A COMPARATIVE STUDY

OF VARIOUS ANTACIDS IN
MARKET
SNO: CONTETS

01. CERTIFICATE

02. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

03. AIM

04. INTRODUCTION

05. OBJECTIVE

06. MATERIALS REQUIRED

07. PROCEDURE

08. OBSERVATION

09. RESULT

10. CONCLUSION

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM:

To Analyse the Given Samples of Determining the Amont of

Hydrochloric Acid They Can Neutralize.
INTRODUCTION:

It is well known that the food we take undergoes a series of complex

reactions within the body which constitute digestion and metabolism.
These reactions are catalysed by enzymes which are very specific in
their action and can function properly only when the pH of the medium is
within a specific range. Some enzymes require mildly alkaline conditions
while others operate only in weakly acidic media. Amongst the latter
category of enzymes are the enzymes that control the digestion of
proteins present in the food as it reaches the stomach. In the stomach,
dilute hydrochloric acid is secreted and it provides mildly acidic
conditions required for the functioning of protein digesting enzymes in
the stomach.

Gastric acid is a digestive fluid, formed in the stomach. It has a pH of 1.5

to 3.5 and is composed of 0.5 % hydrochloric acid (HCl). It is produced by
cells lining the stomach, which are coupled to systems to increase acid
production when needed. Other cells in the stomach produce
bicarbonate to buffer the acid, ensuring the pH does not drop too low
(acid reduces pH). Also, cells in the beginning of the small intestine, or
duodenum, produce large amounts of bicarbonate to completely
neutralize any gastric acid that passes further down into the digestive
tract. The bicarbonate-secreting cells in the stomach also produce and
secrete mucus. Mucus forms a viscous physical barrier to prevent gastric
acid from damaging stomach.
However, sometimes the stomach begins to secrete an excess of HCl.
This leads to a condition known as Gastric Hyperacidity. This condition
can also be triggered by the intake of too much food or highly spiced
food. This, in turn, makes the stomach lining cells to secrete more acid
resulting in Hyperacidity. It also leads to acute discomfort due to
indigestion. To counter this situation, substances like Antacids or literally
anti - acids, have been developed. Antacids are commercial products
that neutralize the excess acid in the stomach providing a sensation of
relief to the person. The action of antacids is based on the fact that a
base can neutralize an acid forming salt and water. Common antacids
satisfy the condition – right amount of alkali that can neutralize the acid.
If the content of alkali in the antacid is too high, no doubt acidity is
relieved, but it’ll create alkaline conditions that makes the digestive
enzymes ineffective. To make sure that the pH of the stomach remains in
a specific range, many substances are added to the antacid.
WORKING OF ANTACID:

If the antacid contains Na HCO 3 then the reactions that occur in the
stomach Are :

Na ++H CO 3 - +H + +Cl gives NaCl+ H 2 CO

H 2 CO 3 gives H2O + CO2

The excess Na+ and HCO-3 ions are absorbed by the walls of the small
intestines as the food passes through
The H 2 CO 3 formed during the reaction decomposes rapidly to form
water and
carbon dioxide gas.

Types of Antacids:

Sodium Antacids Alka-Seltzer, Bromo-Seltzer and Others Sodium

bicarbonate (commonly known as baking soda) is perhaps the best-
known of the sodium-containing antacids. It is potent and fast-acting.
As its name suggests, it is high in sodium. If you're on a salt-
restricted diet, and especially if the diet is intended to treat high
blood pressure (hypertension), take a sodium-containing antacid only
under a doctor's orders.

 Calcium Antacids

Antacids in the form of calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate are also potent and
fast- acting. Regular or heavy doses of calcium (more than five or six times per week)
can cause constipation. Heavy and extended use of this product may clog your kidneys
and cut down the amount of blood they can process. Extended use of calcium antacids
can also cause kidney stones.
  Magnesium Antacids:

Magnesium salts come in many forms carbonate, glycinate,

hydroxide, oxide, trisilicate, and aluminosilicate. Magnesium has a
mild laxative effect; it can cause diarrhoea. For this reason,
magnesium salts are rarely used as the only active ingredients in an
antacid, but are combined with aluminium which counteracts the
laxative effect. (The brand names listed above all contain magnesium-
aluminium combinations.) Like calcium, magnesium may cause kidney
stones if taken for a prolonged period, especially if the kidneys are
functioning improperly to begin with. A serious magnesium overload in
the bloodstream hypermagnesemia can also cause blood pressure to
drop, leading to respiratory or cardiac depression a potentially
dangerous decrease in lung or heart function.

 Aluminium Antacids :

Salts of aluminium (hydroxide, carbonate gel, or phosphate gel) can

also cause
constipation. For these reasons, aluminium is usually used in
combination with the other three primary ingredients. Used heavily
over an extended period, antacids containing aluminium can weaken
bones, especially in people who have kidney problems. Aluminium can
cause dietary phosphates, calcium, and fluoride to leave the body,

eventually causing bone problems such as osteocalcin or osteoporosis.

SIDE EFFECTS

 Calcium:
Excess calcium from supplements, fortified food and high-calcium diets,
can cause milk alkali syndrome, which has serious toxicity and can be
fatal.
 Carbonate:
Regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may in
altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones. A chemical
reaction between the carbonate and hydrochloric acid may produce
carbon dioxide gas. This causes gastric distension which may not be
well tolerated. Carbon dioxide formation can also lead to headaches
and decreased muscle flexibility.

 Aluminium hydroxide :
May lead to the formation of insoluble aluminium phosphate-complexes, with a risk for
hypophosphatemia and osteocalcin Although aluminium has a low gastrointestinal
absorption, accumulation may occur mainly in the presence of renal insufficiency.
Aluminium- containing drugs often cause constipation and are neurotoxic.

 Magnesium hydroxide:
Has laxative properties. Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal failure leading
to hypermagnesemia. with cardiovascular and neurological complications.

 Sodium:
increased intake of sodium may be deleterious for arterial hypertension, heart
failure and many renal diseases. Heartburn, reflux, indigestion, and sour stomach are a
few of the common terms used to describe digestive upset. Self-diagnosis of indigestion
does carry some risk because the causes can vary from a minor dietary
indiscretion to a peptic ulcer.

 The pain and symptoms of GERD or simply "reflux", may mimic

those of a heart attack. Misdiagnosis can be fatal. A bleeding
ulcer can be life threatening.

 GERD and pre-ulcerative conditions in the stomach are treated

much more aggressively since both, if untreated, could lead to
oesophageal or stomach cancer.

 It is primarily for this reason that the H2 blockers including

cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), and ranitidine
(Zantac), and the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) omeprazole
(Prilosec) were made OTC. These drugs stop production of
stomach acid and provide longer lasting relief but they do not
neutralize any stomach acid already present in the stomach.
PROBLEM WITH REDUCED STOMACH ACIDITY:

Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired ability to digest and absorb certain
nutrients, such as iron and the B vitamins. Since the low pH of the stomach normally
kills ingested bacteria, antacids increase the vulnerability to infection. It could also
result in the reduced bioavailability of some drugs. For example, the bioavailability of
ketoconazole (anti-fungal) is reduced at high intragastric pH (low acid content). Over usage
of antacids naturally have side-effects. As with anything in life, it must be used in
moderation. The following flowchart elucidates very clearly.
OBJECTIVE:

This project aims at analysing some of the commercial antacids to determine which one of
them is the most effective by conducting a quantitative analysis. Motives behind selecting
this research project:

 Consumerism, in the era of global industrialization, plays a very important role.

There are various product options available for consumers to choose from. Different
manufacturers selling their products, attempting to sway public opinion in their r,
fava marketing their products regardless of their effectiveness in functionality.
Hence it becomes the consumer’s right to experiment and know the most effective,
efficient, and value for money product. There are various methods to conclude that a
 product out of all the given competitors is the best. Experimental research is the
most rational and convincing one of those methods. The result of this analysis could
be used to inform oneself as to which antacid is the best and provides best relief.

 Apart from the economic perspective, the titrations that are conducted as a part of
this experiment is in itself an attracting aspect. The prospect of making colour
changing solutions, the thrill of chemical reactions, and conducting them with
accuracy is probably the most interesting part of titrations and the whole project.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

The following were the materials required for the project:

 Burette(50ml)

 Pipette(20ml)

 Conical flasks(250ml)
  Measuring Cylinder(10ml)

 Beakers(100ml)

 Standard flask

 Funnel

 Bunsen burner

 Weighting machine

 Clean white tile

 Glass rod

 Water

 Crusher

CHEMICALS:

 NaOH powder

 Na2CO3 powder

 10M conc. HCL acid

 Four different brands of antacids

 Phenol phthalein

 Methyl orange
PROCEDURE
1. First prepare approximately 1litre of approximately N/10solutionof HCl by diluting
10ml of the given 10MHCl acid to1litre.

2.Nextprepare1litreofapprox.N/10NaOHsolutionbydissolving4.0gof NaOH powder to

make1litre of solution.

3. Similarly prepare N/10Na 2 CO 3 solution weighing exactly1.325g of anhydrous Na

CO3 and then dissolving it in water to prepare exactly 0.25L or 250ml of Na 2 C solution.
4. Now, standardize the HCl solution by titrating it against the standard Na 2 CO solution
using methyl orange as indicator.

BURETTE :0.1NHCl

FLASK: 0.1NNa 2 CO 3 + Methyl Orange

5. Similarly standardize the NaOH solution by titrating it against standardized HCl

solution using phenolphthalein as indicator. Stop the titration when the pink colour of the

solution disappears.

BURETT: 0.1NHCl
FLASK: 0.1NNaOH+ Phenolphthalein

[Link], powder the four antacid sample sand weigh0.5g of each .

[Link] 25ml of the standardized HCl to each of the weighed samples taken in conical flasks.
Make sure that the acid is in slight excess So that neutral is e all the basic character of the
tablet powder.
[Link] a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator and warm the flask over a Bunsen burner
till most of the powder dissolves.
9. Filter the insoluble material.
[Link] this solution against the standardized NaOH solution, till a permanent pink
colour is obtained

[Link] the same experiment for all other .

OBSERVATIONS:

 Standardisation of HCl solution:

Volume of 0.1N Na 2 CO 3 taken = 20 ml Indicator used = Methyl Orange

SERIAL NO: INITIAL READING FINAL READING VOLUME OF

ACID USED (ml)
1. 0 17 17
2. 18 35 17

Applying normality equation,

N1V1 =N2 V2
ACID (BASE)
Normality of HCl,
N 1 x 17 = 0.1 x 20
N 1 = 2/17 = 0.11 ≈ 0.1

 Standardization of NaOH Solution: Volume of the given NaOH solution

taken = 20.0 ml Indicator used = Phenolphthalein

BURETTE READINGS

SERIAL NO : INITIAL FINAL READINGS VOLUME OF

 READINGS ACID USED (ml)
1. 0 16 16
2. 17 33 16

Volume of acid used = 16 ml

Applying normality equation,
N 1 V’ 1 = N’ 2 V’ 2
(acid base) 0.11 x 16 = N’2 x 20

Normality of HCl, N’ 2 = (0.11*16)/20 = 0.09 ≈ 0.1

 Analysis of antacid tablets:

 Weight of the antacid tablet powder = 0.5 g
 Volume of HCl solution added = 30 ml
 Volume of sample solution taken = 20 ml for titration.

VOLUME OF (NaOH) USED FOR

ANTACID NEUTRALIZING UNSUED (HCL)

1. ENO PINEAPPLE 29

2. ENO LEMON 24

3. DIGENE LIME 9

4. OMEZ 24

5. PEPHYROUS 40

RESULT:
  1g of Eno Pineapple required 29 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate
it completely.
 1 g of Eno Lemon required 24 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution to
titrate it completely.
 1 g of Di gene lime required 9 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it.
 1 g of Oyez required 24 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it
completely.
 1 g of Porphyrius required 40 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it
completely.
 1 g of Gleisoil required 22 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it
completely.
Based on the hypothesis of the experiment, the antacid which requires the least amount of
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is the best antacid. From the recorded observation, digenic
requires the least (5 ml), and is therefore the best Antacid.

CONCLUSION:
Antacids play a very important role in relieving many patients suffering from gastric
hyperacidity, commonly referred to as gastritis. This project was undertaken to
analyse the best commercially available antacid according to the amount of hydrochloric
acid they could neutralize. After exploring many books and websites to find out more
about antacids, we were clear of its role and its applications. We started our project by
powdering the various antacid samples and making sure that the apparatus was clean.
Later we standardized various solutions and prepared N/10 HCl solution and N/10
NaOH solution. This was done by titrating various solutions and using the respective
indicators.

The powdered antacid samples weighing 1 gram each was each added to 30 ml of the
standardized solution of HCl in separate conical flasks. These solutions were later
titrated with the standardized NaOH and the readings were noted. These readings were
helpful in deciding the amount of HCl that each antacid could neutralize. Various
antacids could neutralize a specific amount of the acid. papyrus was the poorest among
all antacids. Eno pineapple had a slightly higher alkaline nature while Eno lemon and
oyez proved to neutralize to same amount. Galuses had a higher concentration of the
base. digenic had the highest basic Character Thus, on the basis of the experiment
conducted, it was adjudged that Digenic was the best commercially available antacid.
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Books
 Comprehensive Practical Chemistry Class XII