Question 1: Show that the polarizability of a conducting metallic sphere of radius @ is @ = a. When a conducting sphere is placed in an external electric field Zo, it develops an induced dipole moment Pp due to the separation of charges on its surface. The potential inside and outside the sphere can be described by solving Laplace’s equation with appropriate boundary conditions. For a conducting sphere, all charges reside on the surface, and the electric field inside the conductor is zero. The dipole moment P of the induced charges can be given by: p= ako For a conducting sphere of radius @, the induced dipole moment is: p = 4nega3 Ey Comparing this with p = ap , we find: a = Area However, in a vacuum with €0 = 1 in simplified units, we often write:Q. 2: A sphere of permittivity e, and chi = (epsilon - 1) / 4 * piis placed in a uniform external electric field is the volume average electric field E in the sphere? (b) Show that the polarization in the sphere is, E, (a) What P= chi mathcal E 0 (1 + (4pi*chi / 3) Q. 3: Calculate the electronic Polarization of argon atom, given that radious r = 1.0024 at NTP and N = 2.7x 10 atom m3. © To solve these questions, let's go through each one step-by-step. Question 2 Given: * A sphere with permittivity €. "X= SS , where X is the electric susceptibility. * The sphere is placed in a uniform external electric field &o. We need to find: 1. The volume-averaged electric field E inside the sphere. 2. The polarization P in terms of x and 0. Solution: wySolution: (a) Average Electric Field inside the Sphere When a dielectric sphere is placed in a uniform electric field €0, the average electric field E inside the sphere can be derived using the result for a uniformly polarized sphere: ans E= 4n6 (b) Polarization P in the Sphere The polarization P is given by the formula: P= xeoEL Substituting Z = 25£0 , we get: P= xe045&0 Now, expressing X in terms of €, we have X = sl . Thus, 5 (GaGa) P= (qe. 358Question 3 Given: * Radius of argon atom r = 1.0024 x 10-!9,m * Number density NV = 2.7 x 1025, atoms/m* Goal: Calculate the electronic polarization P. Solution: 1. Calculate the Atomic Polarizability Q: a=Arnegr? Substituting the values: a = 4m x (8.854 x 10-1”) x (1.0024 x 10-1)8 \alpha = 4 \pi \times 8.854 \times 10*{-12} \times 1.0072 \times 10*{-30}] a 1.12 x 10-F- m? 1. Calculate the Electronic Polarization P: Assuming an applied electric field Eo, P=WNa€&, Since €o is not given, we leave P in terms of £0: P = (2.7 x 10”) x (1.12 x 10-4) x & P \approx 3.02 \times 10*{-15} \mathcal{E}_0 , \text{C/m} 2)Question 4 Given: * Number density NV = 5 x 1028, atoms/m* * Polarizability a = 2 x 10-4, F- m? * Vacuum permittivity ¢9 = 8.854 x 10-12, F/m Goal: Calculate the ratio of the internal field Hint to the external field €. Solution: The internal field Hint using the Lorentz field formula is: Em = + & The polarization P is given by: P=Na& Substitute P into Hint : Ein, = &y + No Now, the ratio Fu is: a ae Substitute the given values: Eps = 1 4 Gxt) x(2x10°")p10 x (2x10~*") x10- Fn — 1 + | = 1+ \frac{10 \times 10*{-12}}{26.562 \times 10*{-12}} ] = 1+ 0.3766 \approx 1.3766 ] So, the ratio of internal field to external field is approximately 1.38 .Question 5 Given: * Dielectric constantk =6 . * Applied electric field & = 100, V/m Goal: Calculate the polarization P in the dielectric medium. Solution: The relationship between the dielectric constant & and the electric susceptibility x is: K=1+¥x x=e-1=6-1=5 The polarization P is given by: P=xeE0& Substitute X =5 ,€9 = 8.854 x 10-!?,F/m and & = 100, V/m P=5 x (8.854 x 10-1) x 10 P =5 \times 8.854 \times 104{-10} ] P = 4,427 x 10-°C/m? So, the polarization P is 4.427 x 10-9, C/m?Question 6 Given: ¢ Electronic polarizability of argon a=1.7x 10-", F- m? * Density of argon , p=1.8,g/cm* = 1.8 x 103, kg/m* Goal: Calculate the static dielectric constant * of solid argon. Solution: 1. Calculate the Number Density JV: Given the density p = 1.8 x 103, kg/m* and molar mass of argon M = 39.948 x 10-3, kg/mol N= ef Substituting values: 1.8x 105) x (6.022 10% N= } (6.8 2 ) N \approx 2.71 \times 10{28}, \text{atoms/m}*3 ] 1. Calculate «: The dielectric constant & is: K=1+%2Substitute N = 2.71 x 1028, atoms/m?® a=1.7x10-%,F-m? and €9 = 8.854 x 10°, F/m 2.71 x 10"8) x (1.7x 1074") . x10- K-14! = 1+ \frac{4.607 \times 10*{-12}}{8.854 \times 10{-12}} ] 1+0.52 \approx 1.52 ] So, the static dielectric constant K of solid argon is approximately 1.52 .Q7: Estimating the Diamagnetic Susceptibility (X_dia) of Copper Given: * Radius of copper atom r = 1, Al1=1 x 10-19,m * Lattice parameter @=3.608, Ai = 3.608 x10" m For diamagnetic materials, we use the formula: Xaia = — BEE where: * 0 =40 x 10-7,H/m (permeability of free space), *e=1.6%x10-,C (charge of an electron), * Z=1 (assuming one electron per atom), *r=1x10%m , * me =9.1 x 1078!,kg (mass of an electron), * V =a? (volume per atom for a cubic lattice). First, calculate V: V = (3.608 x 10-10)3 = 4.697 x 10-9 m3 Now, substitute these values into the formula: a _ (rx 10°7)(1.6x10-)2-1-(1 10") Xdia = ~*~ 6 GAx10-1)-(4.607x 10-2)Now plug in these values: (4x 10-7)-(1.6x10-)2-1-(1 10-2)? Xdia = ~~ G-(.1x 10-1) (L097 x 10-3) Calculating the numerator: Numerator = 4m x 1077 x (2.56 x 107-38) x 1 x 10-20 = 3.215 x 10-84 Calculating the denominator: Denominator = 6 - (9.1 x 10-8!) - (4.697 x 10-29) = 2.568 x 10-58 Now substituting these back: Xeia = — $35 s & —1.25 x 10-6 Thus, the estimated diamagnetic susceptibility of copper is approximately: Xdia & —1.25 x 10-6Q8: Calculating Paramagnetic Susceptibility and Magnetization of a Salt Given: * Number of ions per unit volume NV = 108, ions/m* * Magnetic moment per ion » = 1, Bohr magneton = 9.27 x 10-74, A - m? * Magnetic field H = 10, A/m * Temperature T’ = 300, K (a) Calculating Paramagnetic Susceptibility (x_para): The formula for paramagnetic susceptibility is: 2 Xpare = “RAF where: * po =40x10-7,H/m , * kp = 1.38 x 10-3, J/K Substitute the values: _ (4m x10-7)-(10%)-(9.27x 10-4)? Xpara = T.38x 10-25).Calculating the numerator: Numerator = 4m x 10-7 x 108 x (8.594 x 10-47) = 1.179 x 10-17 Calculating the denominator: Denominator = 1.38 x 10-73 x 300 = 4.14 x 10-7! Now substituting back: Xpara = TRAE & 2850.5 1. Calculating Magnetization (M): M = Xpara: H = 2850.5 x 10 = 28505 A/m Thus, the paramagnetic susceptibility is approximately: Xpara © 2850.5 And the magnetization produced is: M ~% 28505 A/mQ9: Calculating Susceptibility of Iron Rod Given: * Magnetic field H = 10°, A/m * Magnetic induction B = 4, Wb/m” Using the relation: B= o(H+M) we rearrange to find the susceptibility X using: — M — B/w-H X= =H Calculate the susceptibilityMb calculating Susceptibility of Iron Rod 1. Using the relation B = po(H + M) B= p(H+M) Rearranging for M: Substituting the values: fo =4e x 10-7H/m, H=105A/m, B=4Wb/m Calculating B: 2 = phe © rood © 3.18 x 10°A/m Now substituting back: M = 3.18 x 106 — 10° = 3.08 x 10° A/m 1. Calculating Susceptibility (x): x= Y = apa" — 30.8 Thus, the susceptibility of the iron rod is approximately: x 30.8