I.
Introduction
In this chapter, we will expand the relationships of adolescents to a wider
group of people, such as schoolmates, school authorities, neighbors,
community acquaintances, fellow members of social organizations, strangers
they often meet casually in social gatherings, and even the small groupings of
friends in school usually referred to as cliques.
II. Topic : SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP IN MIDDLE
AND LATE ADOLESCENCE
III. Objectives
Distinguish the various roles of different individuals in society and how they
can influence people through their leadership or fellowship;
Compare one’s perception of himself or herself, and how others see him or her
IV. Discussion
Social relationships tend to be less intimate, with lesser self-disclosure involved,
but may still be exclusive, and may demand certain levels of loyalty as in fraternities
or religious organizations, and to lesser extent, loosely knitted social clubs like
practitioners of certain specialized professions.
Our brains are wired to connect with other people, and how part of the human
brain located just above the eyes called the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is connected
directly to the three major regions of the brain: the cortex, the amygdala, and the brain
stem. Goleman pointed out that the OFC provides an immediate connection between
thought, emotions, and behavior. It immediately calculates our feelings and thoughts
about a person and how that other person feels and thinks about us, and what actions
we take after this quick assessment. This instantaneous analysis determines how we
will deal with and how we will handle the person, and how our actions and behavior
stem from this brain activity. After the initial assessment that our brain undertakes,
the final action that we take is deliberate and conscious choice we make. We are
always responsible for what we do and think, especially about other people.
Varieties or types of social influence (Herbert Kelma)
1. Compliance – when a person seems to agree, and follows what is requested or
required of him or her to do or believe in, but does not necessarily have to
really believe or agree to it
2. Identification – when a person is influenced by someone s/he likes or looks up
to, like movie star, a social celebrity
3. Internalization – when a person is able to own a certain belief or act, and is
willing to make it known publicly and privately
Social scientists and psychologists identified other types of social influence:
Conformity – involves change in behavior, belief, or thinking to be like others.
Informational conformity “internalization” and normative conformity
“compliance”. This is brought about by peer pressure, often imposed on
members of a group to demonstrate some semblance of loyalty, which is often
deemed as necessary to maintain one’s relationship with the group.
Conversion – one wholeheartedly changes his or her original thinking and
beliefs, actions, and attitudes to align with those of the other members of a
group.
Minority influence – when a bigger number of people are influenced by a
much smaller number of people and when the minority’s way of looking at
and doing things are accepted.
Reactance – when there is a willing rejection of a social influence being
exerted on an individual or group. This is also known as anti or non-
conformity. Reactance is a reverse reaction to some social influence that is
being imposed by a person or a group on another.
Obedience – another form of social influence wherein a person follows what
someone tells him or her to do, although it may not necessarily reflect the
person’s set of beliefs or values
Persuasion – used by one person or group to influence another to change their
beliefs, actions, or attitudes by appealing to reason or emotion.
LEADERSHIP AND FOLLOWSHIP THEORIES
Chester Barnard defined leadership as the ability of a person in position of
authority to influence others to behave in such a manner that goals are achieved.
Power is also annexed to leadership as espoused by French and Raven who said that a
leader may obtain power through various means and sources, such as position, giving
rewards, expertise, respect, or coercion.
Theories of leadership:
1. Trait theory
2. Behavioral theory
3. Participative theory
4. Situational theory
5. Transactional theory
6. Transformational theory
AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP
Basic axioms of leadership:
1. Leadership is situational – a leader’s behavior and what is required of him will
always be influenced by the situation. It means that a leader is able to assess a
situation quickly, adjust to it, and provide the appropriate and necessary action
to address it for the benefit of his followers.
2. Leadership is non-hierarchical – leadership is not based on one’s position in an
organizational chart alone, but also dependent on other factors such as
characteristics, skills, and even connections
3. Leadership is relational – leaders and followers establish a relationship where
their interests are mutually met. The role of a leader in this relationship can
vary from being a visionary to a cheerleader.
Goffee and Jones says that authentic leader has the ff critical elements present:
They walk their talk
The adjust to situations and display adaptability and flexibility but consistent
with their values and real selves
They have high level of comfort being themselves, even if they come from
backgrounds that are different from the people or situations they deal with
Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory
A leader’s effectiveness is measured by the quality of his relationship with his
followers, and different types of relationships can evolve between leader and follower
in a certain work situation. There should ne an exchange of resources between leader
and follower that is meaningful and viewed by both parties as fair.
Heroic leadership
1. Self-awareness
2. Ingenuity – flexibility and openness to new ideas are the hallmark of this
kind of leadership
3. Love – effective leaders show their respect for their followers. They are
not merely people who follow them, but are partners in achieving the
results they all desire.
4. Heroism – motivating and inspiring other people to reach for higher goals,
for bigger and greater things
a. Authenticity
b. Significance
c. Excitement
d. Community
V. Activity
Provide short description of the following:
1. Trait theory
2. Behavioral theory
3. Participative theory
4. Situational theory
5. Transactional theory
6. Transformational theory