Computer Organization & Architecture
23CSAI35
MODULE-1
Basic Structure of Computers
Basic Structure of Computers: Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts, Bus
structure, Performance – Processor Clock, Basic Performance Equation, Clock Rate,
Performance Measurement. Machine Instructions and Programs: Memory Location and
Addresses, Memory Operations, Instruction and Instruction sequencing, Addressing
Modes.
Text book 2: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5
1.2 Functional Units
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1.2 Functional Units
Information handled by a computer can be categorized in to instructions or data.
Instructions or machine instructions are the commands that
Input Unit
to digital codes for storage and process.
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1.2 Functional Units
Memory Unit
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1.2 Functional Units
Arithmetic and Logical Unit
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1.2 Functional Units
Output Unit
Control Unit
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1.2 Functional Units
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1.3 Basic Operational concepts
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1.3 Basic Operational concepts
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1.3 Basic Operational concepts
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1.3 Basic Operational concepts
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1.3 Basic Operational concepts
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1.4 Bus Structure
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1.4 Bus Structure
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1.6 Performance
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1.6 Performance
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1.6.1 Processor Clock
The length of the clock cycle is denoted by P and its inverse is called the clock Rate R = 1/P, which is
measured in cycles per second.
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1.6.2 Basic Performance Equation
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1.6.2 Basic Performance Equation
1.6.3 Pipelining and Superscalar Operations
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1.6.3 Pipelining and Superscalar Operations
1.6.4 Clock Rate
1.6.5 Instruction Set : CISC and RISC
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1.6.5Instruction Set : CISC and RISC
1.6.6 Compiler
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1.6.7 Performance Measurement
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1.6.7 Performance Measurement
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2.2 Memory Locations and Addresses
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2.2 Memory Locations and Addresses
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If an information has to be transferred from one location to another, then possible locations
can be memory, register or registers in I/O systems. The location can be specified by a
symbolic name standing for its binary address. Example, addresses for memory locations may
be LOC, PLACE, A, VAR2. Processor register names may be R0, R5. I/O register names may
be DATAIN, OUTSTATUS.
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The above action can be performed using
a) 3 address instructions
b) 2 address instruction
c) 1 address instructions
Each of these are explained below in detail.
a) 3 address instructions
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2 Address instructions
2 Address instructions are of the form shown below
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1 Address instructions
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Consider the task
Following assumptions are made
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Implementation of Variables and Constants
There are two addressing modes to access a variable.
1) Register Mode
2) Absolute mode
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3. Immediate Addressing Mode
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4. Indirect Addressing
In indirect addressing mode, the instruction does not give operand or its address explicitly ( directly).
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5. Index Addressing Mode
Index addressing mode is useful in dealing with arrays and lists.
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Relative addressing mode
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Additional Addressing Modes
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