the highest peak of Alps, lies in France. The Alps acts as giant watershed in
Switzerland.

DINARIC ALPS - Lies along the north-east coast of Adriatic Sea.

CARPATHIAN – Run in northwest-southeast direction in the countries of Poland, Ukraine

and Romania.

BALKAN - Runs in east-west direction in Bulgaria.

PINDUS - The barren limestone chain, runnine north west-southeast and rising to 2,500 m. It
Constitutes the principal mountain chain of Greece.

URAL - Average height between 500 and 800 m. Forms the natural boundary between Asia
and Europe.

CAUCASUS - Lies to the north of Georgia, Azerbaijan. Separates Asia from Europe. Mount
Elbrus in the Caucasus is the highest mountain peak of Europe.

BLACK FOREST - Block mountain of Germany. They are examples of block mountains.

KJOLEAN - Running in north-south direction along the border of Norway and Sweden.

PENNINE - The Central upland region of Great Britain.

CANTABARIAN - Mountain chain lying in northern Spain. They extends in east-west

direction.

MOUNT STROMBOLI - An example of composite volcanic cone. It is Known as the ‘Light

house of the Mediterranean’ because of continuous volcanism.

MOUNT ETNA - A volcanic mountain of Sicily (Italy.)

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ECONOMY OF EUROPE

▪ Major Food Crops: Maize, Barley, oilseeds and rice

▪ According to the agricultural census, Europe produces 90% of Oat, 50% of Barley
and 25% of wheat yet it has to import the food grains.

▪ Nearly three-fourth of potato produced in the world is grown on European soil.

▪ Milan is known as ‘Manchester of Italy’ and Turin is known as ‘Detroit of Italy’.

▪ International Seed bank is established in the Swelbard Island of Norway.

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NORTH AMERICA OR ANGLO AMERICA

North America is the third largest continent. It was discovered by Columbus in 1492 AD. The
Anglo-America can describe Canada and the U.S., while Latin America comprises Mexico
and the countries of Central America and the Caribbean, as well as the entire continent of
South America.

▪ It is surrounded by Arctic Ocean in the north, Atlantic Ocean in the east and Pacific
Ocean in the west. To the north it is separated from the easternmost tip of Siberia
by the Bering Strait. It is separated from Asia by the Bering Strait.

▪ Canada is the second largest country of the world, after Russia. It extends from
the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west.
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▪ United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world, after Russia,
Canada and China. It comprises of 50 states, including Alaska and Hawaiian Islands.

▪ This continent has the largest coastline.

▪ Ethnic Groups and Language: Red Indians, Eskimos and Inuits are the original
inhabitant of this continent.

▪ The American Museum of Natural History, in New York, is the biggest museum of
the world.

▪ Mt. Mackenzie is the highest peak of North America, situated in Alaska. It is an

active volcano. While, Death valley, California is the lowest point on it.

▪ There are several groups of Islands in the southern part of the continent, known as
‘Western Island groups’ or ‘West Indies’.

▪ It is connected with South America through the Isthmus of Panama.

▪ The 49 N latitude forms the boundary between the two big countries- USA and
Canada. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River also act boundary between the USA
and Canada.

▪ USA has 50 states and 9 time zones.

▪ Straits of Florida is the famous strait in North America. It connects the Gulf of
Mexico with the Atlantic Ocean.

▪ The Wood Buffalo National Park is world largest national park located in Alberta
province of Canada.

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF NORTH-AMERICA

This continent is situated between five physiographic regions-

1. Canadian Shield
2. Appalachian Mountains
3. Atlantic Coastal Plain
4. Interior Lowlands also called as called Prairies “Granaries of the World”.
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5. North American Cordillera.

Prairies lie in USA and 3 states of Canada. They are temperate grasslands with nutritious
grass known for wheat cultivation and animal rearing.

LAKES OF NORTH AMERICA

▪ LAKES OF CANADA - Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Reindeer Lake and Lake
Winnipeg
▪ GREAT LAKES - Great lakes are at the boundary of USA and Canada. Lakes are
Superior, Michigan, Hudson, Ontario and Erie. It is a largest, freshwater glacial
system. Together holds almost 1/5th of the earths fresh water.

▪ Lake Superior has the largest volume of all the Great Lakes. It is the coldest and
deepest and because it has a cooler climate and poor soil conditions it is the least
polluted. Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake in the world.

▪ Lake Michigan is the second largest of the Great Lakes. It is located completely
within the United States. It is the only one of the Great Lakes to be completely within
one country.

▪ The world famous Niagara Falls is located between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. It is
comprises of three waterfalls: the Horseshoe Falls, the American Falls and the
Bridal Veil Falls.

WATER-BODEIS AROUND NORTH AMERICA

Beaufort Sea - North of Canada

Baffin Bay Between Greenland and Baffin Island.

Hudson Bay North of Canada

Labrador Sea NE Canada

Davis Strait connects Baffin bay and Labrador sea

Bay of Fundy Nova Scotia. It is the site of highest tide

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Yucatan Channel connects Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean sea

Florida Strait connects Gulf of Mexico and Sargasso sea

Bering Strait connects Bering sea of Pacific Ocean and Arctic Ocean

RIVERS OF NORTH AMERICA

▪ Mackenzie (longest river of Canda)

▪ Rivers of USA - Mississippi and Missourie rivers, Saint Lawrence river, Colorado river
and Columbia river. Mississippi is the most important river system in USA. It is the
second largest river after Missouri and empties into the Atlantic ocean.
▪ The Rio Grande RIVER is at the border of USA and Mexico.

IMPORTANT MOUNTAIN RANGES

Brook’s Range Located in Northern Alaska. Extends in the east-west direction and is a
continuation of the Rocky.

The Alaska and Aleutian Ranges Terminate in the Aleutian islands, are part of the Pacific
Mountain Systems. Mount McKinley (6194 m) is the highest peak of North America is in the
Alaska Range.

Western Cordillera They are made up of three almost parallel ranges, running north to
south.

A. Coast Mountains
B. i. Cascade Range East of Coast Mountain, running from the North California to
Washington. Mount Whitney (4418 m) is the highest peak of USA.

ii. Sierra Nevada From south of Cascade Range to southern California along the Pacific
coast.

C. Rocky Mountains Lies east of the Cascade range and Sierra Nevada, running from
Alaska to Mexico and is over 4000 m. It is the easternmost and is the highest range among
the western Cordilleras. West of the Rockies lies a region of table-lands, basins, canyons
and deserts.
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Colorado plateau is the largest plateau located in North America. It bisected by the
Colorado River and the Grand Canyon.

CLIMATE OF NORTH AMERICA

▪ The lowlands of Central America have a tropical rain forest and savanna whereas

▪ The areas of central Greenland have a permanent ice cap. In northern Canada, north
Alaska and desert are experiencing subarctic and tundra climates.

▪ The semiarid conditions are found in the interior regions cut off by high mountains
from rain-bearing westerly winds.
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ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

▪ Shale gas reserves are found in huge proportions in the US. The US has overtaken
Russia as the largest gas producer and Saudi as the largest oil producer. This led to
low imports for US and boosted manufacturing there.

▪ The Appalachian Mountains are old fold mountains which are a source of coal –
bituminous, anthracite. US second largest coal producer after China.

▪ Canada has a flourishing paper and lumber industry. This is due to temperate
forests, hydroelectricity from rivers and labour. It also has a large uranium reserve
(22% of the world).

▪ Grand Bank near Newfoundland and Georges Bank near Nova Scotia are extensive
fishing grounds in North America.

▪ The temperate grassland in North America is called ‘prairies’. Maize is called corn
here. It is also called ‘Corn Belt’. Agriculture pattern from east to west is cotton and
tobacco, followed by corn and soybean belt and then wheat belt in prairies.

▪ The largest salt mine in the world is the Goderich Mine which runs partially under
Lake Huron.

▪ Cuba is the major producer of Sugarcane and hence called the ‘Sugar Bowl of the
World’.

▪ Jamaica is famous for Banana production.

▪ The largest industrial region of USA is spread over the region from the River
Mississippi to the Atlantic Ocean. It is considered as the world’s largest industrial
region.

▪ Detroit is famous for manufacturing of Motor Cars.

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▪ Akron is the biggest centre of the world in the manufacturing of synthetic rubber
and tyres.

▪ The famous ‘Silicon Valley’ is in San Francisco which is famous for software and
computer industry.
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SOUTH AMERICA

It is bounded by the Caribbean Sea to the northwest and north, the Atlantic Ocean to the
northeast, east, and southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

It is connected to the North America through the Isthmus of Panama.

The island of Tierra del Fuego lies in the extreme south of this continent and the
southernmost tip of this island is called the ‘Cape Horn’.

Andes Mountain Range (Fold Mountain) lies in this continent which is the second highest
mountain range of the world, after Himalayas. Moreover, the longest mountain range, the
Andes whose highest mountain is Aconcagua at 6,962 m.
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• Mt. Aconcagua is the highest peak of this continent.

• The Bolivian plateau is situated between Andes Mountain Range.
• Mt. Cotopaxi lies in this continent which is the highest active volcano of the world.
• The capital of Ecuador i.e. Quito is the highest capitals city of the world.
• Easter Island of this continent is an isolated Polynesian island famous for
its mysterious history and giant stone statues.
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• Amazon is the most voluminous and the second longest river of the world. It
originates in the Andes and after passing through Brazil, drain into the Atlantic
Ocean.
• The highest navigable lake i.e. Lake Titicaca (on the border of Bolivia and Peru) is
situated on the Bolivian plateau.
• The Angels Fall is the highest waterfall in the world is situated on the plateau of
Guyana.
• Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the
continent's land area and population.
• The smallest country in South America is called Suriname both by area and
population.

CLIMATE

• There are seven types of climate are found in this continent- Equatorial Climate,
Savana type of climate, Prairie Climate, Tropical Climate, Desert Climate,
Mediterranean Climate, and Temperate Maritime Climate.
• The ‘Galapagos’ island of Ecuador is the natural fertility centre of Olive Ridley
Turtle.
• In the Pampas region of South America, highly nutritious alfalfa grass is grown.
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ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

• Major Food Crops: Maize and Wheat

• Major Cash Crops: Coffee
• Brazil, Columbia and Ecuador are one of the largest producers of coffee in the
world.
• Chile is the largest producer of Nitrate in the world.
• Chuquicamata plateau of Chile is famous for the production of copper. It is known
as the ‘Copper Capital of the world’.
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• Venezuela has the largest known oil and gas reserves. It has about 300 billion
barrels of oil and 21,000 quadrillion cubic feet of gas reserves. It also has one of the
most heavily subsidized petroleum products markets on the planet.
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AUSTRALIA

Australia is the smallest continent and the largest island of the world. Hence, it is also called
'Island continent'. It comprises of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, New Britain,
and small neighbouring islands.

It was discovered in 1770 by James Cooke, who was an English sailor. It lies completely in
the Southern Hemisphere.

Australia is the only continent that is also a country. It lies between the Indian and Pacific
Oceans. It is surrounded by Timor Sea in the northwest, Arafura Sea and Gulf of Carpentaria
in the north, Great Barrier Reef in the northeast and Great Australian Bright in the south. To
the south east of mainland lies the mountainous island of Tasmania

Capital of Australia – Canberra

Population – 19 million

The northern half of Australia is situated in the tropical zone and the southern half is
situated in the temperature zone. The Tropic of Capricorn passes through the middle of
this continent. The southern parts are cooler with mild summers and cool, sometimes
rainy winters.

Two-third part of Australia is covered with plateau which is known as ‘Western

Plateau’, where rainfall is very scanty and deserts have developed.

The eastern part of Australia is covered with chain of high lands from the Cape York to the
island of Tasmania which is known as ‘Great Dividing Range’.

There is a Coral Reef along the eastern coast of Australia. It is known as 'Great Barrier
Reef'. It is more than 1900 km long. The northern part of the eastern side of this coral reef is
very dangerous for the vessels.

Mt. Kosciusko is the highest peak in Australia. Mt Cook is the highest peak of New Zealand.

Major Rivers: Murray River, Murrumbidgee River, Darling River, Lachlan River, Warrego
River, Cooper Creek, and Paroo River.

River Murray is the longest river in Australia. Waikato River is the longest river in New
Zealand.
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There are 41 major lakes and over 4000 smaller lakes in the continent. Lake Taupo is a
crater lake and one of the beautiful lakes in New Zealand which was formed by the violent
volcanic eruption. Lake Eyre, officially named Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre, is a large salt water
lake in Australia.

Time Zone: There are three main time zones. It is equal to Greenwich Meantime plus 10
hours (GMT +10).

Ethnic Groups and Language: 90% are European, 7% are Asian, 2% are aboriginal and rest
are related to the people of Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and others from Southeast
Asia and Australasia. 80% are English speaker.

There are two types of grasslands are found in the continent-tropical and temperate. These
are called 'Savana'and 'Downs'respectively. In the Savanna grasslands, Salt Brush and
Mulga bushes are found. Also, Eucalyptus trees grow here and there in the Downs. Hence,
the Downs are called the 'Parkland of Australia'.

Australia has the world’s largest known uranium reserve. 10% of gold reserve of world is
here. Argyle diamond mine is one of the largest in the world. It has valuable pink and red
diamonds.
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AUSTRALIA: PHYSICAL FEATURES

Major Physiographic Regions of Australia is—The Great Dividing Range, Central Lowlands
and Western Plateau.

THE GREAT DIVIDING RANGE

The most elevated part of Australia, also known as Eastern Highlands, extends from Cape
York Peninsula (Queensland) to Victoria and continues beyond the Bass Strait into Tasmania.
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It is an example of block-fault mountains, nowhere wider than 161 km and at places as

narrow as 48 km. It is a Major source of minerals, timber, water and hydel-power.

Australian Alps - Lies in the south-east of New South Wales. It includes the continent’s
highest peak, Mount Kosciusko (2,230 m).

CENTRAL LOWLANDS

Located along the western flanks of the Great Dividing Range from Gulf of Carppentaria in
the north of the Great Australian Bight in the South. Consist of series of basins, low lying
land, lakes and old lake beds.

Surface of Lake Eyre is the lowest in the region at about 12 m below sea level. The region
contains two large basins the Great Artesian Basin and the Murray Darling Basin. Artesian
basin of Australia is confined groundwater storage. It is the largest and deepest freshwater
storage in the world and responsible for water supply to the central region of Australia.

THE WESTERN PLATEAU REGION

A shield made in Pre Cambrian era rich in mineral resources. Australia’s largest structural
unit—a high tableland. Contains the desert regions—Great Sandy, Gibson and Great Victoria
deserts.
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Murray Darling Basin

River basin formed by the Australia’s largest river system Murray and its tributary Darling.
Snowy River Scheme, Tully Falls and Shannon are major hydel power schemes. Great Barrier
Reef Murray and darling river basin are found in south Australia. Their basin forms the
temperate grassland called downs. It is known for dairy farming and wheat cultivation.
Sheep rearing of merino breed is done as they give high quality wool.

CITIES OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA

PERTH - Situated on the Swan River, 19 km from the sea. Capital of Western Australia.
Manufacturing centre of iron-steel, vehicles, machinery and textiles.

FREMANTLE - Situated on the mouth of Swan River, largest port of Western Australia.

KALGOORLIE and COOLGARDIE - These two cities are located in the southern region of
Western Australia. One of the important centre of gold mining in the world. Situated to the
north-west of western Australia.

PILBARA - Situated to the north-west of western Australia. It is Known for its iron ore
reserves.

DARWIN - The capital and the chief port of the north coast which exports timber, grain and
meat. It is also known for its ore reserves. City is called ‘Australia’s front door’.

BRISBANE - Situated near the Ipswich coal fields. Capital and chief harbour of Queensland.
Major industrial city and a manufacturing centre of locomotives, machinery and processed
foods.

SYDNEY - Australia’s oldest and largest city. Built on the low hills of the Pacific coast. The
capital and the major port of New South Wales. Major centre of iron-steel, paper and
printing, and chemical industries. Known for lead-zinc and silver mines.

NEW CASTLE- Situated to the south of Sydney on the coast of Pacific. It is a sea port and an
industrial town. Major centre of iron-steel, non-ferrous metals and textile industries.
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MELBORNE - The capital of Victoria. It is Country’s second largest city and also former
capital of Australia. Centre of major industries based on Gippsland’s lignite coal and hydel
power from the Snowy river scheme. Chemicals, ship-building, aircraft, engineering, railway
equipments and motor vehicles are the major industries.

CANBERRA - Nation’s capital, situated to the south of Sydney. It is mainly administrative

city.
NEW ZEALAND
Population : 3.8 million
Capital : Wellington
Southern Alps
The mountains of the South Island, includes the country’s highest peak, Mount Cook (3,764
m).
Canterbury Plains
• The most extensive plains, an example of Piedmont Alluvial plain crossed by rivers cover
12,500 km of the South Island’s east coast.
• The chief farming region in New Zealand.
MOUNT EGMONT
• An extinct volcano in south-west of North Island.
• Situated to the north of central volcanic plateau of North Island.
WELLINGTON
• Situated on the southern tip of the North Island.
• Country’s capital and also the southernmost capital city of the world.
• An important sea port on the Cook Strait.
• Cattle rearing and dairy is the main economic activity around this city.
AUCKLAND
• Biggest city of the country and also the largst port on the coast of North Island.
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CHRISTCHURCH
• Major industrial centre of the South Island.
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THE PACIFIC ISLANDS

Scattered across the Pacific Ocean they are made up of three main groups: Melanesia,
Micronesia and Polynesia.

Micronesia (Tiny Islands)

Consists of four smaller group of islands, they are Northern Mariana, Caroline, Marshall
and Gilbert islands (now Kiribati).

Guam (Mariana) is the largest island of Micronesia. It is an important US military base and
tourist destination.

Federal states of Micronesia - Formerly known as Caroline islands, is an archipelago of

western Pacific.
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Kiribati (Gilbert and Ocean Island) - These islands are spread over a vast area in South West
Pacific. It has high grade phosphate deposits. Agriculture and fishing are the main
occupations.

Nauru - World’s third smallest independent state. Lies to the south of equator in the
Central Pacific Ocean. It is a coral island with huge deposits of phosphate.

POLENESIA (Many Islands)

The group of islands within the “triangle” is known as Polynesia. It includes Tuvalu, Samoa,
Cook Islands, and Easter islands, French Polynesia, Nive, Pitcairn Islands, Tokelau, Wallis and
Futuna.
TUVALU - Formerly known as Ellice Islands. World’s fourth smallest independent state. It is a
scattered group of nine small atolls in the Western Pacific Ocean.

Melanesia (Black Islands)

It is the most westerly Pacific island group. They Lie between the equator and the Tropic of
Capricorn, it is divided politically into Irian Barat and Papua New Guinea - the Bismarcks,
Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Fiji Island and Vanuatu.