Example : Determine the deflection of point D.

250 kN
100 kN 50 kN
200 kN
A E = 200 GPa B C E = 100 GPa D
A = 1000 mm2 E = 400 GPa A = 1000 mm2
A = 2000 mm2
0.5m 1.5 m 1.0 m 1.5 m

P1 50 kN P1  50 kN

P2 50 kN P2  150 kN
200 kN

P3  100 kN
250 kN
P3 50 kN
200 kN

P4 100 kN
250 kN
50 kN P4  200 kN
200 kN
P1  50 kN L1  1500 mm A1  1000 mm 2 E1  100 GPa
P2  150 kN L2  1000 mm A2  2000 mm 2 E 2  400 GPa
P3  100 kN L3  1500 mm A3  1000 mm 2 E3  200 GPa
P4  200 kN L4  500 mm A4  1000 mm 2 E 4  200 GPa

Pi  Li 50 1500 150 1000 100 1500 200  500

     
Ai  Ei 1000100 2000 400 1000 200 1000 200

  1.81 mm
Example : Determine the tip deflection of the bar due to its own weight.
w (kN/m) and EA constant.

wL L L
wL  x dx
Pdx 1
   
0
EA EA 0
x

L w
wL2

P = wL-wx 2 EA
= w(L-x)

δ
Example : Cases with movable supports.

Support also moves

A

δA

L EA

B
δB
P
PL
B A  B A 
EA
B A  relative displacement of B with respect to A
Example : Determine,
a) How much load P deflects due to the stretch in the wires?
b) Where should the load P be located so that the bar will
remain horizontal?
PS PA
P = 2000 kN

1000 mm
600 mm Aluminum
Steel A = 200 mm2 200
A = 100 mm2 P = 2000 kN
PS  2000   1333 kN
300
100
PA  2000   666 kN
300
100 mm 200 mm

E S  300 GPa 666 1000

A   33.3 mm
100  200
1333  600
E A  100 GPa S   26.6 mm
300 100
 δS δP δA  S  26.6 mm ;  A  33.3 mm   P  28.88 mm

To keep the beam horizontal   A   S

PA  L A P  LS P  1000 PS  600
 S  A   2.5PA  PS
E A  AA E S  AS 100  200 300  100

PA  PS  2000 kN
PA  2.5  PA  2000  PA  571.4 kN ; PS  1428.6 kN

P = 2000 kN
S A

x 300 mm

571.4  300  2000 x  x  85.7 mm from left

Example : Find the stresses in aluminum and brass layers.

Rigid

Aluminum
P P
Brass (Centric Loading)

Aluminum

250 mm

5 mm Aluminum P  30 kN
5 mm Brass E A  70 GPa
5 mm Aluminum E B  105 GPa

30 mm
 Equilibrium  PA  PB  P

PA L A PL
Geometrical constraint  A  B   B B
E A AA E B AB

PA PB
  PA  1.33PB
70  2  5  30 105  5  30

1.33  PB  PB  30 kN  PB  12.85 kN ; PA  17.15 kN

17.15 103
A    57.1 MPa
2  5  30
12.85 103
B    85.7 MPa
5  30
 Example : Find the bar forces FB and FC and the reaction FA .

500 mm 500 mm 500 mm

FA
FB
A dθ
FC
δB

1000 mm
δC
B
Rigid bar
C
6 kN
D 6 kN
AB  60 mm 2
AC  120 mm 2
 Equilibrium  M A 0
500  FB  1000  FC  1500  6  9000 [Link]

Geometrical constraint   B  x1  d
 C  2 x1  d
2 B  C
1000 2000
B  C
OR 3  3 from geometry
500 1000

1000 2  1000
2  FB  FC 
FB  LB F  LC 3  3
2  C   2  FB  FC
E B  AB EC  AC 60 120

3.6 kN
500  FB  1000  2  FB  9000 7.2 kN
FB  3.6 kN
FC  7.2 kN
4.8 kN
FA  4.8 kN
6 kN
Example : Determine the reaction forces at supports A and E.
Also find out the deflection of point C. ES = 200 GPa and EB = 105 GPa

180 mm 120 mm 100 mm 100 mm 0.12mm

Brass 60 kN
Steel 40 kN
A ϕ40 B C ϕ30 D E
If there is no wall

180 mm 120 mm 100 mm 100 mm

δ1
Brass 60 kN
Steel 40 kN
A ϕ40 B C ϕ30 D E

4 3 2 1

100 kN 60 kN 40 kN
A B C D E

4 3
2 1
Due to wall

180 mm 120 mm 100 mm 100 mm 0.12

Brass 60 kN
Steel 40 kN
A ϕ40 B C ϕ30 D E
δ2

2 1

RE RE

2 1
 Calculate 1 4 parts 
P1  0 kN P2  40 kN P3  40 kN P4  100 kN
L1  100 mm L 2  100 mm L 3  120 mm L 4  180 mm
A1    15 mm 2 A 2    15 mm 2 A 3    20 mm 2 A 4    20 mm 2
2 2 2 2

E1  200 GPa E 2  200 GPa E 3  105 GPa E 4  105 GPa

0  100 40  100 40  120 100  180

1      0.201 mm
  152  200   152  200   202  105   202  105

Calculate  2 2 parts 
RE  200 RE  300
2     0.0037  RE
  152  200   202 105

Compability :
1   2  0.12
0.201  0.0037  RE  0.12  RE  22 kN & RA  78 kN

180 mm 120 mm
Deflection of C :
78 kN 78 180 18 120
60 kN 18 kN C    0.1228 mm
A B C   20 105   20 105
2 2
 Example : The temperature is increased by 160°C. Calculate the
stresses in both materials.
E A  70 GPa  A  23.6  10 6 / C
E S  200 GPa  S  11.7  10 6 / C
steel core AS  314.15 mm AA  1649.3 mm 2
2

( ϕ20 )

Aluminum shell Compability   TA   A   TS   S

( ϕ50 ) P  200 P  200
0.7552   0.3744   P  77.52 kN
1649.3  70 314.15  200

 TA  23.6 106 160 200  0.7552 mm 77.52 103

A    47 MPa
 TA  11.7 106 160 200  0.3744 mm 1649.3
77.52 103
S   247 MPa
314.15
Example : Find out the value of “ν” and “E” if the elongation of the rod is
0.219 mm and the decrease in the diameter is 0.01215 mm.

100 kN
  E 
100 0.219
 E  E  70 GPa
  252 300
300 mm

0.219 0.01215
 axial   lateral  
300 50
0.01215
 lateral 50
    0.33
 axial 0.219
ϕ50 300
100 kN
Example : Px = 100 kN, Py = 200 kN, E = 200 GPa, ν = 0.25
a) Calculate the change in thickness,
b) For the same thickness change Px = ? alone.

Py
50 mm

Px
250 mm

50 x 250 x 10 mm
 Px 100
x    0.2 GPa
A 50  10
Py 200
y    0.08 GPa
A 250  10

x y
 z    
0.25
0.2  0.08  3.5  104
E E 200

 thickness  3.5 10 4 10    3.5 10 3 mm

x
  3.5  10 4
E
3.5  10 4  200  50  10
Px   140 kN (alone)
0.25