1.

Algebraic Expression: An algebraic expression is an expression made up of variables and

constants along with mathematical operators.
2. Polynomial: A polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the exponent on any
variable is a
whole number.
Example: 2 x+5 , 3 x 2+ 5 x +6 , −5 γ

3. Degree of a polynomial: The highest power of x in a polynomial p(x ) is called the degree
oft
polynomial p(x ) .
4. Linear polynomial: A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial.
Example: 3 x+ 5 ,7 x−8 , −9 x ,
The general form a linear polynomial in variable x is ax +b (a , b ∈ R , a ≠ 0) .
5. Quadratic polynomial: A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial.
Example: x 2−5 x+ 6 , 2 x 2−5 , 7 x 2, ..

The general form a quadratic polynomial in variable x is a x 2 +bx +c (a , b , c ∈ R , a ≠ 0) .

6. Cubic polynomial: A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial.

Example: 5 x 3−4 x 2 + x−1 , 2 x 3−3 x +5 , −3 x 3−10

The general form a cubic polynomial in variable x is a x 3 +b x 2+ cx +d (a ,b ,c , d ∈ R , a ≠ 0)

7. The general form of nth degree polynomial in one variable x :

+¿ + an−1 x +a n is a polynomial of nth degree,

n n−1 n−2
p(x )=a 0 x +a1 x + a2 x

where a 0 , a 1 , a 2, , a n−1 , a n are real coefficients and a 0 ≠ 0.

8. Value of a polynomial at a given point:

The value of p(x )aLx=k is p(k). ¿substitute k value in x place]
i ¿ P(x )=x 2−5 x−6, find the values of p(1), p(2), p (3), p(O), p(−1), p (−2), p(−3) .

Sol: P(x )=x 2−5 x−6

P(1)=¿
¿ 1−5−6
¿ 1−11
¿−10
P(2)=¿
 ¿ 4−10−6
¿ 4−16
¿−12
P(3)=¿
¿ 9−15−6
¿ 9−21
¿−12
P(0)=¿
¿ 0−0−6
¿−6
P(−1)=¿
¿ 1+5−6
¿ 6−6
¿0
P(−2)=¿
¿ 4 +10−6
¿ 14−6
¿8
P(−3)=¿
¿ 9+15−6
¿ 21−6
¿ 15
2
ii ¿ P(m)=m −3 m+1, find rhe values of p(1), p(−1) ,

Sol: P(m)=m2−3 m+1

P(1)=¿
¿ 1−3+ 1
¿ 2−3
¿−1

P(−1)=¿
 ¿ 1+3+1
¿5
Zeroes of a polynomial:
Areal number k is said to be a zero of a polynomial p(x ) , if p(k)=0.

i¿

Sol: p(x )=x 2−4 x+3

p(0)=¿
¿ 0−0+3
¿3
p(1)=¿
¿ 1−4+3
¿ 4−4
¿0
p(2)=¿
¿ 4−8+3
¿ 7−8
¿−1
p(3)=¿
¿ 9−12+3
¿ 12−12
¿0
p(1)=0 and p(3)=0

1,3 are the zeroes of the polynomial

2
p( x )=x − A
ii ¿
Sol: p(x )=x 2−9

p(−3)=¿
¿ 9−9
¿0
p(3)=¿
¿ 9−9
¿0
p(−3)=0 and p(3)=0

So −3 and 3 are the zeroes ofthe polynomial x 2−¿

1. If p( x )=5 x 7−6 x 5+ 7 x−6, find

¿. Coefficient of x 5 Ans: −6

¿. Degree of p(x ) Ans: 7

¿. Constantterm. Ans: −6
2. State which of the following statements are true and which are false? Give reasons for
your choice
¿. The degree ofthe polynomial √ 2 x 2−3 x +1 is √ 2 .

Sol: false. Because the degree of the given polynomial is 2.

¿. The coefficient ofx2 in the polynomia13 x 3−4 x2 +5 x +7 is 2.

Sol: false. Because the coefficient ofx2 ¿−4.

1
¿. 2 is a quadratic polynomial.
x −5 x +6
Sol: false.
¿. The degree of a polynomial is one more than the number of terms in it.

Sol: false. Because the degree of the polynomia15 x 7−6 x 5 +7 x−6 is 7 and number of terms
in it 4.

3. Ifp(r )=r 3−1 , find thev alues o fp( 1) , p(−1) , p(0), p(2), p(−2) .

Sol: P(t )=t 3 −1

3
P(1)=1 −1 P(−1)=¿
¿ 1−1=−1−1
¿ 0=−2
3
P(0)=0 −1 P(−2)=¿
¿ 0−1=−1=−8−1=−9
4. Check whether −2 and 2 are the zeroes ofthe polynomial x 4 −16.

Sol: p(x )=x 4−16

p(−2)=¿
¿ 16−16
¿0
p(2)=¿
¿ 16−16
¿0
p(−2)=0 and p(2)=0

So −2 and 2 are the zeroes ofthe polynomial x 4 −16.

5. Check whether 3 and −2 are the zeroes ofthe polynomial p(x ) whenp( x)=x2− x−6.

Sol: P(x )=x 2−x−6

2
P(3)=3 −3−6 P(−2)=¿
¿ 9−3−6=4+2−6
¿ 9−9=6−6
¿ 0=0
P(3)=0 and P(−2)=0.

So 3 and −2 are the zeroes ofthe polynomial P( x )=x 2−x−6.

1v

Thc graphs ofy ¿ p(x ) aoe g Ṅ εn ṅ lk B oekbw ,&r ∞ πaeμMI Ẇ bdx ), ¿ ∞ k

case. &4thε number ofzαro ∞ ofNx)
Sol: ( i ¿ The number of zeroes ¿ 0 (no zeroes]
Since the graph does not intersects X ‐axis
¿ The number of zeroes ¿ 1
Since the graph intersects X ‐axis at one point only.
¿ The number of zeroes ¿ 3

Since the graph intersects X ‐axis at three points.

¿ The number of zeroes ¿ 2

Since the graph intersects X ‐axis at two points.

¿ The number of zeroes ¿ 4

Since the graph intersects X ‐axis at four points.

¿ The number of zeroes ¿ 3
P┚

Since the graph intersects X ‐axis at three points.

!. Find the zeroes of the given polynomials.
¿ . P(x )=3 x

Sol: Let P(x )=0

3 x=0
x=0
The zero ofthe given polynomial P(x )=3 x is 0.

(ii). P(x )=x 2+ 5 x +6

Sol: Let P(x )=0

2
x + 5 x +6=0
2
x + 2 x +3 x+ 6=0
x (x +2)+3 (x+ 2)=0
(x +2)(x+3)=0
(x +2)=0 or (x +3)=0
χ =−2 or χ =−3

The zeroes of the polynomial P( x )=x 2+ 5 x +6 are −2 and −3.

(iii). p(x )=(x +2)(x +3)

Sol: Let P(x )=0
(x +2)(x+3)=0
(x +2)=0 or (x +3)=0
χ =−2 or χ =−3
The zeroes of the polynomial P(x )=(x +2)(x +3) are −2 and −3.

(iv). p(x )=x 4−16

Sol: Let P(x )=0

4
x −16=0
¿
2 2
a −b =(a+ b)(a−b)
2 2
(x +4)(x −4)=0
2 2
( x +4)=0 or ( x −4)=0

x =−4 or x =4
2 2

x=√ −4 or x=√ 4=± 2

χ =2 , −2 ( √ −4 is not a real number)

The zeroes of the polynomial p(x )=x 4−16 are 2 , −2

1
4. Why are and −1 zeroes ofthe polynomial p( x )=4 x2 +3 x−1
4

Sol: p(x )=4 x2 +3 x−1

1
p( )=4 ¿
4
1 3
¿4 × + −1
16 4
1 3
¿ + −1
4 4
4
¿ −1=1−1=0
4
1
p( )=0 and p(−1)=0
4
p(−1)=4 ¿
¿ 4 ×1−3−1
¿ 4−3−1
¿ 4−4
¿0
1
so and −1 are zeroes ofthe polynomialp ( x )=4 x 2 +3 x−1.
4
1. If α and β are the zeroes ofthe quadratic polynomial a x 2 +bx +c (a , b , c ∈ R , a ≠ 0) then

−(coefficientofx ) −b
i) Sum of zeroes ¿ α + β= =
coefficienlof x 2 a
constantterm c
ii) Product of zeroes ¿ αβ = =
coefficienlof x a
2

Coefficient of x 2=a

Coefficient of x=b
Constant term ¿ c
2. If α and β are the zeroes ofthe quadratic polynomial then the quadratic polynomial
2
¿ k [x −(α + β) x+ αβ ]=k ¿ of zeroes) x +¿product of zeroes ¿(k is constant)

(i). p(x )=x 2−x−6

Coefficient of x 2=a=1

Sol: p( x )=x 2−x−6

2
¿ x −3 x+ 2 x−6
¿ x (x−3)+2(x−3)
¿(x −3)(x+2)
To find zeroes let p(x )=0
(x−3)(x +2)=0
x−3=0 or x +2=0
χ =3 or χ =−2

Coefficient of x=b=−1
Constant term ¿ c=−6
P┚

The zeroes ofthe polynomial p(x )=x 2−x−6 ar.e 3 and −2

α =3 and β=−2
 −(−1) −(coefficient ofx) −b
Sum of the zeroes ¿(3)+(−2)=1= = =
1 coefficient of x 2 a
−6 constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿(3)×(−2)=−6= = =
1 coefficientof x a
2

(ii). p( x )=x 2−4 x+3

Sol: p( x )=x 2−4 x+3

2
¿ x −3 x−x +3
¿ x (x−3)−1(x−3)
¿(x −3)(x−1)
To find zeroes let p(x )=0
(x−3)(x−1)=0
χ −3=0 or χ −1=0
x=3 or x=1

Coefficient of x 2=a=1

Coefficient of x=b=−4
Constant term ¿ c=3

The zeroes of the polynomial p( x )=x 2−4 x+3 are 3 and 1

α =3 and β=1
−(−4) −(coefficientofx) −b
Sum of the zeroes ¿(3)+(1)=4= = =
1 coefficientof x 2 a
3 constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿(3)×(1)=3= = =
1 coefficientof x 2 a

(iii). p(x )= χ 2−4

Sol: p(x )=x 2−4

2 2
¿ x −2
¿(x +2)( x−2)
To find zeroes let p(x )=0
(x +2)(x−2)=0
x +2=0 or x−2=0
x=−2 or x=2
Coefficient of x 2=a=1

Coefficient of x=b=0
Constant term ¿ c=−4
P┚

The zeroes ofthe polynomial p( x )=x 2−4 are −2 and 2

α =−2 and β=2
−(0) −(coefficientofx ) −b
Sum of the zeroes ¿(−2)+2=0= = =
1 coefficientof x 2 a
−4 constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿(−2)×2=−4= = =
1 coefficientof x a
2

(iv) . p(x )=x 2+ 2 x +1

Sol: p(x )=x 2+ 2 x +1

2
¿ x + x+ x +1
¿ x (x +1)+1(x +1)
¿(x +1)( x +1)
To find zeroes let p(x )=0
(x +1)( x+1)=0
x +1=0 or x +1=0
χ =−1 or χ =−1

Coefficient of x 2=a=1

Coefficient of x=b=2
Constant term ¿ c=1

The zeroes ofthe polynomial p(x )=x 2+ 2 x +1 are −1 and −1

α =−1 and β=−1
−(2) −(coefficientofx) −b
Sum of the zeroes ¿(−1)+(−1)=−2= = =
1 coefficientof x 2 a
1 constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿(−1)×(−1)=1= = =
1 coefficientof x a
2

Example‐3. F ṙ 4 the ze ]0 oe ofthe qwdrat κ μ h wmial x 2 +7 x+ 10 , aMverΨ tk ℜb 1−¿moeh ϕ̇ ¿

between the zeroes and the coefficients.

Sol: p(x )=x 2+ 7 x+10
2
¿ x + 5 x +2 x+ 10
¿ x (x +5)+2 (x+5)
¿(x +5)( x +2)
To find zeroes let p(x )=0
(x +5)(x+ 2)=0
x +5=0 or x +2=0
χ =−5 or x=−2

Coefficient of x 2=a=1

Coefficient of x=b=7
Constant term ¿ c=10
P┚

The zeroes ofthe polynomial p(x )=x 2+ 7 x+10 are −5 and −2

α =−5 and β=−2
−(7) −(coefficientofx ) −b
Sum of the zeroes ¿(−5)+(−2)=−7= = =
1 coefficientof x 2 a
10 constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿(−5)×(−2)=10= = =
1 coefficientof x 2 a

ExampleA. Find the zeroes ofthe polynomial x 2−3 and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients.

Sol: (x )=x 2−3

Coefficient of x 2=a=1
2
¿ x 2− √ 3
Coefficient of x=b=0

¿(x + √ 3)(x−√ 3)
Constant term ¿ c=−3
To find zeroes let p(x )=0

(x + √ 3)( x−√ 3)=0

χ + √ 3=0 or χ −√ 3=0
x=− √ 3 or x=√ 3
The zeroes ofthe polynomial p(x )=x 2−3 are −√ 3 and √ 3
α =−2 and β=2
−(0) −(coefficientofx) −b
Sum of the zeroes ¿(−√ 3)+ √ 3=0= = =
1 coefficientof x 2 a
−3 constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿(−√ 3)× √ 3=−3= = =
1 coefficientof x 2 a

Example‐5. Find the quadratic popnomiaL whose sum and p1oduct ofthe zeroes are ‐3 and
2, respectively.
Sol: Sum ofthe zeroes ¿ α + β=−3
┚
p
Product of the zeroes ¿ αβ =2

quadratic polynomial ¿ k [x 2−(α + β) x+ αβ ]

2
¿ k [x −(−3)x +2]
2
¿ k [x +3 x+ 2]
When k =1

Required quadratic polynomial ¿ [x 2 +3 x+2]

−1
Example‐6. Find the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 2 and
3
−1
Sol: Zeroes ofthe polynomial are α =2 and β=
3
−1 6−1 s
α + β=2+( )= =
3 3 3
−1 −2
α × β=2 ×( )=
3 3

The quadratic polynomial ¿ k [x 2−(α + β) x+ αβ ]

2 5 −2
¿ k [x −( )x +( )]
3 3
2 5 2
¿ k [x − x− ]
3 3
When k =3
2 s 2
The quadratic polynomial ¿ 3[ x − x− ]
3 3
 2 s 2
¿ 3 × x −3 × x−3×
3 3
2
¿ 3 x −5 x−2.
1
Sol: Zeroes ofthe polynomial are α =−2 and β=
3
1 −6+1 −s
α + β=(−2)+( )= =
3 3 3
1 −2
α × β=(−2) ×( )=
3 3

The quadratic polynomial is=k [ x2 −( α + β) x +αβ ]

2 −s −2
¿ k [x −( )x +( )]
3 3
2 s 2
¿ k [x + x− ]
3 3
When k =3
2 s 2
The quadratic polynomial ¿ 3[ x + x− ]
3 3
2 5 2
¿ 3 × x +3 × x−3 ×
3 3
2
¿ 3 x +5 x−2.
−3
(ii). What is the quadratic polynomial whose sum of zeroes is and the product of zeroes
2
is −1
−3
Sol: Sum ofthe zeroes ¿ α + β=
2
Product of the zeroes ¿ αβ =−1

quadratic polynomial ¿ k [x 2−(α + β) x+ αβ ]

2 −3
¿ k [x −( )x +(−1)]
2
2 3
¿ k [x + x−1]
2
When k =2
2 3
Required quadratic polynomial ¿ 2 ×[x + x−1]
2
2
¿ 2 x +3 x−2
1. Find the zeroes ofthe following quadratic polynomials and verify the relashion ship
between the
zeroes and the coefficients.
¿ . x 2−2 x−8

Sol: p(x )=x 2−2 x−8

Coefficient of x 2=a=1
2
¿ x −4 x+2 x−8
Coefficient of x=b=−2
¿ x (x−4)+ 2(x−4)
Constant term ¿ c=−8
¿(x −4)(x +2)
To find zeroes let p(x )=0
(x−4)(x +2)=0
x−4=0 or x +2=0
x=4 or x=−2

The zeroes ofthe polynomial p(x )=x 2−2 x−8 are 4 and −2
α =4 and β=−2
−(−2) −(coefficientofx) −b
Sum ofthe zeroes ¿(4)+(−2)=2= = =
1 coefficientof x 2 a
−8 constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿(4)×(−2)=−8= = =
1 coefficientof x a
2

¿ . 4 s 2−4 s +1

Sol: p(s)=4 s2−4 s+1

2
¿ 4 s −2 s−2 s +1
¿ 2 s (2 s−1)−1(2 s−1)
¿(2 s−1)(2 s−1)
To find zeroes let p(s)=0
(2 s−1)(2 s−1)=0
2 s−1=0 or 2 s−1=0
2 s=1 or 2 s=1
1 1
s= or s=
2 2
Coefficient of s2=a=4

Coefficient of s=b=−4
Constant term ¿ c=1
2 1 1
The zeroes ofthe polynomial p(s)=4 s −4 s+lare and
2 2
1 1 2 −(−4) −(coefficientofs) −b
Sum of the zeroes ¿ + = =1= = =
2 2 2 4 coefficientof s 2 a
1 1 1 constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿ × = = =
2 2 4 coefficientof s 2 a

¿ . 6 x 2−3−7 x

Sol: p(x )=6 x 2−7 x−3

Coefficient of x 2=a=6
2
¿ 6 x −9 x +2 x −3
Coefficient of x=b=−7
¿ 3 x (2 x −3)+1(2 x−3)
Constant term ¿ c=−3
¿(2 x−3)(3 x +1)
To find zeroes let p(x )=0
(2 x−3)(3 x+1)=0
2 x−3=0 or 3 x+ 1=0
2 x=3 or 3 x=−1
3 −1
x= or x=
2 3
3 −1
The zeroes ofthe polynomial p(x )=6 x 2−7 x−3 are and
2 3
α =4 and β=−2

3 −1 9−2 7 −(−7) −(coefficientofx ) −b

Sum of the zeroes ¿( )+( )= = = = =
2 3 6 6 6 coefficientof x2 a
 3 −1 −3 constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿( )×( )= =¿ =
2 3 6 coefficientof x a
2

¿ . 4 u2 +8 u
→r

Sol: P(u)=4 u2 +8 u

¿ 4 u(u+2)
To find zeroes let P(u)=0
4 u(u+2)=0
4 u=0 or u+2=0
u=0 or u=−2

Coefficient of u2=a=4

Coefficient of u=b=8
Constant term ¿ c=0

The zeroes ofthe polynomial p(u)=4 u2 +8 u are 0 and −2

−8 −(coefficientofu) −b
Sum of the zeroes ¿ 0+(−2)=−2= = =
4 coefficientof u2 a
0 constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿ 0 ×(−2)=0= = =
4 coefficientof u 2 a

¿ . t 2−15

Sol: p(r )=t 2−15

2
¿ r −¿
¿(r + √ 15)(r−√ 15)
To find zeroes let P(t )=0

(r + √ 15)(r −√ 15)=0

r + √ 15=0 or r −√ 15=0

r =√ 15 or r =−√ 15
Coefficient of L2=a=1

Coefficient of L=b=0
Constant term ¿ c=−−15

The zeroes ofthe polynomial p(r )=r 2−15 are √ 15 and −√ 15

 −0 −(coefficientoft ) −b
Sum ofthe zeroes ¿ √ 15+(− √ 15)=0= = =
1 a
2
r
coefficiento f
−1 S constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿ √ 15 ×(− √15)=−15= 1 = =
coefficiento f r a
2

(vi) . 3 x 2−x−4

Sol: p( x )=3 x 2−x−4

2
¿ 3 x −4 x +3 x−4
¿ x (3 x−4 )+1 (3 x −4)
¿(3 x−4)(x +1)
To find zeroes let p(x )=0
(3 x−4)(x+ 1)=0
3 x−4=0 or x +1=0
3 x=4 or x=−1
4
x= or x=−1
3
Coefficient of x 2=a=3

Coefficient of x=b=−1
Constant term ¿ c=−4
P┚
4
The zeroes ofthe polynomial p(x )=3 x 2−x−4 are and −1
3
α =4 and β=−2

4 4−3 1 −(−1) −(coefficientofx ) −b

Sum ofthe zeroes ¿( )+(−1)= = = = =
3 3 3 3 coefficientof x 2 a
4 −4 constantterm c
Product of the zeroes ¿( ) ×(−1)= = =
3 3 coefficientof x 2 a

2. Find the quadratic polynomial in each case, with the given numbers as the sum and
product of its
zeroes respectively.
1
(i). , −1
4
 1
Sol: sum ofthe zeroes ¿ α + β=
4
Product of zeroes ¿ αβ =−1

The quadratic polynomial is=k [ x2 −(α + β) x +αβ ]

2 1
¿ k [x −( )x +(−1)]
4
2 1
¿ k [x − x−1]
4
When k =4
2 1
Quadratic polynomial ¿ 4 ×[x − x−1]
4
2
¿ 4 x −x−4
1
(ii). √ 2 ,
3
Sol: sum ofthe zeroes ¿ α + β=√ 2
1
Product of zeroes ¿ αβ =
3

The quadratic polynomial is=k [ x2 −( α + β) x +αβ ]

1
¿ k [x −√ 2 x+( )]
2
3
When k =3
1
Quadratic polynomial ¿ 3 ×[x − √ 2 x+( )]
2
3

¿ 3 x −3 √ 2 x +1
2

(iii). o , √ 5
Sol: sum ofthe zeroes ¿ α + β=0
Product of zeroes ¿ αβ =√ 5

The quadratic polynomial is=k [ x2 −(0) x+ √ 5]

¿ k [x + √ 5]
2

When k =1
Quadratic polynomial ¿ x 2+ √ 5

(iv). 1,1
Sol: Sum ofthe zeroes ¿ α + β=1
Product of the zeroes ¿ αβ =1

quadratic polynomial ¿ k [x 2−(α + β) x+ αβ ]

2
¿ k [x −(1) x +1]
2
¿ k [x −x +1]
When k =1

Required quadratic polynomial ¿ [x 2−x−1]

−1 1
(v). ,
4 4
−1
Sol: Sum ofthe zeroes ¿ α + β=
4
1
Product of the zeroes ¿ αβ =
4

quadratic polynomial ¿ k [x 2−(α + β) x+ αβ ]

2 −1 1
¿ k [x −( )x + ]
4 4
2 1 1
¿ k [x + x+ ]
4 4
When k =4
2 1 1
Required quadratic polynomial ¿ 4 ×[x + x+ ]
4 4
2
¿ 4 x + x +1
(vi) . 4 , 1
P┚

Sol: Sum ofthe zeroes ¿ α + β=4

Product of the zeroes ¿ αβ =1

quadratic polynomial ¿ k [x 2−(α + β) x+ αβ ]

2
¿ k [x −(4) x +1]
2
¿ k [x −4 x+ 1]
When k =1

Required quadratic polynomial ¿ [x 2−4 x+ 1]

3. Find the quadratic polynomial, for the zeroes α , β given in each case.
(i). 2 ,−1
Sol: α =2 , β=−1
Sum ofthe zeroes ¿ α + β=2+(−1)=1
Product of the zeroes ¿ αβ=2×(−1)=−2

quadratic polynomial ¿ k [x 2−(α + β) x+ αβ ]

2
¿ k [x −(1) x +(−2)]
2
¿ k [x −x−2]
When k =1
Required quadratic polynomial ¿ x 2−x−2

(ii). √ 3 , −√ 3
Sol: α =√ 3 , β=−√ 3

Sum of the zeroes ¿ α + β=√ 3+(− √ 3)=0

Product of the zeroes ¿ αβ =√ 3×(− √ 3)=−3

quadratic polynomial ¿ k [x 2−(α + β) x+ αβ ]

2
¿ k [x −(0)x +(−3)]
2
¿ k [x −3]
When k =1
Required quadratic polynomial ¿ x 2−3
1
(iii). , −1
4
1
Sol: α = , β=−1
4
1 1−4 −3
Sum ofthe zeroes ¿ α + β= +(−1)= =
4 4 4
1 −1
Product of the zeroes ¿ αβ= ×(−1)=
4 4

quadratic polynomial ¿ k [x 2−(α + β) x+ αβ ]

2 −3 −1
¿ k [x −( )x +( )]
4 4
 2 3 1
¿ k [x + x− ]
4 4
When k =4
2 3 1
Required quadratic polynomial ¿ 4 ×[x + x− ]
4 4
1 3
(iv). ,
2 2
1 3
Sol: α = , β=
2 2
2 3 1
¿4 × x +4× x −4 ×
4 4
2
¿ 4 x +3 x−1
1 3 1+3 4
Sum of the zeroes ¿ α + β= + = = =2
2 2 2 2
1 3 3
Product of the zeroes ¿ αβ = × =
2 2 4

quadratic polynomial ¿ k [x 2−(α + β) x+ αβ ]

2 3
¿ k [x −(2) x + ]
4
2 3
¿ k [x −2 x+ ]
4
When k =4
2 3
Required quadratic polynomial ¿ 4 ×[x −2 x+ ]
4
2 3
¿ 4 × x −4 ×2 x−4 ×
4
2
¿ 4 x −8 x−3
CUBIC POLYNOMIALS:

1. If α , β , γ are the zeroes ofthe cubic polynomial a x 3 +b x 2+ cx +d (a ,b ,c , d ∈ R , a ≠ 0) then

2
−(coefficientof x ) −b
(i). α + β+ γ = =
coefficientof x3 a
coefficientofx c
(ii). αβ + βγ +γα = =
coefficientof x a
3

−(constantterm) −d
(iii). αβγ= =
coefficientof x3 a
2. If α , β , γ are the zeroes ofthe cubic polynomial then the cubic polynomial is
3 2
¿ k [x −(α + β+ γ ) x +(αβ + βγ + γα ) x−αβγ]
DO THIS (page‐66)
1. If α , β , γ are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial, find the values α + β+ γ , αβ + βγ +γα , αβγ
1) x 3−3 x 2− χ−2 [a=1 , b=−3 , c=−1 , d=−2]

−b −(−3) 3
Sol: α + β+ γ = = = =3
a 1 1
c −1
αβ + βγ +γα = = =−1
a 1
−d −(−2) 2
αβγ= = = =2
a 1 1
2) 4 x3 + 8 x 2−6 x−2 [a=4 , b=8 , c=−6 ,d =−2]
−b −8
Sol: α + β+ γ = = =−2
a 4
c −6 −3
αβ + βγ +γα = = =
a 4 2
−d −(−2) 2 1
αβγ= = = =
a 4 4 2
3) χ 3 + 4 x 2−5 x−2 [a=1 , b=4 , c=−5 , d=−2]
−b −4
Sol: α + β+ γ = = =−4
a 1
c −5
αβ + βγ +γα = = =−5
a 1
−d −(−2) 2
αβγ= = = =2
a 1 1
4) x 3 +5 x 2 + 4 [a=1 , b=5 , c=0 , d=4]
−b −s
Sol: α + β+ γ = = =−5
a 1
P┚
c 0
αβ + βγ +γα = = =0
a 1
−d −4
αβγ=a=1=−4
 −1
Example −7 : Verify that 3 , −1 , are the zeroes ofthe cubic polynomial
3
3 2
p(x )=3 x −5 x −11 x−└ ' ≺
and then verify the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.

Sol: P(x )=3 x 3−5 x2 −11 x−3

P(3)=3 ¿
¿ 3 ×27−5 ×9−33−3
¿ 81−45−33−3
¿ 81−81=0
P(−1)=3 ¿
¿ 3 ×(−1)−5× 1+11−3
¿−3−5+11−3
¿−11+11=0
−1
P( )=3 ¿
3
−1 1 11
¿ 3( )−5( )+ −3
27 9 3
1 5 11
¿− − + −3
9 9 3
−1−S+33−27
¿
9
−33+33
¿ =0
9
−1
P(3)=0 , P(−1)=0 , and P ( )=0
3
−1
So 3 , −1 , are the zeroes ofthe cubic polynomial P( x )=3 x 3−5 x2 −11 x−3
3
−1
we take α =3 , β=−1 , γ =
3
−1 1 5 −(−5) −b
α + β+ γ =3+(−1)+( )=2− = = =
3 3 3 3 a
−1 −1 1 −11 c
αβ + βγ +γα =3×(−1)+(−1)×( )+( )× 3=−3+ −1= =
3 3 3 3 a
−1 −(−3) −d
αβγ=3×(−1) ×( )=1= =
3 3 a
EXERCISE ∞ 8¿ S
4. Verify 1 ,−1 and −3 are the zeroes ofthe cubic polynomial x 3 +3 x 2−x −3 and check the
relatior
between the zeroes and the coefficients.

Sol: p(x )=x 3+ 3 x 2−x −3

p(1)=¿
¿ 1+3−1−3=4−4=0
p(−1)=¿
¿−1+3+1−3=4−4=0
p(−3)=¿
¿−27+27+ 3−3=30−30=0
p(1)=0 , p(−1)=0 and p(−3)=0

Coefficient of x 3=a=1

Coefficient of x 2=b=3

Coefficient of x=c =−1

Constant term ¿ d=−3
1 , −1 and −3 are the zeroes ofthe cubic polynomial x 3 +3 x 2−x −3.
Nowα=1 , β=−1 and γ =−3
−3 −b
α + β+ y=1+(−1)+(−3)=−3= =
1 a
−1 c
αβ + βγ +γα =1×(−1)+(−1)×(−3)+(−3)× 1=−1+3−3=−1= =
1 a
−(−3) −d
αβγ=1×(−1)×(−3)=3= =
1 a
5. Give examples ofpolynomials p(x ), g(x ), q (x) and r (x ) , which satisfy t h t

(i) deg p (x)=deg q( x)

Sol: p(x )=4 x2 +8 x +4

2
q (x)=x +2 x+ 1
deg p (x)=deg q( x)=2
g(x )=4 and r (x )=0

(ii) deg q(x )=deg r (x)

Sol: q ( x)=x2 +2 x+ 1
2
r (x )=2 x +3
g(x )=x−2
P┚
2 2
p( x )=( x −2) ×( x +2 x +1)+2 x + 3
3 2 2 2
¿ x + 2 x + x−2 x −4 x−2+ 2 x +3
3 2
¿ x + 2 x −3 x +1
(iii) deg r (x)=0

Sol: p( x )=x 2+ 5 x +7

g(x )=x +2
q (x)=x+3
r (x )=1
Deg r (x )=0