Computer Graphics (CoSc3121)

I N S T R U C T O R : WASIHUN K.
COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
DEBARK UN I V E R S I T Y

CHAPTER ONE
 Contents
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 Definition of CG

 Application of CG

 Graphics input/output devices

 Introduction to Open GL/Glut

 Computer Graphics Definition
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 It is a sub-field of CS which studies methods for

digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual
content.

 It focuses on the mathematical and computational

foundations of image generation and processing
rather than purely aesthetic issues.
 Development of Computer Graphics
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 Started by one MIT student, Ivan Sutherland.

 He created computer drawing program called Sketchpad

 Sketchpad: with a light pen used to

 Draw simple shapes on the computer screen,
 Save them and
 Recall them later.

 The light pen works by:

 Small photoelectric cell in its tip
 Itemits an electronic pulse whenever it touches a computer screen
 The screen's electron gun fired directly at it.
 Computer could then draw a cursor at that location.
 Development of Computer Graphics CONTD.
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 Other MIT, Bell Telephone Laboratory (BTL), and

other major corporations like TRW, Lockheed-
Georgia, General Electric and Sperry Rand,
University of Utah … scientists also joined computer
graphics field later.
 The first advanced 3D computer graphics was
created in UU by
 Jim Clark, John Warnock (The founder of Adobe Systems),
Catmull and Fred Parke
 Image Types
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 2D computer graphics

 Pixel art

 Vector graphics

 3D computer graphics
 Image Types CONTND.
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 2D computer graphics
 are the computer-based generation of digital images—mostly
from two dimensional models, such as 2D geometric models.
 were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing
technologies.
 two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a real world
object, but an independent artifact with added semantic value.
 Any shapes you can trace from an object on a flat piece of paper.

 In early days 2D images was preferred than 3D

 Give more direct control for the image
 3D will be tedious and complicated for Typography
 Image Types CONTND.
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 Pixel art
 Digital arts created by using raster graphics software

 Images are edited on the pixel level

 Specify the location of individual pixels

 One bit represent one pixel on the screen

 Graphics in most old

 Computer and video games,
 Graphing calculator games, and
 Many mobile phone games
 Image Types CONTND.
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 Vector graphics
 is the representation of images as an array of pixels

 used for the representation of photographic images. Mostly

used in CRT displays.
 Based on mathematical formulas that defines geometric
primitives
 In it we encode information about shapes and colors that
comprise the image
 This will give us more flexibility in rendering
 Image Types CONTND.
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 3D computer graphics
 That use a three dimensional representation of geometric data

 Often referred to as 3D models but

A 3D model is the mathematical representation of any three-
dimensional object.
 A model becomes a graphic if and only if it is visually displayed.

 Use concepts like lighting and rendering.

3D vs. 2D
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 Their differences
 2D: length + width

 3D: length + width + depth + some other effects like lighting,

shadow, cue …
 Most of 3D computer graphics algorithms are based
0n most of 2D graphics algorithms.
 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve
effects such as lighting
 And 3D may use 2D rendering techniques.
 Computer Animation
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 Animation is the change of an attribute (location, size,

orientation… ) over time.
 is the art of creating moving images via the use of
computers.
 It is created by means of 3D computer graphics.
 For the case of stylistic, low bandwidth, and fast
applications 2D graphics are also used.
 When animation used in films it is called CGI (Computer
Generated Imaging).
 Frames: one entity (image) in a video.
 Key Frames: the main image (first image) in one scene.
 Illusion of Movement
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 An image is displayed on the computer screen then

 Replacing it by a new image that is similar to the
previous image but slightly shifted
 Medias for Image creation
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 Digital Cameras
 Mirrors
 Lenses
 Telescopes
 Microscopes
 Human eye
 Water surface
 Basic Definitions
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 A digital image:
 is a representation of a two-dimensional image in binary
format as a sequence of ones and zeros.
 a pixel (or picture element):
 is a single point in a raster image.

 Pixels are normally arranged in a regular 2-dimensional grid

 represented using dots or squares.

(x,y)
Y-Axis

origin
X-Axis
 Basic Definitions CONTND.
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 The intensity of each pixel can vary from 0 to 256 in

black and white images;
 In color systems, each pixel has typically three
components such as red, green, and blue.
(R,G,B) Color

RGB = (0,0,1) (0,0,0) Black

(0,0,1) Blue
(0,1,0) Green
(1,0,0) Red
(0,1,1) Cyan
(1,1,0) Yellow
(1,0,1) Magenta
(1,1,1) White
 Basic Definitions CONTND.
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 Graphics are:
 Visual presentations of objects on some surface, such as a wall,
canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to:
 Brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain.
 Examples : photographs, drawings, line art, graphs, diagrams,
typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps,
engineering drawings, or other images.
 It combines text, illustration, and color.
Questions
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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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 Computer Graphics have very important role in

many aspects of our daily life.

 Here are some of the applications.

 1. Computer Aided Design(CAD)
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 Used for design of buildings, automobiles, aircraft,

watercraft, spacecraft, computers, textiles, …

Multiple window, color coded CAD Color coded wireframe display of

workstation displays body designs for an aircraft
 1. Computer Aided Design(CAD)
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 Animations and wireframe displays used in CAD

allow the designer to:
 See in to the interior of the object and
 Watch the behavior of inner components during motion.

Simulation of
vehicle performance
during path changes
 1. Computer Aided Design(CAD)
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 Architects also use it to lay out floor plan and design

different building features.
 With virtual reality systems designers can even go for
a simulation walk through the rooms.

Realistic, 3D rendering of
building designs
 2. Presentation Graphics
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 Used to produce illustrations for reports,

 Summarizing
 Financial
 Statistical
 Mathematical and scientific data
 To generate slides.
 Typical examples
 Bar charts
 Line graphs 2D bar and pie chart linked to
 Pie charts geographical chart
 …
 3. Computer Art
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 Both fine arts and commercial art applications.

 For designing object’s shape and specifying object’s
motion Artists use
 programs:
 UsedPaintbrush to paint pictures on the screen of a video monitor
using graphics tablet and stylus.
 Paint packages
 Desktop publishing software
 Animation packages …

Cartoon drawing produced with a

paintbrush program
 3. Computer Art
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 Formathematical art there are software like

mathematic with different mathematical functions.

Visualization of Fermat’s
Last Theorem.

 For creating logos, TV advertising spots, page layouts

with text and graphics

TV Ads and 3D logo

 4. Entertainment
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 For making motion pictures, music videos, and

television shows.
 Graphical objects can be displayed by themselves or
can be combined with the actors and live scenes.

Computer Graphics- Computer

Avatar science- EIT-M Toy Story
 [Link] and Training
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 For some training applications using simulator,

 To visualizing physical, financial and economical
system models

Automobile simulator used to test

drivers reaction
 6. Visualization
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 To visualize and analyse large amount of information for scientists,

engineers, medical personels, business analysts, ...
 Techniques: color coding, contour plots, graphs and charts, surface
rendering, visualizations of volume interiors, ...

Volume visualization of the color

Gamut of the image (ICC3D)
 7. Image Processing
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 Computer Graphics: creating a

picture using computers
 Image Processing: modifying or
interpreting existing pictures
like photographs and TV scans.
 Application
 Image inhansment (improving image
quality)
 Machine perception of visual
information (Robotics) Blurred photograph of a
 Servilance license plate and the inhanced
 Together: they applied in version of it.
different applications.
 Example: in Medicine for
computer-aided surgery
 8. Graphical User Interface
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 Interactive pointing devices

 Displayed menues
 Icons which represent some processing options

Graphical user interface (GUI) from paint application with menus, icons, and color plates
Questions
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