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Do-While and While Loops in Programming

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5 views6 pages

Do-While and While Loops in Programming

Uploaded by

Vivaan Grover
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter Three: Thinking Concurrently

do – while Loop
Apart from the for – loop there are two other ways of repeating. One is the do – while loop. This
tests its expression at the end of the loop and if it is true, then the loop will continue.

do
{ statements
...
} while ( expression );

public static void main(String args[])


{ int x;
do
{ x = [Link]("enter a number less than 100 ");
} while (x >= 100);
[Link]("thank you");
}

In this example the program will continue to ask for a number if you type in a number larger than
100.

Pr 3.1 Change the program so that it only accepts numbers that are even and are larger than 0 and less
than 100.

Primes
A prime is a number evenly divisible only by the number itself and one.

public static void main(String args[])


{ int i = 1;
int x = [Link]("Enter a number: ");

do
{ i++;
} while (x % i != 0);

[Link](x + " is divisible by " + i);


}

This last program will accept a number and keep dividing it by 2,3,4,5,6, etc. until it finds one
number that goes evenly into it. Note that it will always find one because the number goes into
itself. So if a prime number was input into the program then the output would be that number itself,
or else the output would be the smallest number that goes into it. Note that in the declaration of i it
has also been initialised.

Pr 3.2 Change the last program so that it only accepts numbers that are greater than 1 and outputs the
word prime if indeed the number is prime and otherwise outputs the smallest prime that goes into
the number.

One useful way of testing your program is to put the main part into an infinite while loop.
do
{
// main part of program to test here
} while ( true );
Digit sum
Given any number the following program will add up the digits in that number. So if 345 was
entered, the program would calculate 3+4+5 = 12. It would start with n = 345, then it would divide
345 by 10 and write down the remainder, which is 5, then it would divide 345 by 10. Because we
are dealing with whole numbers it would get a whole number answer and write down 34. This
process continues until there are no more digits left in the number.

public static void main(String args[])


{
int sum = 0;
int n = [Link](" enter a number ");

do
{ int digit = n % 10; // get right most digit
sum = sum + digit; // add to units digits
n = n / 10; // make new number
} while ( n != 0);
[Link]("the sum of the digits of the number is " + sum);
}

Pr 3.3 Change this program so that it will add up the cubes of the digits of the number. So if the input
number was 345 it would go 33 + 43 + 53.

Pr 3.4 Consider the sequence. If a number was even then the next number would be half of that number,
if the number was not even then the next number would be got by multiplying that number by 3 and
then adding 1. eg if 7 was the starting number then that number is odd so it is multiplied by 3 and 1
added to get 22, 7, 22, 11, 34. This sequence continues until it eventually arrives at 1. Write a
program that will allow you to input a number and then it continues this sequence until it eventually
arrives at 1. I want to know how many steps it takes. Eg starting at 3 the sequence is 3, 10, 5, 16,
8, 4, 2, 1 and that takes 7 steps.

while Loop
This is an alternative way of expressing a loop. In this form, the test is done first, before the
execution of its statements.

while ( expression )
{ statements
...
}
Chapter Four: Thinking Logically (Switch Statement)
Switch, case, break, default
This is a way of making decisions based on many alternatives. Notice carefully the syntax of the
program below. The switch statement is made, then in brackets after it has the variable that is
examined. Then we must have the alternatives enclosed in { }. Lay out your program the same as
this. Each alternative starts with the word “case”, a number and then the alternative followed by
colon “:”. At the end of each case is the word “break”, which is to stop the program continuing into
the next case statement.

switch ( expression )
{ case value1:
statements
break;
case value2:
statements
break;
etc etc etc
default:
statements
break;
}

public static void main(String args[])


{
int num = [Link]("enter a number ");
switch (num)
{ case 1:
[Link]("that number was 1");
break;
case 2:
[Link]("that number was 2");
break;
default:
[Link]("that number was neither 1 nor 2");
}
}

Pr 4.1 Write a program that will let you enter two numbers. Then it will ask you to enter “1” for add, “2” for
multiply, “3” for quit. This will be displayed on the screen like below:

Press: [1] for addition


[2] for multiplication
[3] for quit

public static void main(String args[])


{
int a = [Link]("enter first number ");
int b = [Link]("enter second number ");
int num;
do
{
//menu and switch in here
} while (num != 3)
}

If none of these are entered then the program will announce an error and ask again for these
possibilities. The program will keep doing this until quit is chosen. Only enter the two numbers
once.
Pr 4.2 Write a program that will add up the sequence
1*7 + 2*2 - 3*5 + 4*7 + 5*2 - 6*5 + 7*7 + 8*2 - 9*5 + 10*7 + … 1000
Note that the there are three cases. First calculate the remainder when divided by 3. x%3. If the
remainder is 0 then the number gets multiplied by -5, if the remainder is 1 then the number is
multiplied by 7 and if the remainder is 2 then the number is multiplied by 2. (669004)

Labels
The break statement allows the program to exit the current situation (in this case the switch). It is
possible to exit more layers. For example we might have a loop which test alternatives. The
program below will continue to loop until the user has guessed the correct number (in this case 17)

mainLoop : do
{ int num = [Link](“enter a number “);
switch ( num )
{ case 17:
[Link](“correct answer”);
break mainLoop;
default:
[Link](“wrong”);
break;
}
} while (true);

Pr 4.3 Write a program that allows the user to enter a number less than 1000. The program will search for
two numbers that when squared and added together make the number that was input. The
program has two loops. One loop going from 1 to num and the second loop also goes from 1 to
num also. In the loop the program will square the numbers and then add them together to see if
they are the same as the input number. If they are then use the break statement to break out of
both loops. Your output will be the numbers or state that it is impossible.
Chapter Five: Thinking Abstractly (Decimals)
double
This is a new data type. Up to now we have only been dealing with whole numbers. Any variable
we have used must be declared before we use it.

int n; //n is a variable to contain an integer number

Now we introduce a new data type – “double”. This can be used to represent a decimal number.

public static void main(String args[])


{
double a = inputDouble("enter first number ");
double b = inputDouble("enter second number ");
double num = a / b;

output("division gives " + num);


}

“output” will print the number. You can see that the accuracy is very high.

Sequence
The next program will add the numbers together 1 + 1/3 + 1/9 + 1/27 + 1/81 + … It will add 100 of
these together. Notice important things about this program. “i” must be declared as an integer as it is
used in a “for” statement. The variable “sum” and “term” have both been given descriptive names.
In the program we use each term to calculate the next term.

public static void main(String args[])


{
double term = 1;
double sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)


{ sum = sum + term;
term = term / 3;
}

[Link]("total is " + sum);


}

Pr 5.1 Write a program that will add up the sequence


1/5 + 1/25 + 1/125 + 1/625 + … for 100 terms. (0.25)

In the example above we used one term to create the next term. For some sequences this is difficult
and it is best to create each new term from scratch as in the next example.
Pr 5.2 Write a program that it adds up the sequence
1/1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + 1/16 + 1/25 + … for 100 terms (1.6348839001848923)
Alternating Sequence
If we have an alternating sequence then the problem is more complicated. An alternating sequence
is one that the terms alternately add then subtract.

double term = 1;
for (int i = 1 ; i < 10 ; i++)
{ [Link](term);
term = term + 3;
}

This creates a sequence of numbers. 1 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 13 ,…

double term = 1;
int sign = 1;
for (i = 1 ; i < 10 ; i++)
{ [Link](sign * term);
term = term + 3;
sign = sign * -1;
}

This creates a sequence of numbers. 1 , -4 , 7 , -10 , 13

Pi
Pi can be calculated using the formula:

π 1 1 1 1 1
=1− + − + − +. ..
4 3 5 7 9 11

Pr 5.3 Write a program that will add up the sequence discussed above to 10,000 terms. Output 4 times
the answer to get pi. (3.1414926535900345)

π 1 1×2 1×2×3 1×2×3×4


=1+ + + + +. ..
2 3 3×5 3×5×7 3×5×7×9

Pr 5.4 The sequence above is a much quicker way of calculating pi Write a program that will add up the
sequence above to 100 terms. Output double the answer (3.1415926535897922)

Common questions

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The switch statement allows for multi-way decision making by evaluating a single expression and executing different code blocks based on its value. Each block is started with 'case', followed by the possible value and the corresponding statements to execute. If no case matches, the 'default' block executes. For example, in the sources, a switch statement allows the user to choose between addition, multiplication, or quit, based on a number input .

A do-while loop is used in programming to execute a block of code at least once before the condition is tested. This differs from a traditional while loop, where the condition is tested before the code block executes, potentially resulting in the code block never executing if the condition is false initially. In the context provided, the do-while loop ensures that the user is prompted for input at least once .

Sign flipping in a sequence manipulates the sign of each term to achieve alternating sums and differences. This is done by multiplying each term by a 'sign' variable that alternates between +1 and -1 with each iteration. This ensures that every other term is subtracted from the cumulative total, creating a pattern of alternating addition and subtraction, which can model various phenomena and create convergence in series calculations .

To modify a program to sum the cubes of each digit instead of just the digits, each digit extracted from the number should be cubed instead of just added directly. This involves extracting each digit using modulo and integer division (n%10 and n/10), then cubing it (digit^3), and accumulating the sum in a variable .

The challenge with sequences that continue until reaching 1, especially starting with odd numbers, is deciding the next term based on whether the current term is odd or even. For odd numbers, you multiply by 3 and add 1; for even numbers, you divide by 2. This alternation can lead to complex behavior and unpredictable lengths of the sequence to reach 1, known in discussions of the Collatz conjecture .

The sources mention a more efficient series for approximating pi: π/2 = 1 + 1/3 + (1*2)/(3*5) + (1*2*3)/(3*5*7) + ..., a factorial-based sequence. This approach converges more quickly than the traditional Gregory-Leibniz series (π/4 = 1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + ...) by reducing the number of terms needed for convergence and enhancing computational efficiency for large numbers .

To determine if a number is prime using a do-while loop, the program continues to divide the given number by successive integers starting from 2, checking the remainder each time. If the remainder is zero for any integer other than the number itself, it is not prime. The loop continues until a divisor is found or the potential divisors exceed the square root of the number. If it reaches this point without finding a divisor, the number is considered prime .

In the sources, an alternating sequence is generated using a loop where the term alternates between adding and subtracting in successive iterations. This alternation is achieved by multiplying the term by a 'sign' variable that flips between +1 and -1. In one of the examples, the sequence alternates using '+3' and '-3' for each iteration, thereby achieving the alternating effect .

Control flow tools like 'break' and 'switch' statements enhance loop effectiveness by providing clear paths for exiting loops and directing program flow based on conditions. In nested or infinite loops, 'break' can terminate execution prematurely when a condition is met, preventing excessive iterations. Meanwhile, 'switch' allows complex decision-making within loops, controlling which block of code executes based on variable states, simplifying multi-conditional logic .

To find two numbers whose squares sum to a given number, two nested loops are used. Each loop iterates over possible values from 1 to the given number. Inside the inner loop, the squares of the loop variables are summed and compared to the given number. If they match, the numbers are returned, and the loop is exited using a break statement .

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