Science 8th chapter
Getting to about plants
Objective type questions: - (Only Answers)
A. read the following questions carefully and tick the right option.
1. a) herb
2. a) wheat
3.b) petal
4. a) cow
5. a) radish
6. a) peepal
7. a) stem
8. d) ovary
9. b) chlorophyll
10. d) balsam
11. a) leaf venation
B. fill in the blanks with appropriate words. (Only Answers)
1. trunk
2. roots
3. sugarcane
4. stem
5. chlorophyll
6. fibrous root
7. herbs, shrubs and trees
8. climbers
9. shoot, root
10. taproot
11. photosynthesis
12. embryo
13. plumule, radicle
C. write true or false for the following statements. (Only Answers)
1. false
2. false
3. true
4. false
5. true
6. true
D. match column A with column B. (Only Answers)
1. c
2. d
3. e
4. b
5. a
Active learning
A. write one- word answer for the following.
1. herbs
2. leaf venation
3. oxygen
4. variegated leaves
5. pistil
6. plumule
B. make diagrams for the following.
1. tap root and fibrous root
2. Nodes and internodes on a stem
3. parts of a complete flower
4. Parts of leaf
5. Roots that stores food
A. short – answer questions. (Only Answers)
1. Three modifications of stems are: -
• For support- this type of stem gives support to the plants. Like gourd,
grapevine, and passion flower have weak stems. They have thin thread like
structure arising from their stem known as stem tendrils. These tendrils coil
around the rough surface and provide support to the plants.
• To manufacture food: - some stems help to make food. Examples – the
leaves of cactus plants are modified into spines so as to prevent the loss of
water from the surface of the leaves. The stem of cactus plants is green and
fleshy and carry out photosynthesis.
• For storage of food: - some stems are modified to store food. examples
potato and onion.
2. Midrib is the thicker vein, which runs from the base of the leaf to its tip. Midrib
and veins help in transporting water and minerals to every parts of the leaf and
transporting food from leaf to other part of the plant.
3.1. Herbs: - herbs are small plants. These have soft green stem and do not grow
more than 3- 4 feet in height. Examples – corianders, mint, wheat and mustard.
2. Shrubs: - shrubs are medium sized plants with hard and woody stem. Branches
can be of seen growing out from the base of the stem. Example – Jasmine, rose,
lemon plant.
4. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or
another flower of the same kind by wind, water or insects is called pollination.
Example of agents of pollination are bees, butterflies, humming birds, moth, some
flies, some wasps and nectar feeding bats.
5. Prop -roots give extra support to the plants. Example – In banyan tree roots grow
down from the branches, reach the ground and fix themselves in the soil.
6. Two plants in which water is stored in the stem are- cactus and Jade.
7. The two systems in a plant are – shoot system and root system.
8. Three main function of root are-
• Roots absorb water, minerals and other nutrients which are necessary for the
growth of a plant in the soil.
• Roots anchor the plant firmly into the soil.
• Roots help to prevent soil erosion by binding the soil particles.
B. Long – answer questions: - (only Answers)
1. Modification of roots
• Roots of some plants also perform some additional functionals. The structure
of these roots gets slightly changes. These changes are known as
modification.
• Some roots are modified to store food. The food prepared by the leaves is
stored in the roots of some plants. Examples – carrot, sweet potato, turnip
etc. we eat the root of these plants.
• Some plants have specialized roots called parasitic roots arising from their
stem which help them to absorb water and nutrients from the host. Example
– dodder.
• Roots of some plants can develop new plants. Example – dahlia
• In sugarcane, maize several fibrous roots grow from the base of the stem
and act as stilt roots that provide additional support to the plant.
2. The pattern /design that the veins form in the leaf is called leaf venation. There
are two kinds of venation.
Reticulate venation Parallel venation
The veins form a net- like design on The veins are parallel to one another.
both sides of the midrib, plants with Plants with fibrous root mostly show
taproot system show reticulate venation. parallel venation.
Examples -peepal and mango leaves.
Examples – grass, cereals and banana.
3. Stamen – stamen is the male part of the flower. It is made up of the anther and
filament.
Anther – Anther is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen grains.
Pollen grains are powder like substances which represents male cells.
Filament- Filament is the stalk on which the anther is present.
4. Every seed is a tiny new plant. Seed has the different parts: -
1. Seed coat- seed has a tough outer covering called the seed coat. This keeps
the seed from drying out and protects it.
2. Cotyledons – Food stored in seed leaves or cotyledons. It provides food for the
baby plant until it can make its own food.
3. Embryo – The baby plant inside the seed is called embryo. An embryo
consists of a plumule and a radicle. The plumule grows into the shoot and radicle
grows into the root.
Diagram of seed :-
[Link] is the central and main axis of the plant body. All other parts of shoot system
like the leaves, flower, buds and fruits arise from the stem. The stem remains soft
and green in its. Early stages of development. In shrubs, it becomes woody later on
and in trees, stem become very thick, hard and woody. The woody stem is covered
by bark which gives it protection.
Function of the stem: -
• The stem helps the plant to stand upright.
• Stem bears branches, leaves, flowers and fruits.
• The stem helps in transportation of water and minerals absorbed by the
roots.
• Food prepared by leaves carried by stem to other parts of the plant.
6. Flower is the reproductive part of the plant. An enormous variety of flowers of
different sizes, colours, texture, smell and shapes can be found in nature.
Functions of flowers: -
• Flowers are the reproductive organs of a plant.
• Some flowers are used to make perfumes and medicine.
• Flowers are used in temples and for decorating homes.