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ENGG. PHYSICS
(BAS-201)
UNIT 2
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY
TOPIC- ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY?
PREPARED BY: LALIT SIR
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SYLLABUS
Electromagnetic Field Theory: Continuity equation for current density,
Displacement current, Modifying equation for the curl of magnetic field to satisfy
continuity equation, Maxwell’s equations in vacuum and in non conducting medium,
Energy in an electromagnetic field, Poynting vector and Poynting theorem, Plane
electromagnetic waves in vacuum and their transverse nature. Relation between
electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave, Energy and momentum
carried by electromagnetic waves, Resultant pressure, Skin depth.
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Electromagnetic Field Theory:
Electromagnetic field, a property of space caused by the motion of an electric
charge. A stationary charge will produce only an electric field in the surrounding
space. If the charge is moving, a magnetic field is also produced. An electric field
can be produced also by a changing magnetic field. The mutual interaction of
electric and magnetic fields produces an electromagnetic field, which is
considered as having its own existence in space apart from the charges or
currents (a stream of moving charges) with which it may be related. Under
certain circumstances, this electromagnetic field can be described as a wave
transporting electromagnetic energy.
When an electric charge moves in space electromagnetic field
generated. The electromagnetic field is the combination of a
magnetic field and an electric field. The electromagnetic field can
be defined as light since it propagates at the speed of light.
Maxwell’s law and Lorentz force law describe the way current
and charges interact with the electrom agnetic field. An
electromagnetic field propagates in a waveform. First electric
and magnetic field are generated by moving electric charges
then electric and magnetic field collides with each other. As a
result, the electric field and magnetic field create forces on
electric charges hence the electric charge moves in space.
There are four main equations in electromagnetic theory.
i) Gauss Law:
It describes the electric field around a point charge.
Total flux line in any area is equal to q/ϵ
Gauss Law = ∫ E. dA=q/ϵ
ii) Gauss law for magnetism:
Total of magnetic flux is zero.
Hence, ∫[Link]=0
iii) Faraday’s law of induction:
A change of electric field causes a change in the rate of change of flux.
Hence, ∫E . dl=−d / dt (∫[Link])
iv) Ampere-Maxwell Law:
∫ B. dl=μ(I +d / dt (ϵ∫ E . dA))
Properties of Electromagnetic Field:
Maxwell equations, Ampere-Maxwell law state that if we
change in a magnetic field an electric field is generated. This
is the principle in which electric generators work. But
Ampere’s law states that if we change in electric field
magnetic field is generated. So here we can see reciprocal
behavior of the electric and magnetic field.
Electromagnetic field sources consist of two types of charges
positive and negative. Sometimes the electromagnetic field
and gravitational field ripple each other.
Applications:
i) Household Appliances: There are so many things which work on electromagnetism. Lights, fans, kitchen
appliances, conditioning systems all work on the principle of electromagnetism. The alarming system works based
on electromagnetism principle. Home security system, electric speaker all work on the principle of
electromagnetism.
ii) Industrial Applications:
One of the most widely used machine in an industrial area is a generator or motor which is the
primary source of power in the industry. This generator or motor converts the mechanical energy to
electrical energy and this energy is supplied to the main power system by IC engines. This motor or
generator works on the principle of electromagnetism.
iii) Communication System:
In the case of mobile phones or any communication system sound energy is converted to
electromagnetic energy. Now the radio transmitters transfer the electromagnetic energy to the
receiver. At the receiver end, the electromagnetic energy again converted to sound energy.
iv) Medical system: MRI Nervous disorders, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, ulcers, asthma these type of
treatments