ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
UNIT V
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
[Link] PROJECTIONS
To visualize the shape of the whole object in its 3-
D form, all the two or three orthographic views of
the object have to be read simultaneously and a
conclusion is to be drawn mentally about its
shape.
Engineers often find that they must prepare
pictorial drawings, showing three or more number
of faces in one view to convey the technical
information to technically lay persons.
Pictorial drawings are obtained by projecting an
object only on one plane of projection.
Types of Pictorial Projections
1. Isometric Projection:
An Isometric Projection is a pictorial projection in
which three dimensions of a solid are not only shown
in one view, but also their dimensions can be
measured from it directly.
[Link] Projection:
It shows an object as it appears instead of its true
shape and size.
2. PRINCIPLE OF ISOMETRIC
PROJECTION
What is Isometric Projection?
Iso means equal
Metric means measure
Isometric Projection means a system of projection
of equality of measure.
Ex:
Projection of a Cube, resting on HP on one of its
corners with a solid diagonal (Solid Diagonal is
an imaginary line joining one of the corners at the
top and the diametrically opposite corner at the
bottom) perpendicular to HP.
ISOMETRIC SCALE
Isometric Projection= True length(TL)× .82
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
ORTHOGRAPHIC, ISOMETERIC
PROJECTIONS, ISOMETRIC VIEW
ISOMETRIC VIEW
Isometric View Isometric Projection
(Isometric Drawing)
1. Draw to actual scale. [Link] to isometric
2. When lines are drawn scale.
parallel to isometric When lines are drawn
axes, the true lengths parallel to isometric axes,
are laid off. the length are
forshorened to 0.82 times
the actural
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF SQUARE –
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
Draw the isometric projection of a square lamina of side
35mm when it is placed with its surface. (a) Vertical
and
(b) Horizontal
Case (a): Square – Vertical
Note: In Isometric projection/view, draw the vertical lines
vertical and the horizontal lines inclined at an angle of
30º to the horizontal
Case (b): Square – Horizontal
Take one corner draw lines both side 30º
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF SQUARE –
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF
RECTANGLE - HORIZONTAL
Isometric Projection of Prism
Draw the isometric projection of a square prism of sid of
base 35mm and height 65mm when its axis is (i)
vertical and (ii) horizontal.
Case (i) Axis of the square prism is vertical
Case (ii) Axis of the square prism is horizontal
Note: In isometric projection/view, hidden lines are not
generally shown.
Isometric Projection of Prism
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF PRISM
Isometric Projection of Prism
Problem 25: Draw the three possible ways of
representing the isometric projection of a hexagonal
prism, side of base 25mm and height 60mm.
RULE: Make direct measurements only on Isometric
Lines. Lengths of edges cannot be transferred on
Non-Isometric Lines. (e.g., B1 should not be marked
on P1Q1 by cutting an arc on it with A1 as center and
isometric length off (a1)(b1) as radius.
Isometric Projection of Prism
Isometric Projection of Prism
SECTIONED SOLIDS – TRUNCATED
AND FRUSTUM
Problem 40: A pentagonal pyramid, base 30mm
and axis 65mm long, rests with its base on HP.
An edge of the base is parallel to VP and
nearer to it. A horizontal section plane cuts the
pyramid and passes through a point on the axis
at a distance of 25mm from the apex. Draw
the isometric projection of the frustum of the
pyramid. (UQ)
Isometric Projection of Truncated
Pyramid
Isometric Projection of Truncated Prism
Problem 42:
A hexagonal prism, side of base 25mm and
height 50mm rests on HP and one of the edges
of its base is parallel to VP. A section plane
perpendicular to VP and inclined at 50º to HP
bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the
isometric projection of the truncated prism.
Showing the cut surface.
Isometric Projection of Truncated
Prism
Isometric Projection of Truncated Cylinder
A cylinder 50mm diameter and 60mm
height stands on HP. A section plane
perpendicular to VP, inclined at 55º to HP cuts
the cylinder and passes through a point on the
axis at a height of 45mm above the base. Draw
the isometric projection of the truncated
portion of the cylinder, when the cut surface is
clearly visible to the observer.
Isometric Projection of
Truncated Cylinder
Isometric Projection of Truncated Pyramid
Problem 46: A pentagonal pyramid, 30mm
edge of base and 65mm height, stands on HP
such that an edge of the base is parallel to VP
and nearer to it. A section plane perpendicular
to VP and inclined at 30º to HP cuts the
pyramid passing through a point on the axis at
a height of 35mm from the base.
Draw the isometric projection of the truncated
pyramid, showing the cut surface. (UQ)
Isometric Projection of Truncated
Pyramid
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
PRINCIPLE OF PERSPECTIVE
PROJECTION
Perspective projection of the graphic representation of an
object on a single plane, as it appears to an observer,
station a a particular position relative to the object. The
plane is transparent and vertical and is called Picture
Plane (PP).
It is due to optical illusion. In perspective projection, the
object is placed behind the PP. The observer is stationed
in front of PP. Therefore, visual rays from the eyes of the
observer to the object are cut by the PP, i.e., the rays
pierce the picture plane and form an image on it.
This image is the perspective view of the object. Visual
rays locate the position of the object on the PP.
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
Third Angle Projection
In perspective projection, PP is placed
between the object and the eye. The
arrangement of the eye, picture plane and the
object is the same as in the case of Third
Angle Projection.
Therefore, the top view of the object is drawn
above the front view.
Visual Ray Method
In visual ray method, the top view and front
view (or side view) of the object and position
of the station point(SP) in both the views are
located.
Then visual rays from SP connecting various
corners of the object in top and front views are
drawn.
The piercing points of these rays with picture
plane are marked in top view and projected to
front view to get perspective projection of the
object.
Problems:
Draw the perspective view of a square pyramid of
base 30mm side and height of apex 45mm. The
nearest edge of the base is parallel to and 20mm
behind the picture plane. The station point is situated
at a distance of 70mm in front of the PP and 40mm to
the right of the axis of the pyramid and 60mm above
the ground.
A hexagonal pyramid of base side 25mm and axis
length 50mm is resting on GP on its base with a side
of base is parallel to and 20mm behind PP. The station
point is 60mm of the pyramid. Drawing the
perspective view of the pyramid.
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION OF
SOLIDS
Problem 13:
A square prism, side of base 40mm and height
60mm rests with its base on the ground such that
on of its rectangular faces is parallel to and
10mm behind the picture plane. The station point
is 30mm in front of PP, 80mm above the ground
plane and lies in a central plane 45mm to the right
of the center of the prism, Draw the perspective
projection of the square prism
Visual Ray Method
A square prism of base 25×25mm and height 40mm
rests on the GP on one of its ends with a rectangular
face receding away from the PP towards right making
60° with PP. The corner nearest to the PP is 40mm to
the left of the station point and 20mm behind the PP.
The station point is 60mm above the GP and 50mm in
front of the PP. Draw the perspective view of the
prism by visual ray method. Use the top view and the
front view.
A cylinder of diameter 40mm and height 40mm rests
on the GP on one of its ends with its axis 35mm
behind the picture plane. The station point is 45mm to
the right of the axis. The station point is 65mm above
the GP and 40mm in front of the PP. Draw the
perspective view of the cylinder by visual ray method.
Draw the perspective view of a pentagonal prism of
base side 20mm and height 40mm when it rests on its
base on the ground plane with one of its rectangular
faces parallel to and 20mm behind the picture plane.
The station point is 45mm in front of the PP and 60mm
above the GP. The observer is 20mm to the left of the
axis. Use the top view and the end view to draw the
perspective by visual ray method.
A cube of side 30mm is resting on a face on the ground
such that one of its faces is parallel to PP and the centre
of the solid is 5mm behind the PP. The central plane is
located 30mm to the left of the nearest vertical face of
cube the station point is 40mm in front of PP and 50mm
above GP. Draw the perspective view of the solid.
Wish you a good
luck