Module 2
DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEME
Geometric representation of Signals
Absolute Value or Norm of Signal
Signal Space
Basic Idea: If a signal can be represented by n-tuple, then it can be treated in much
the same way as a n-dim vector.
Let φ1(t), φ2(t),…., φn(t) be n signals
Consider a signal x(t) and suppose that If every signal can be written as above ⇒ ~
~ basis functions and we have a n-dim signal space
Orthonormal Basis
Signal set {φk(t)}n is an orthogonal set if
Then,
Then, we can express each of these waveforms as weighted linear combina on of
orthonormal signals
where N ≤ M is the dimension of the signal space and are called the orthonormal
basis functions
Let, for a convenient set of {ϕj (t)}, j = 1,2,…,N and 0 ≤ t <T,
Now, we can represent a signal si(t) as a column vector whose elements are the
scalar coefficients
sij, j = 1, 2, ….., N :
These M energy signals or vectors can be viewed as a set of M points in an N –
dimensional Euclidean space, known as the Signal Space’.Signal Constellation is
the collection of M signals points (or messages) on the signal space
Fig4.1 Signal Constella on
Euclidian Distance
• The Euclidean distance between two points represented by vectors
(signal vectors) is equal to
||si-sk|| and the squared value is given by:
Rela on between Energy Signal and its representa on